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Wang Y, Lu L, Wu M. Statistical learning across cognitive and affective domains: a multidimensional review. Front Integr Neurosci 2025; 19:1460471. [PMID: 40416080 PMCID: PMC12098634 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2025.1460471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Statistical learning (SL) is a fundamental cognitive ability enabling individuals to detect and exploit regularities in environmental input. It plays a crucial role in language acquisition, perceptual processing, and social learning, supporting development from infancy through adulthood. In this review, we adopt a multidimensional perspective to synthesize empirical and theoretical findings on SL, covering experimental paradigms, developmental trajectories, and neural mechanisms. Furthermore, we extend the discussion to the emerging intersection between SL and affective processes. Although emotional factors have recently been proposed to modulate SL performance, this area remains underexplored. We highlight current insights and theoretical frameworks addressing the SL-emotion interaction, such as predictive coding theory, and propose directions for future research. This review provides a comprehensive yet focused overview of SL across cognitive and affective domains, aiming to clarify the scope and future potential of this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Li Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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2
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Ke J, Song H, Bai Z, Rosenberg MD, Leong YC. Dynamic brain connectivity predicts emotional arousal during naturalistic movie-watching. PLoS Comput Biol 2025; 21:e1012994. [PMID: 40215238 PMCID: PMC12058195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Human affective experience varies along the dimensions of valence (positivity or negativity) and arousal (high or low activation). It remains unclear how these dimensions are represented in the brain and whether the representations are shared across different individuals and diverse situational contexts. In this study, we first utilized two publicly available functional MRI datasets of participants watching movies to build predictive models of moment-to-moment emotional arousal and valence from dynamic functional brain connectivity. We tested the models by predicting emotional arousal and valence both within and across datasets. Our results revealed a generalizable arousal representation characterized by the interactions between multiple large-scale functional networks. The arousal representation generalized to two additional movie-watching datasets with different participants viewing different movies. In contrast, we did not find evidence of a generalizable valence representation. Taken together, our findings reveal a generalizable representation of emotional arousal embedded in patterns of dynamic functional connectivity, suggesting a common underlying neural signature of emotional arousal across individuals and situational contexts. We have made our model and analysis scripts publicly available to facilitate its use by other researchers in decoding moment-to-moment emotional arousal in novel datasets, providing a new tool to probe affective experience using fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ke
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zihan Bai
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Monica D. Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute of Mind and Biology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yuan Chang Leong
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute of Mind and Biology, Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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3
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Xu T, Zhang L, Zhou F, Fu K, Gan X, Chen Z, Zhang R, Lan C, Wang L, Kendrick KM, Yao D, Becker B. Distinct neural computations scale the violation of expected reward and emotion in social transgressions. Commun Biol 2025; 8:106. [PMID: 39838081 PMCID: PMC11751440 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-025-07561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 01/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Traditional decision-making models conceptualize humans as adaptive learners utilizing the differences between expected and actual rewards (prediction errors, PEs) to maximize outcomes, but rarely consider the influence of violations of emotional expectations (emotional PEs) and how it differs from reward PEs. Here, we conducted a fMRI experiment (n = 43) using a modified Ultimatum Game to examine how reward and emotional PEs affect punishment decisions in terms of rejecting unfair offers. Our results revealed that reward relative to emotional PEs exerted a stronger prediction to punishment decisions. On the neural level, the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) was strongly activated during reward receipt whereas the emotions engaged the bilateral anterior insula. Reward and emotional PEs were also encoded differently in brain-wide multivariate patterns, with a more sensitive neural signature observed within fronto-insular circuits for reward PE. We further identified a fronto-insular network encompassing the left anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral insula, left dmPFC and inferior frontal gyrus that encoded punishment decisions. In addition, a stronger fronto-insular pattern expression under reward PE predicted more punishment decisions. These findings underscore that reward and emotional violations interact to shape decisions in complex social interactions, while the underlying neurofunctional PEs computations are distinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Fu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyang Gan
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science (ERC-MPS), School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunmei Lan
