1
|
Jia R, Tan TC, Mishra SS, Wang W, Tan YJ, Singh R. On-Chip Active Non-Reciprocal Topological Photonics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2501711. [PMID: 40207687 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202501711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Chip-scale non-reciprocity is essential for advancing integrated photonics, particularly in realizing photonic circulators and isolators for data communication, signal modulation, and quantum computing. However, achieving a non-reciprocal silicon chip with a small footprint, high isolation ratio, low loss, and active control remains a challenge. Here, a non-reciprocal topological silicon chip based on magneto-optical Indium Antimonide (InSb) integrated valley Hall system is reported. The valley-conserved non-reciprocal modes, realized by breaking both time-reversal and spatial-inversion symmetries, enable ultra-compact and efficient non-reciprocal photonic devices that outperform conventional chips. A maximum isolation ratio of 64.3 dB and a low chip loss of 2.6 dB is experimentally achieved by fine-tuning the non-reciprocal critical coupling points of a topological cavity with a small footprint of 6.4 × 2.5λ2. An all-optical method is also applied to actively modulate the isolation ratio from 0 to 48 dB. The development of a non-reciprocal topological silicon chip marks a pivotal advancement in communication systems, LiDAR, terahertz technologies, quantum computing, and cryptography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Jia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Thomas Caiwei Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sobhan Subhra Mishra
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Ji Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Wang W, Shen Z, Jana S, Tan TC, Tian Z, Singh R. On-Chip Non-Volatile Reconfigurable Phase Change Topological Photonics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2418510. [PMID: 40072315 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202418510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Programmable on-chip terahertz (THz) topological photonic devices are poised to address the rising need for high-capacity data systems, offering broad bandwidth, minimal loss, and reconfigurability. However, current THz topological chips rely on volatile tuning mechanisms that require continuous power to function. Here, a nonvolatile, programmable THz topological silicon chip is demonstrated that integrates a waveguide-cavity coupled system with phase-change material, Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), enabling persistent and efficient functionality without constant power input. Through precise tuning of the intermediate phase states of GST between amorphous and crystalline forms, a stable, non-volatile reconfiguration of the topological cavity is achieved, enabling transitions across over-coupling, critical coupling, and under-coupling states. Multi-level modulation of resonance transmission with a modulation depth of 70 dB is demonstrated, enabling precise control over the onset and disappearance of resonance modes and dynamic tuning of critical coupling states. The THz topological chip facilitates phototunable, volatile modulation across nonvolatile configurations, allowing controlled resetting of the coupling states of the cavity. Here, the first nonvolatile, programmable terahertz topological integrated chip is demonstrated, offering flexible control over resonance modes. This advancement significantly paves the way for integrating phase change materials into silicon topological chips for programmable photonic devices, including interconnects, modulators, and logic circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhonglei Shen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Sambhu Jana
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Thomas CaiWei Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Ma S, Zhang Y, Fan F, Huang Y. Meter-Scale Wearable Multifunctional Core-Shell Nanofiber Textiles for Ultra-Broadband Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Infrared Stealth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2501485. [PMID: 40033987 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202501485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2025] [Revised: 02/22/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025]
Abstract
The rapid development of wireless communication and infrared (IR) detection technologies has generated an increasing demand for large-size high-performance wearable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and IR stealth textiles. Herein, meter-scale MXene/graphene oxide (MG)@monstera nanocellulose (MC) core-shell nanofiber textiles are fabricated for the first time using a multi-stage cryogenic drying-assisted coaxial wet spinning assembly strategy, with MG as the conductive composite core and MC as the organic skeleton shell. The highly aligned shell and dense core endow the nanofibers with a great toughness of ≈39.6 MJ m-3, a strong strength >≈180 MPa, and a high conductivity of 6.4 × 103 S m-1. The textiles exhibit unprecedented ultra-broadband EMI shielding performance covering gigahertz and terahertz bands, with optimal shielding effectiveness up to 84 and 85 dB in the band of 8.2-26.5 GHz and 0.3-1.5 THz, respectively, at only 185 µm thick. Superb IR stealth performance in the near- and mid-IR ranges is also achieved, benefitting from their good heat resistance and low IR emissivity. Furthermore, the textiles also demonstrate excellent dyeability, flame retardancy, Joule heating, and stress-sensing properties. Such scalable prepared core-shell nanofiber textiles with superior comprehensive performance have broad application prospects in future smart wearable protective devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (National Institute for Advanced Materials), Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (National Institute for Advanced Materials), Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (National Institute for Advanced Materials), Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Suping Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (National Institute for Advanced Materials), Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (National Institute for Advanced Materials), Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fei Fan