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Wang
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Li M, Su Y, Huang HY, Cheng J, Hu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Qin Y, Wang X, Lindquist KA, Liu Z, Zhang D. Language-specific representation of emotion-concept knowledge causally supports emotion inference. iScience 2024; 27:111401. [PMID: 39669430 PMCID: PMC11635025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans no doubt use language to communicate about their emotional experiences, but does language in turn help humans understand emotions, or is language just a vehicle of communication? This study used a form of artificial intelligence (AI) known as large language models (LLMs) to assess whether language-based representations of emotion causally contribute to the AI's ability to generate inferences about the emotional meaning of novel situations. Fourteen attributes of human emotion concept representation were found to be represented by the LLM's distinct artificial neuron populations. By manipulating these attribute-related neurons, we in turn demonstrated the role of emotion concept knowledge in generative emotion inference. The attribute-specific performance deterioration was related to the importance of different attributes in human mental space. Our findings provide a proof-in-concept that even an LLM can learn about emotions in the absence of sensory-motor representations and highlight the contribution of language-derived emotion-concept knowledge for emotion inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yusheng Su
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hsiu-Yuan Huang
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Miner School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xinmiao Zhang
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Qin
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kristen A. Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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5
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Hu K, Wang R, Zhao S, Yin E, Wu H. The association between social rewards and anxiety: Links from neurophysiological analysis in virtual reality and social interaction game. Neuroimage 2024; 299:120846. [PMID: 39260780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals' affective experience can be intricate, influenced by various factors including monetary rewards and social factors during social interaction. However, within this array of factors, divergent evidence has been considered as potential contributors to social anxiety. To gain a better understanding of the specific factors associated with anxiety during social interaction, we combined a social interaction task with neurophysiological recordings obtained through an anxiety-elicitation task conducted in a Virtual Reality (VR) environment. Employing inter-subject representational similarity analysis (ISRSA), we explored the potential linkage between individuals' anxiety neural patterns and their affective experiences during social interaction. Our findings suggest that, after controlling for other factors, the influence of the partner's emotional cues on individuals' affective experiences is specifically linked to their neural pattern of anxiety. This indicates that the emergence of anxiety during social interaction may be particularly associated with the emotional cues provided by the social partner, rather than individuals' own reward or prediction errors during social interaction. These results provide further support for the cognitive theory of social anxiety and extend the application of VR in future cognitive and affective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Hu
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ruien Wang
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Shaokai Zhao
- Defense Innovation Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erwei Yin
- Defense Innovation Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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6
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Gröndal M, Ask K, Winblad S. An evaluation of the Ultimatum Game as a measure of irritability and anger. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304038. [PMID: 39150923 PMCID: PMC11329143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ultimatum Game is an effective tool for understanding how social decision-making is influenced by emotions in both research and clinical settings. Previous findings have shown that the Ultimatum Game can evoke negative emotions, especially anger and aggression. In a sample of non-clinical adults (N = 143) we evaluated the sensitivity of an anger-infused version of the Ultimatum Game to individual differences in anger and irritability. Findings showed significant relationships between anger and aggressive behaviors in the Ultimatum game, but no association between irritability and aggressive behavior were observed. This indicates that the anger-infused Ultimatum Game is a promising method for studying individual differences in trait anger and anger expression. However, the relationship between decision-making in the anger-infused Ultimatum Game and irritability is less straight forward and needs further investigation. Therefore, when studying the behavioral responses of irritability, it would be beneficial to capture other behaviors beyond aggressive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gröndal
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Ask
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Winblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Kim J, Bong SH, Yoon D, Jeong B. Prosocial emotions predict individual differences in economic decision-making during ultimatum game with dynamic reciprocal contexts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11397. [PMID: 38762655 PMCID: PMC11102497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Social decision-making is known to be influenced by predictive emotions or the perceived reciprocity of partners. However, the connection between emotion, decision-making, and contextual reciprocity remains less understood. Moreover, arguments suggest that emotional experiences within a social context can be better conceptualised as prosocial rather than basic emotions, necessitating the inclusion of two social dimensions: focus, the degree of an emotion's relevance to oneself or others, and dominance, the degree to which one feels in control of an emotion. For better representation, these dimensions should be considered alongside the interoceptive dimensions of valence and arousal. In an ultimatum game involving fair, moderate, and unfair offers, this online study measured the emotions of 476 participants using a multidimensional affective rating scale. Using unsupervised classification algorithms, we identified individual differences in decisions and emotional experiences. Certain individuals exhibited consistent levels of acceptance behaviours and emotions, while reciprocal individuals' acceptance behaviours and emotions followed external reward value structures. Furthermore, individuals with distinct emotional responses to partners exhibited unique economic responses to their emotions, with only the reciprocal group exhibiting sensitivity to dominance prediction errors. The study illustrates a context-specific model capable of subtyping populations engaged in social interaction and exhibiting heterogeneous mental states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Su Hyun Bong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dayoung Yoon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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8
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Vollberg MC, Sander D. Hidden Reward: Affect and Its Prediction Errors as Windows Into Subjective Value. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 33:93-99. [PMID: 38562909 PMCID: PMC10981566 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231217678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Scientists increasingly apply concepts from reinforcement learning to affect, but which concepts should apply? And what can their application reveal that we cannot know from directly observable states? An important reinforcement learning concept is the difference between reward expectations and outcomes. Such reward prediction errors have become foundational to research on adaptive behavior in humans, animals, and machines. Owing to historical focus on animal models and observable reward (e.g., food or money), however, relatively little attention has been paid to the fact that humans can additionally report correspondingly expected and experienced affect (e.g., feelings). Reflecting a broader "rise of affectivism," attention has started to shift, revealing explanatory power of expected and experienced feelings-including prediction errors-above and beyond observable reward. We propose that applying concepts from reinforcement learning to affect holds promise for elucidating subjective value. Simultaneously, we urge scientists to test-rather than inherit-concepts that may not apply directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius C. Vollberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva
| | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva
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9
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Wise T, Emery K, Radulescu A. Naturalistic reinforcement learning. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:144-158. [PMID: 37777463 PMCID: PMC10878983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans possess a remarkable ability to make decisions within real-world environments that are expansive, complex, and multidimensional. Human cognitive computational neuroscience has sought to exploit reinforcement learning (RL) as a framework within which to explain human decision-making, often focusing on constrained, artificial experimental tasks. In this article, we review recent efforts that use naturalistic approaches to determine how humans make decisions in complex environments that better approximate the real world, providing a clearer picture of how humans navigate the challenges posed by real-world decisions. These studies purposely embed elements of naturalistic complexity within experimental paradigms, rather than focusing on simplification, generating insights into the processes that likely underpin humans' ability to navigate complex, multidimensional real-world environments so successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Wise
- Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Kara Emery
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Radulescu
- Center for Computational Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Gunsilius CZ, Heffner J, Bruinsma S, Corinha M, Cortinez M, Dalton H, Duong E, Lu J, Omar A, Owen LLW, Roarr BN, Tang K, Petzschner FH. SOMAScience: A Novel Platform for Multidimensional, Longitudinal Pain Assessment. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024; 12:e47177. [PMID: 38214952 PMCID: PMC10818247 DOI: 10.2196/47177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most significant health issues in the United States, affecting more than 20% of the population. Despite its contribution to the increasing health crisis, reliable predictors of disease development, progression, or treatment outcomes are lacking. Self-report remains the most effective way to assess pain, but measures are often acquired in sparse settings over short time windows, limiting their predictive ability. In this paper, we present a new mobile health platform called SOMAScience. SOMAScience serves as an easy-to-use research tool for scientists and clinicians, enabling the collection of large-scale pain datasets in single- and multicenter studies by facilitating the acquisition, transfer, and analysis of longitudinal, multidimensional, self-report pain data. Data acquisition for SOMAScience is done through a user-friendly smartphone app, SOMA, that uses experience sampling methodology to capture momentary and daily assessments of pain intensity, unpleasantness, interference, location, mood, activities, and predictions about the next day that provide personal insights into daily pain dynamics. The visualization of data and its trends over time is meant to empower individual users' self-management of their pain. This paper outlines the scientific, clinical, technological, and user considerations involved in the development of SOMAScience and how it can be used in clinical studies or for pain self-management purposes. Our goal is for SOMAScience to provide a much-needed platform for individual users to gain insight into the multidimensional features of their pain while lowering the barrier for researchers and clinicians to obtain the type of pain data that will ultimately lead to improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Zimmerman Gunsilius