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (National Institute for Advanced Materials), Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng D, Wu GB, Jiang ZH, Hong W, Chan CH, Wu K. Enabling beam-scanning antenna technologies for terahertz wireless systems: A review. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 5:556-570. [PMID: 40242550 PMCID: PMC11997576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Due to the exponentially growing global mobile data of wireless communications evolving from 5 G to 6 G in recent years, research activities of leveraging terahertz (THz) waves to obtain larger channel capacities have shown an ever-increasing pace and reached an unprecedented height than before. Historically, the past few decades have already witnessed much progress in THz generation and detection technologies, which have been recognized for a long time as the bottleneck preventing the THz waves from being tamed by human beings. However, the importance of developing advanced components such as antennas, transmission lines, filters, power amplimers, etc., which constitute the basic building blocks of a THz wireless system, should not be overlooked for the sake of exploiting the THz spectra for future advanced wireless communications, sensing and imaging applications. While producing a scannable highly-directive antenna beam proves to be indispensable in the period of microwaves, the significance of such functionality is more critical in the THz era, considering that THz waves have more intractable challenges such as the severity of free-space propagation losses, the susceptibility to atmospheric environments, and the unavailability of efficient signal sources. This article is structured under this background, which is dedicated to reviewing several enabling beam-scanning antenna concepts, structures, and architectures that have been developed for THz wireless systems. Specifically, we divide these THz beam-scanning solutions into four basic groups based on different mechanisms, i.e., mechanical motion, phased array, frequency beam-scanning, and reconfigurable metasurfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongze Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Geng-Bo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhi Hao Jiang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Hong
- School of Information Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chi Hou Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Poly-Grames Research Center, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ohkoshi SI, Tsuzuo Y, Yoshikiyo M, Namai A, Otake T, Okuzono K, Tanaka Y, Katayama S. Ultrathin Terahertz-Wave Absorber Based on Inorganic Materials for 6G Wireless Communications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:9523-9529. [PMID: 39882990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c17606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Terahertz waves are gathering attention as carrier waves for next-generation wireless communications such as sixth-generation wireless communication networks and autonomous driving systems. Electromagnetic-wave absorbers for the terahertz-wave region are necessary to ensure information security and avoid interference issues. Herein we report a high-performance terahertz-wave absorber composed of a composite of metallic λ-Ti3O5 and insulating TiO2 nanocrystals (λ-Ti3O5@TiO2). This material exhibits a strong terahertz-wave absorption with high values for the real (permittivity, ε') and imaginary parts (dielectric loss, ε″) of the complex dielectric constant. Furthermore, the tan(δ) (≡ ε″/ε') values are significantly high, ranging from 0.50 to 0.76 in the frequency range between 0.1 and 1 THz. An ultrathin film with a thickness of 48 μm recorded a reflection loss of -28 dB (99.8% of the terahertz wave is absorbed by the film). A terahertz-wave absorber with such a small thickness has yet to be developed. Not only does the present material exhibit resistance to heat, light, water, and organic solvents, but it can also be economically fabricated to support various applications, including outdoor uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CNRS International Research Laboratory DYNACOM, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuna Tsuzuo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marie Yoshikiyo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Namai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomu Otake
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kosei Okuzono
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tanaka
- Nippon Denko Co., Ltd., 1-4-16 Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8282, Japan
| | - Shingo Katayama
- Nippon Denko Co., Ltd., 1-4-16 Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8282, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren Z, Hu Y, He W, Hu S, Wan S, Yu Z, Liu W, Yang Q, Kivshar YS, Jiang T. Terahertz Metamaterials Inspired by Quantum Phenomena. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2025; 8:0597. [PMID: 39902347 PMCID: PMC11788473 DOI: 10.34133/research.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2024] [Revised: 01/06/2025] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/05/2025]
Abstract
The study of many phenomena in the terahertz (THz) frequency spectral range has emerged as a promising playground in modern science and technology, with extensive applications in high-speed communication, imaging, sensing, and biosensing. Many THz metamaterial designs explore quantum physics phenomena embedded into a classical framework and exhibiting various unexpected behaviors. For spatial THz waves, the effects inspired by quantum phenomena include electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), Fano resonance, bound states in the continuum (BICs), and exceptional points (EPs) in non-Hermitian systems. They facilitate the realization of extensive functional metadevices and applications. For on-chip THz waves, quantum physics-inspired topological metamaterials, as photonic analogs of topological insulators, can ensure robust, low-loss propagation with suppressed backscattering. These trends open new pathways for high-speed on-chip data transmission and THz photonic integrated circuits, being crucial for the upcoming 6G and 7G wireless communication technologies. Here, we summarize the underlying principles of quantum physics-inspired metamaterials and highlight the latest advances in their application in the THz frequency band, encompassing both spatial and on-chip metadevice realizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Quanlong Yang
- School of Physics,
Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuri S. Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics,
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2615, Australia
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science,
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Wang Y, Huang Y. A Review on MXene/Nanocellulose Composites: Toward Wearable Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2410283. [PMID: 39696902 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202410283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Revised: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of mobile communication technology and wearable electronic devices, the electromagnetic radiation generated by high-frequency information exchange inevitably threatens human health, so high-performance wearable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are urgently needed. The 2D nanomaterial MXene exhibits superior EMI shielding performance owing to its high conductivity, however, its mechanical properties are limited due to the high porosity between MXene nanosheets. In recent years, it has been reported that by introducing natural nanocellulose as an organic framework, the EMI shielding and mechanical properties of MXene/nanocellulose composites can be synergically improved, which are expected to be widely used in wearable multifunctional shielding devices. In this review, the electromagnetic wave (EMW) attenuation mechanism of EMI shielding materials is briefly introduced, and the latest progress of MXene/nanocellulose composites in wearable multifunctional EMI shielding applications is comprehensively reviewed, wherein the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods and various types of composites are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed, regarding the performance improvement, the performance control mechanism, and the large-scale production of MXene/nanocellulose composites. This review can provide guidance on the design of flexible MXene/nanocellulose composites for multifunctional electromagnetic protection applications in the future intelligent wearable field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia R, Tan YJ, Navaratna N, Kumar A, Singh R. Photonic Supercoupling in Silicon Topological Waveguides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2415083. [PMID: 39686808 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202415083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Waveguide interconnect coupling control is essential for enhancing the chip density of photonic integrated circuits to incorporate a growing number of components. However, a critical engineering challenge is to achieve both strong waveguide isolation and efficient long-range coupling on a single chip. Here, a novel photonic supercoupling phenomenon is demonstrated for waveguide coupling over separation distances from a quarter to five wavelengths (λ), leveraging the tunable mode tails and the vortex energy flow in topological valley Hall system. A supercoupled integrated chip is developed, realizing a 91% coupling ratio and a -30 dB isolation over 2.8λ waveguide separations simultaneously. Supercoupled devices are further showcased including a waveguide-cavity system with 3.2λ excitation distance, and a waveguide directional supercoupler with a compact coupling area of nearly λ2/4, which outperform conventional devices. Supercoupling provides new degrees of freedom for optimizing coupling and isolation between photonic integrated components, facilitating new applications in on-chip sensing, lasing, and telecommunications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Jia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Ji Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Navaratna
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He X, Wang L, Huang Z, Xia C, Gao X, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Robust terahertz on-chip topological pathway with single-mode and linear dispersion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2025; 33:3350-3360. [PMID: 39876461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.545620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Terahertz on-chip pathway is crucial for next-generation wireless communication, terahertz integrated circuits, and high-speed chip interconnections, yet its development is impeded by issues like channel crosstalk and disordered scattering. In this study, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a terahertz on-chip topological pathway that exhibits exceptional transmission robustness, unaffected by structural curvature. The pathway is constructed using a subwavelength structure that combines the benefits of topological properties, such as broadband single-mode transmission and linear dispersion, with the field localization effects of periodic metal structures. By integrating topological protection into radio frequency circuits through metal microstructures, the device maintains efficient terahertz wave transmission even in the presence of scattering or structural defects while minimizing signal interference. These findings hold significant potential for applications in radio frequency device transmission and chip interconnection, particularly within the terahertz frequency range.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dai W, Yoda T, Moritake Y, Ono M, Kuramochi E, Notomi M. High transmission in 120-degree sharp bends of inversion-symmetric and inversion-asymmetric photonic crystal waveguides. Nat Commun 2025; 16:796. [PMID: 39824795 PMCID: PMC11742423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Bending loss is one of the serious problems for constructing nanophotonic integrated circuits. Recently, many works reported that valley photonic crystals (VPhCs) enable significantly high transmission via 120-degree sharp bends. However, it is unclear whether the high bend-transmission results directly from the valley-photonic effects, which are based on the breaking of inversion symmetry. In this study, we conduct a series of comparative numerical and experimental investigations of bend-transmission in various triangular PhCs with and without inversion symmetry and reveal that the high bend-transmission is solely determined by the domain-wall configuration and independent of the existence of the inversion symmetry. Preliminary analysis of the polarization distribution indicates that high bend-transmissions are closely related to the appearance of local topological polarization singularities near the bending section. Our work demonstrates that high transmission can be achieved in a much wider family of PhC waveguides, which may provide novel designs for low-loss nanophotonic integrated circuits with enhanced flexibility and a new understanding of the nature of valley-photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Taiki Yoda
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Yuto Moritake
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ono
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kuramochi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Masaya Notomi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan.
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Papamakarios S, Tsilipakos O, Katsantonis I, Koulouklidis AD, Manousidaki M, Zyla G, Daskalaki C, Tzortzakis S, Kafesaki M, Farsari M. Cactus-like Metamaterial Structures for Electromagnetically Induced Transparency at THz frequencies. ACS PHOTONICS 2025; 12:87-97. [PMID: 39839343 PMCID: PMC11748748 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
THz metamaterials present unique opportunities for next-generation technologies and applications as they can fill the "THz gap" originating from the weak response of natural materials in this regime, providing a variety of novel or advanced electromagnetic wave control components and systems. Here, we propose a novel metamaterial design made of three-dimensional, metallic, "cactus-like" meta-atoms, showing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and enhanced refractive index sensing performance at low THz frequencies. Following a detailed theoretical analysis, the structure is realized experimentally using multiphoton polymerization and electroless silver plating. The experimental characterization results obtained through THz time domain spectroscopy validate the corresponding numerical data, verifying the high potential of the proposed structure for slow light and sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Papamakarios
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University
of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Odysseas Tsilipakos
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Institute, National
Hellenic Research Foundation, GR-11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Katsantonis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasios D. Koulouklidis
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Manousidaki
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Gordon Zyla
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Daskalaki