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joseph Heffner
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sienna Bruinsma
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Madison Corinha
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Maria Cortinez
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hadley Dalton
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ellen Duong
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joshua Lu
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Aisulu Omar
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Lucy Long Whittington Owen
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Bradford Nazario Roarr
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kevin Tang
- Industrial Design, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Frederike H Petzschner
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Digital Health, Brown University, Lifespan, Providence, RI, United States
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11
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Li Y, Yang Q, Liu Y, Wang R, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Si Y, Jiang L, Chen B, Peng Y, Wan F, Yu J, Yao D, Li F, He B, Xu P. Resting-state network predicts the decision-making behaviors of the proposer during the ultimatum game. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:056003. [PMID: 37659391 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acf61e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The decision-making behavior of the proposer is a key factor in achieving effective and equitable maintenance of social resources, particularly in economic interactions, and thus understanding the neurocognitive basis of the proposer's decision-making is a crucial issue. Yet the neural substrate of the proposer's decision behavior, especially from the resting-state network perspective, remains unclear.Approach. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the resting-state network and decision proposals and further established a multivariable model to predict the proposers' unfair offer rates in the ultimatum game.Main results.The results indicated the unfair offer rates of proposers are significantly related to the resting-state frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connectivity in the delta band, as well as the network properties. And compared to the conservative decision group (low unfair offer rate), the risk decision group (high unfair offer rate) exhibited stronger resting-state long-range linkages. Finally, the established multivariable model did accurately predict the unfair offer rates of the proposers, along with a correlation coefficient of 0.466 between the actual and predicted behaviors.Significance. Together, these findings demonstrated that related resting-state frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connectivity may serve as a dispositional indicator of the risky behaviors for the proposers and subsequently predict a highly complex decision-making behavior, which contributed to the development of artificial intelligence decision-making system with biological characteristics as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Si
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Baodan Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueheng Peng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU035 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fali Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU035 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoming He
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU035 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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12
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Qi T, Wu F, Wu C, He L, Huang Y, Xie X. Differentially private knowledge transfer for federated learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3785. [PMID: 37355643 PMCID: PMC10290720 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracting useful knowledge from big data is important for machine learning. When data is privacy-sensitive and cannot be directly collected, federated learning is a promising option that extracts knowledge from decentralized data by learning and exchanging model parameters, rather than raw data. However, model parameters may encode not only non-private knowledge but also private information of local data, thereby transferring knowledge via model parameters is not privacy-secure. Here, we present a knowledge transfer method named PrivateKT, which uses actively selected small public data to transfer high-quality knowledge in federated learning with privacy guarantees. We verify PrivateKT on three different datasets, and results show that PrivateKT can maximally reduce 84% of the performance gap between centralized learning and existing federated learning methods under strict differential privacy restrictions. PrivateKT provides a potential direction to effective and privacy-preserving knowledge transfer in machine intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Fangzhao Wu
- Microsoft Research Asia, 100080, Beijing, China.