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stelios Tzortzakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Kafesaki
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei D, Hu F, Jiang M, An S, Gao Z, Luo W, Zhang L, Lin S. Flexible Terahertz Broadband Absorber Based on a Copper Composite Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:54731-54741. [PMID: 39320964 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz absorbers play a crucial role in terahertz detectors, radar stealth, electromagnetic shielding, and other fields. However, the design and fabrication of flexible terahertz broadband absorbers remain a challenge at present. Here, we demonstrated a terahertz broadband absorber based on a copper composite film (CCF) consisting of a copper foam and an organic silica gel doped with Fe3O4 powder. The CCF can be fabricated by the infiltration method. The influence of the thickness and the pore size of the copper foam and the mass fraction of doped Fe3O4 powder on the absorption bandwidth were investigated. When the thickness of the CCF is 1.5 mm, the pore size of the copper foam is 95 pores per inch (ppi), and the mass fraction of Fe3O4 is 1%; a broadband absorption is achieved in the range of 0.11-3.5 THz. It is noted that the mass fraction of Fe3O4 has a significant impact on the absorption bandwidth. In addition, the thickness of the CCF and the pore size of the copper foam also have an impact on the absorption. The impedance matching theory is introduced to understand the mechanism of broadband absorption. This flexible broadband absorber has potential application in terahertz stealth, shielding, and the sixth-generation (6G) broadband wireless communication in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wei
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fangrong Hu
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mingzhu Jiang
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Su An
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China
| | - Zhongpeng Gao
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Weiyu Luo
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Longhui Zhang
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shangjun Lin
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang WY, Ren H, Xu ZH, Chen H, Li Y, Xu S. Integrated terahertz topological valley-locked power divider with arbitrary power ratios. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:5579-5582. [PMID: 39353011 DOI: 10.1364/ol.535079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Integrated power dividers (PDs) are essential in terahertz (THz) communication and radar systems, but miniaturization often leads to performance degradation due to fabrication inaccuracies and sharp bends. Topological photonics offers a solution to these issues, yet creating THz power dividers with arbitrary splitting ratios remains challenging. We present a design methodology for on-chip topological THz power dividers with customizable splitting ratios using valley-locked photonic crystals. These crystals feature a tri-layered structure with two distinct valley Chern number layers and an intermediate semimetal layer. Utilizing the Jackiw-Rebbi model, we show that the characteristic impedance of the valley-locked photonic crystals, and thus the power division ratio, can be tuned by adjusting the semimetal layer width. Our approach is validated through simulations and experiments for both equal (1:1) and unequal (4:9) power ratios. This method enables efficient navigation around sharp bends and robust THz on-chip connectivity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang J, Liu M, Wang T, Meng G, Wang Z, Guo C, Lin KT, Lin H, Jia B. Ultrafast Unidirectional On-Chip Heat Transfer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402575. [PMID: 38860359 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Effective and rapid heat transfer is critical to improving electronic components' performance and operational stability, particularly for highly integrated and miniaturized devices in complex scenarios. However, current thermal manipulation approaches, including the recent advancement in thermal metamaterials, cannot realize fast and unidirectional heat flow control. In addition, any defects in thermal conductive materials cause a significant decrease in thermal conductivity, severely degrading heat transfer performance. Here, the utilization of silicon-based valley photonic crystals (VPCs) is proposed and numerically demonstrated to facilitate ultrafast, unidirectional heat transfer through thermal radiation on a microscale. Utilizing the infrared wavelength region, the approach achieves a significant thermal rectification effect, ensuring continuous heat flow along designed paths with high transmission efficiency. Remarkably, the process is unaffected by temperature gradients due to the unidirectional property, maintaining transmission directionality. Furthermore, the VPCs' inherent robustness affords defect-immune heat transfer, overcoming the limitations of traditional conduction methods that inevitably cause device heating, performance degradation, and energy waste. The design is fully CMOS compatible, thus will find broad applications, particularly for integrated optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Yang
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Miao Liu
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Tanhe Wang
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Meng
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chunsheng Guo
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Han Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang Y, Kida T, Wakiuchi S, Okatani T, Inomata N, Kanamori Y. 3D Bulk Metamaterials with Engineered Optical Dispersion at Terahertz Frequencies Utilizing Amorphous Multilayered Split-Ring Resonators. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405378. [PMID: 38976553 PMCID: PMC11425637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A 3D bulk metamaterial (MM) containing amorphous multilayered split-ring resonators is proposed, fabricated, and evaluated. Experimentally, the effective refractive index is engineered via the 3D bulk MM, with a contrast of 0.118 across the frequency span from 0.315 to 0.366 THz and the index changing at a slope of 2.314 per THz within this frequency range. Additionally, the 3D bulk MM exhibits optical isotropy with respect to polarization. Moreover, the peak transmission and optical dispersion are tailored by adjusting the density of the split-ring resonators. Compared to reported conventional approaches for constructing bulk MMs, this approach offers advantages in terms of the potential for large-scale manufacturing, the ability to adopt any shape, optical isotropy, and rapid optical dispersion. These features hold promise for dispersive optical devices operating at THz frequencies, such as high-dispersive prisms for high-resolution spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of RoboticsTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagi980‐8579Japan
| | - Takanori Kida
- Department of RoboticsTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagi980‐8579Japan
| | - Shun Wakiuchi
- Department of RoboticsTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagi980‐8579Japan
| | - Taiyu Okatani
- Department of RoboticsTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagi980‐8579Japan
| | - Naoki Inomata
- Department of RoboticsTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagi980‐8579Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tan D, Sun N, Huang J, Zhang Z, Zeng L, Li Q, Bi S, Bu J, Peng Y, Guo Q, Jiang C. Monolayer Vacancy-Induced MXene Memory for Write-Verify-Free Programming. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402273. [PMID: 38682587 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental logic states of 1 and 0 in Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) are essential for modern high-speed non-volatile solid-state memories. However, the accumulated storage signal in conventional physical components often leads to data distortion after multiple write operations. This necessitates a write-verify operation to ensure proper values within the 0/1 threshold ranges. In this work, a non-gradual switching memory with two distinct stable resistance levels is introduced, enabled by the asymmetric vertical structure of monolayer vacancy-induced oxidized Ti3C2Tx MXene for efficient carrier trapping and releasing. This non-cumulative resistance effect allows non-volatile memories to attain valid 0/1 logic levels through direct reprogramming, eliminating the need for a write-verify operation. The device exhibits superior performance characteristics, including short write/erase times (100 ns), a large switching ratio (≈3 × 104), long cyclic endurance (>104 cycles), extended retention (>4 × 106 s), and highly resistive stability (>104 continuous write operations). These findings present promising avenues for next-generation resistive memories, offering faster programming speed, exceptional write performance, and streamlined algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchen Tan
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jijie Huang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Zhaorui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lijun Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qikun Li
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingyuan Bu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qinlei Guo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Chengming Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ren H, Xu S, Lyu Z, Li Y, Yang Z, Xu Q, Yu YS, Li Y, Gao F, Yu X, Han J, Chen QD, Sun HB. Terahertz flexible multiplexing chip enabled by synthetic topological phase transitions. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae116. [PMID: 39007007 PMCID: PMC11242461 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible multiplexing chips that permit reconfigurable multidimensional channel utilization are indispensable for revolutionary 6G terahertz communications, but the insufficient manipulation capability of terahertz waves prevents their practical implementation. Herein, we propose the first experimental demonstration of a flexible multiplexing chip for terahertz communication by revealing the unique mechanism of topological phase (TP) transition and perseveration in a heterogeneously coupled bilayer valley Hall topological photonic system. The synthetic and individual TPs operated in the coupled and decoupled states enable controllable on-chip modular TP transitions and subchannel switching. Two time-frequency interleaved subchannels support 10- and 12-Gbit/s QAM-16 high-speed data streams along corresponding paths over carriers of 120 and 130 GHz with 2.5- and 3-GHz bandwidths, respectively. This work unlocks interlayer heterogeneous TPs for inspiring ingenious on-chip terahertz-wave regulation, allowing functionality-reconfigurable, compactly integrated and CMOS-compatible chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Su Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhidong Lyu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanzhen Li
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zuomin Yang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yong-Sen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xianbin Yu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang W, Tan YJ, Tan TC, Kumar A, Pitchappa P, Szriftgiser P, Ducournau G, Singh R. On-chip topological beamformer for multi-link terahertz 6G to XG wireless. Nature 2024; 632:522-527. [PMID: 39143343 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) wireless communication holds immense potential to revolutionize future 6G to XG networks with high capacity, low latency and extensive connectivity. Efficient THz beamformers are essential for energy-efficient connections, compensating path loss, optimizing resource usage and enhancing spectral efficiency. However, current beamformers face several challenges, including notable loss, limited bandwidth, constrained spatial coverage and poor integration with on-chip THz circuits. Here we present an on-chip broadband THz topological beamformer using valley vortices for waveguiding, splitting and perfect isolation in waveguide phased arrays, featuring 184 densely packed valley-locked waveguides, 54 power splitters and 136 sharp bends. Leveraging neural-network-assisted inverse design, the beamformer achieves complete 360° azimuthal beamforming with gains of up to 20 dBi, radiating THz signals into free space with customizable user-defined beams. Photoexciting the all-silicon beamformer enables reconfigurable control of THz beams. The low-loss and broadband beamformer enables a 72-Gbps chip-to-chip wireless link over 300 mm and eight simultaneous 40-Gbps wireless links. Using four of these links, we demonstrate point-to-4-point real-time HD video streaming. Our work provides a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible THz topological photonic integrated circuit for efficient large-scale beamforming, enabling massive single-input multiple-output and multiple-input and multiple-output systems for terabit-per-second 6G to XG wireless communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Ji Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas CaiWei Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pascal Szriftgiser
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Ducournau
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Institut d'Electronique, Microélectronique et Nanotechnologie, Lille, France
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Choi WJ, Lee SH, Cha M, Kotov NA. Chiral Kirigami for Bend-Tolerant Reconfigurable Hologram with Continuously Variable Chirality Measures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401131. [PMID: 38850153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite the commonality of static holograms, the holography with multiple information layers and reconfigurable grey-scale images at communication frequencies remain a confluence of scientific challenges. One well-known difficulty is the simultaneous modulation of phase and amplitude of electromagnetic wavefronts with a high modulation depth. A less appreciated challenge is scrambling of the information and images with hologram bending. Here, this work shows that chirality-guided pixelation of plasmonic kirigami sheets enables tunable multiplexed holography at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The convex and concave structures with slanted Au strips exhibit gradual variations in geometries facilitating modulation of light ellipticity reaching 40 deg. Real-time switching of 3D images of the letter "M" and the Mona Lisa demonstrates the possibility of complex grey-scale information content and importance of continuously variable mirror asymmetry. Microscale chirality measures of each pixel experiences little change with bending while retaining controllable reconfigurability upon stretching, which translates to remarkable resilience of chiral holograms to bending. Simplicity of their design with local chirality measures opens the door to information technologies with fault-tolerant THz encryption, wearable holographic devices, and new communication technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Choi