| | - Chuhan Wu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Liang He
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Zhongguancun Laboratory, 100094, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Xie
- Microsoft Research Asia, 100080, Beijing, China
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13
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Buskens V, Kovacic I, Rutterkamp E, van de Rijt A, Terburg D. Social preferences trump emotions in human responses to unfair offers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9602. [PMID: 37311882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
People commonly reject unfair offers even if this leaves them worse off. Some explain this as a rational response based on social preferences. Others argue that emotions override self-interest in the determination of rejection behavior. We conducted an experiment in which we measured responders' biophysical reactions (EEG and EMG) to fair and unfair offers. We measured biophysical trait anger using resting-state EEG (frontal alpha-asymmetry), state anger using facial expressions, offer expectancy processing using event-related EEG (medial-frontal negativity; MFN) and self-reported emotions. We systematically varied whether rejections led proposers to lose their share (Ultimatum Game; UG) or not (Impunity Game; IG). Results favor preference-based accounts: Impunity minimizes rejection despite increasing subjectively reported anger. Unfair offers evoke frowning responses, but frowning does not predict rejection. Prosocial responders reject unfair UG offers more often after unmet fairness expectations. These results suggest that responders do not reject unfairness out of anger. Rather, people seem motivated to reject unfair offers when they violate their behavioral code but only when rejection has payoff consequences for the proposer, allowing them to reciprocate and restore equity. Thus, social preferences trump emotions when responding to unfair offers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Buskens
- Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid Kovacic
- Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin Rutterkamp
- Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout van de Rijt
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy
| | - David Terburg
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Vives ML, Heffner J, FeldmanHall O. Conceptual representations of uncertainty predict risky decision-making. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01090-8. [PMID: 37029276 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Decisions made under uncertainty often are considered according to their perceived subjective value. We move beyond this traditional framework to explore the hypothesis that conceptual representations of uncertainty influence risky choice. Results reveal that uncertainty concepts are represented along a dimension that jointly captures probabilistic and valenced features of the conceptual space. These uncertainty representations predict the degree to which an individual engages in risky decision-making. Moreover, we find that most individuals have two largely distinct representations: one for uncertainty and another for certainty. In contrast, a minority of individuals exhibit substantial overlap between their representations of uncertainty and certainty. Together, these findings reveal the relationship between the conceptualization of uncertainty and risky decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Lluís Vives
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Heffner
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oriel FeldmanHall
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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15
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Hamlaoui A, Keeling L, Burman O, Verbeek E. Investigating attentional scope as a novel indicator of emotional state in animals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17452. [PMID: 36261480 PMCID: PMC9582009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, contrasting emotional states can lead to a broadening or narrowing of attentional scope. Whether this is also the case in animals has yet to be investigated. If confirmed, measurement of attentional scope has potential as a novel cognitive method of welfare assessment. In this study, we therefore aimed to investigate a test of attentional scope as a measure of emotional state in animals. We did this by inducing four putatively different emotional states in dogs (N = 10), varying in valence (positive, negative) and arousal (high, low), in two different reward contexts (food rewards in Experiment 1, social rewards in Experiment 2) and then assessing dogs' behavioural responses in a test of attentional scope. We also recorded heart rate variability (HRV) parameters as additional confirmatory affective indicators. In Experiment 1, the dogs showed a narrowing of attentional scope after the induction of both positively valenced emotional states. That dogs were in a positive state was supported by the reduced Standard Deviation of normal-to-normal R-R intervals (SDNN) and the reduced Low Frequency (LF) and Very Low Frequency (VLF) HRV. In Experiment 2, when responses to social rewards were examined, we did not detect any statistically significant differences in attentional scope between the emotional states, but dogs had a slightly narrow attentional scope in the negatively valenced emotional states. The LF tended to be reduced in the high arousal positive treatment. In conclusion, our study provides the first indication that emotional states can also alter attentional scope in animals. The results justify further investigation of this approach for use in animal welfare assessment, although additional studies are needed to refine predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hamlaoui
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7068, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Keeling
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7068, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oliver Burman
- grid.36511.300000 0004 0420 4262School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Else Verbeek
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7068, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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