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Physical Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Minjeong Cha
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kotov
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
He W, Cheng X, Hu S, Ren Z, Yu Z, Wan S, Hu Y, Jiang T. Color coded metadevices toward programmed terahertz switching. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:142. [PMID: 38914544 PMCID: PMC11196690 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz modulators play a critical role in high-speed wireless communication, non-destructive imaging, and so on, which have attracted a large amount of research interest. Nevertheless, all-optical terahertz modulation, an ultrafast dynamical control approach, remains to be limited in terms of encoding and multifunction. Here we experimentally demonstrated an optical-programmed terahertz switching realized by combining optical metasurfaces with the terahertz metasurface, resulting in 2-bit dual-channel terahertz encoding. The terahertz metasurface, made up of semiconductor islands and artificial microstructures, enables effective all-optical programming by providing multiple frequency channels with ultrafast modulation at the nanosecond level. Meanwhile, optical metasurfaces covered in terahertz metasurface alter the spatial light field distribution to obtain color code. According to the time-domain coupled mode theory analysis, the energy dissipation modes in terahertz metasurface can be independently controlled by color excitation, which explains the principle of 2-bit encoding well. This work establishes a platform for all-optical programmed terahertz metadevices and may further advance the application of composite metasurface in terahertz manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mehdipoura M, Moeini M, Ahmadi V, Poursalehi R. Design and analysis of 2D one-way splitter waveguide based on topological photonics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12905. [PMID: 38839832 PMCID: PMC11153527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new high-efficiency splitter waveguide design based on photonic topological insulators. The system's robust edge states allow electromagnetic waves to propagate in the 2D waveguide without backscattering, resulting in almost 100% transmission in the outputs. We also study resonating modes in the structure and show that introducing specific defects can create such modes. We consider four domains with rods of varying magneto-optical properties to provide edge modes in the system. By eliminating rows and columns of rods, we calculate the transmission at the outputs, revealing resonating modes in the middle of the structure with spatial symmetry. Our calculations indicate that the most promising resonating mode occurs when two rods and two columns are eliminated, with a quality factor Q = 1.02 × 106 at frequency f = 8.23 GHz and almost zero transmission at this frequency to the outputs. We further confirm our results using the transmission line resonator model as a semi-analytical model, which agrees well with our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Moeini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ahmadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Poursalehi
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gupta M, Kumar A, Pitchappa P, Tan YJ, Szriftgiser P, Ducournau G, Singh R. 150 Gbps THz Chipscale Topological Photonic Diplexer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309497. [PMID: 38350050 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Photonic diplexers are being widely investigated for high data transfer rates in on-chip communication. However, dividing the available spectrum into nonoverlapping multicarrier frequency sub-bands has remained a challenge in designing frequency-selective time-invariant channels. Here, an on-chip topological diplexer is reported exhibiting terahertz frequency band filtering through Klein tunneling of topological edge modes. The silicon topological diplexer chip facilitates two high-speed channels with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) over a broad bandwidth of 12.5 GHz each. These channels operate at carrier frequencies of 305 and 321.6 GHz, achieving a combined diplexer capacity of 150 Gbit s-1. To ensure minimal interference between adjacent channels, a guard band is implemented. Topologically protected edge modes suppress the frequency selective fading of the broadband signals and hold promise for diverse integrated photonic applications spanning terahertz and telecommunication realms, including the design of lossless topological multiplexers, interconnects, antennas, and modulators for the sixth to X generation (6G to XG) wireless.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Gupta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yi Ji Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pascal Szriftgiser
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, PhLAM, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59655, France
| | - Guillaume Ducournau
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, IEMN-Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, UMR 8520, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652, France
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi J, Li M, Tang L, Li X, Jia X, Guo C, Bai H, Ma H, Wang X, Niu P, Weng J, Yao J. All-Dielectric Integrated Meta-Antenna Operating in 6G Terahertz Communication Window. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308958. [PMID: 38189638 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Efficient transceivers and antennas at terahertz frequencies are leading the development of 6G terahertz communication systems. The antenna design for high-resolution terahertz spatial sensing and communication remains challenging, while emergent metallic metasurface antennas can address this issue but often suffer from low efficiency and complex manufacturing. Here, an all-dielectric integrated meta-antenna operating in 6G terahertz communication window for high-efficiency beam focusing in the sub-wavelength scale is reported. With the antenna surface functionalized by metagrating arrays with asymmetric scattering patterns, the design and optimization methods are demonstrated with a physical size constraint. The highest manipulation and diffraction efficiencies achieve 84.1% and 48.1%. The commercially accessible fabrication method with low cost and easy to implement has been demonstrated for the meta-antenna by photocuring 3D printing. A filamentous focal spot is measured as 0.86λ with a long depth of focus of 25.3λ. Its application for integrated imaging and communication has been demonstrated. The proposed technical roadmap provides a general pathway for creating high-efficiency integrated meta-antennas with great potential in high-resolution 6G terahertz spatial sensing and communication applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Longhuang Tang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xing Jia
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Cuijuan Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Heli Ma
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Pingjuan Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jidong Weng
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kang G, Lee Y, Kim J, Yang D, Nam HK, Kim S, Baek S, Yoon H, Lee J, Kim TT, Kim YJ. Frequency comb measurements for 6G terahertz nano/microphotonics and metamaterials. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2024; 13:983-1003. [PMID: 39633999 PMCID: PMC11501472 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation 6G communication holds the potential to revolutionize data transfer, enabling the realization of eXtended Reality (XR) with enhanced sensory experiences. To achieve this, advanced components such as high-performance intensity/phase modulators, waveguides, multiplexers, splitters, combiners, and filters operating in terahertz (THz) regime, specifically within the frequency range of 0.1-1 THz, are essential. However, existing microwave equipment and vector network analyzers designed for this frequency range suffer from limitations in resolution, stability, and accuracy when evaluating the intensity and phase responses of critical 6G THz devices. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the critical device requirements and emerging trends in next-generation 6G communication, essential performance evaluation parameters, comparisons between microwave and nano/microphotonic devices for testing, and the application of high-resolution THz sensors in 6G Internet-of-Things (IoT) scenarios. Notably, a frequency comb in the photonic regime emerges as the prime candidate for achieving precision evaluations of 6G networks and devices. Consequently, this review highlights the latest research in frequency comb measurements in the 6G THz frequency regime, with a particular emphasis on nano/microphotonic devices and metamaterials. The integration of frequency comb measurements into 6G and THz photonic devices and networks promises to accelerate the realization of high-density next-generation 6G communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guseon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Younggeun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Han Ku Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Shinhyung Kim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Soojeong Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Hyosang Yoon
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SEOULTECH), Seoul01811, South Korea
| | - Teun-Teun Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon34141, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dai W, Yoda T, Moritake Y, Notomi M. Large transmittance contrast via 90-degree sharp bends in square lattice glide-symmetric photonic crystal waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3946-3958. [PMID: 38297604 DOI: 10.1364/oe.513685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate an intriguing transmittance contrast in a glide-symmetric square-lattice photonic crystal waveguide with a 90-degree sharp bend. The glide-symmetry gives rise to a degeneracy point in the band structure and separates a high-frequency and a low-frequency band. Previously, a similar large transmittance contrast between these two bands has been observed in glide-symmetric triangular- or honeycomb-lattice photonic crystals without inversion symmetry, and this phenomenon has been attributed to the valley-photonic effect. In this study, we demonstrate the first example of this phenomenon in square-lattice photonic crystals, which do not possess the valley effect. Our result sheds new light onto unexplored properties of glide-symmetric waveguides. We show that this phenomenon is related to the spatial distribution of circular polarization singularities in glide-symmetric waveguides. This work expands the possible designs of low-loss photonic circuits and provides a new understanding of light transmission via sharp bends in photonic crystal waveguides.
Collapse
|
26
|
Caridad J, Castelló Ó, López Baptista SM, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Roskos HG, Delgado-Notario JA. Room-Temperature Plasmon-Assisted Resonant THz Detection in Single-Layer Graphene Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:935-942. [PMID: 38165655 PMCID: PMC10811671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Frequency-selective or even frequency-tunable terahertz (THz) photodevices are critical components for many technological applications that require nanoscale manipulation, control, and confinement of light. Within this context, gate-tunable phototransistors based on plasmonic resonances are often regarded as the most promising devices for the frequency-selective detection of THz radiation. The exploitation of constructive interference of plasma waves in such detectors promises not only frequency selectivity but also a pronounced sensitivity enhancement at target frequencies. However, clear signatures of plasmon-assisted resonances in THz detectors have been revealed only at cryogenic temperatures so far and remain unobserved at application-relevant room-temperature conditions. In this work, we demonstrate the sought-after room-temperature resonant detection of THz radiation in short-channel gated photodetectors made from high-quality single-layer graphene. The survival of this intriguing resonant regime at room temperature ultimately relies on the weak intrinsic electron-phonon scattering in monolayer graphene, which avoids the damping of the plasma oscillations present in the device channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José
M. Caridad
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
- Unidad
de Excelencia en Luz y Materia Estructurada (LUMES), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - Óscar Castelló
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
- Unidad
de Excelencia en Luz y Materia Estructurada (LUMES), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | | | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hartmut G. Roskos
- Physikalisches
Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Iwamatsu S, Ali M, Estévez JLF, Grzeslo M, Makhlouf S, Rivera A, Carpintero G, Stöhr A. Terahertz photodiode integration with multi-octave-bandwidth dielectric rod waveguide probe. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:6275-6278. [PMID: 38039245 DOI: 10.1364/ol.504354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits play a vital role in enabling terahertz (THz) applications that require multi-octave bandwidth. Prior research has been limited in bandwidth due to rectangular waveguide (WRs) interconnects, which can only support single octave at low loss. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we exploit the ultra-wideband (UWB) near-field coupling between planar waveguides and silicon (Si)-based subwavelength dielectric rod waveguides (DRWs) to interconnect THz bandwidth uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs) at 0.08-1.03 THz. In a proof-of-concept experiment, the on-chip integrated UTC-PDs demonstrate a UWB operation from 0.1 THz to 0.4 THz. Furthermore, by employing Si DRWs as probes, multi-octave device-under-test characterization of UTC-PDs integrated with UWB transition is enabled with only one DRW probe. The proposed UWB interconnect technology is distinct from previously used WR-based ground-signal-ground probes or quasi-optical free-space coupling since it can provide multi-octave bandwidth and enable on-chip THz circuit integration.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhong Y, Huang Y, Zhong S, Shi T, Sun F, Lin T, Zeng Q, Yao L, Chen X. An ultra-broadband frequency-agile terahertz perfect absorber with perturbed MoS 2 plasmon modes. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37987537 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidomain dynamic manipulations for terahertz (THz) absorbers usually necessitate the orchestrated actions of several active elements, inevitably complicating the structural design and elongating the modulation time. Herein, we utilize the coupling between the total reflection prism and electrically-driven MoS2 to activate a tight field confinement in a deep-subwavelength interlayer, ultimately achieving frequency-agile absorption adjustments only with a gate voltage. Theoretical and simulation analysis results indicate that the redistributed electric field and susceptible dielectric response are attributed to the limited spatial near-field perturbation of surface plasmon resonances. We also demonstrate that perturbed MoS2 plasmon modes promote the formation of dual-phase singularities, significantly suppressing the attenuation of the absorption amplitude as large-scale frequency shifts, thereby extending the relative tuning range (WRTR) to 175.4%. These findings offer an efficient approach for expanding the horizon of THz absorption applications that require ultra-broadband and swift-response capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Intelligent Measurement & Control, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Intelligent Measurement & Control, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Shuncong Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Intelligent Measurement & Control, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Shi
- School of Economics and Management, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Intelligent Measurement & Control, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tingling Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Intelligent Measurement & Control, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Qiuming Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Intelligent Measurement & Control, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ligang Yao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bai Y, Ouyang C, Zhang S, Yao Z, Liu K, Liu S, Ma J, Li Y, Cao T, Tian Z. Ge 2Sb 2Te 5-based efficient switching between a cross-polarization conversion and a circular-to-linear polarization conversion. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5843-5846. [PMID: 37966733 DOI: 10.1364/ol.503310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) band has a great potential for the development of communication technology, but it has not been fully utilized due to the lack of practical devices, especially actively controllable multifunctional devices. Here, we propose and demonstrate a Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST)-based metamaterial device, where an actively controllable function is experimentally verified by inducing the crystallization process with thermal activation. Cross-polarization conversion in the reflection mode and circular-to-linear polarization conversion in the transmission mode are obtained under crystalline and amorphous GST conditions, respectively. The combination of GST and THz waves has a wide range of applications and will further advance the THz field.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jia R, Kumar S, Tan TC, Kumar A, Tan YJ, Gupta M, Szriftgiser P, Alphones A, Ducournau G, Singh R. Valley-conserved topological integrated antenna for 100-Gbps THz 6G wireless. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8500. [PMID: 37910611 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The topological phase revolutionized wave transport, enabling integrated photonic interconnects with sharp light bending on a chip. However, the persistent challenge of momentum mismatch during intermedium topological mode transitions due to material impedance inconsistency remains. We present a 100-Gbps topological wireless communication link using integrated photonic devices that conserve valley momentum. The valley-conserved silicon topological waveguide antenna achieves a 12.2-dBi gain, constant group delay across a 30-GHz bandwidth and enables active beam steering within a 36° angular range. The complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible valley-conserved devices represent a major milestone in hybrid electronic-photonic-based topological wireless communications, enabling terabit-per-second backhaul communication, high throughput, and intermedium transport of information carriers, vital for the future of communication from the sixth to X generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Jia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Sonu Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Thomas Caiwei Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yi Ji Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Pascal Szriftgiser
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, PhLAM, UMR 8523, Université de Lille, CNRS, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Arokiaswami Alphones
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Ducournau
- Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille 1, Lille, France
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wen ZY, Yang F, Jiang H, Liu Y, Chen F, Li M, Zhang J. Modified Kramers-Kronig receiver based on memory polynomial compensation for photonics-assisted millimeter-wave communications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34800-34816. [PMID: 37859228 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Photonics-assisted millimeter-wave (MMW) wireless communications are advancing rapidly driven by the escalating congestion in the lower-band spectrum and the growing demand for higher data rates. Concurrently, Kramers-Kronig (KK) receivers provide an economical solution ideally suited for cost-sensitive deployment and application. However, the conventional KK receiver is subject to performance degradation due to the nonlinearity and memory effects introduced by practical electronic devices. In this work, the performance degradation of the conventional KK receiver is investigated and quantitatively simulated, showing that the KK receiver exhibits greater sensitivity to nonlinearity and memory effects compared to the conventional coherent receiver. To enhance the performance of KK receivers deployed in MMW communication systems, we propose a modified KK receiver employing memory polynomial compensation, namely MP-KK receiver, capable of effectively compensating memory effects whilst simultaneously addressing nonlinearity. Crucially, the memory polynomial model is employed prior to the KK algorithm to prevent further signal degradation caused by the nonlinear operator in the KK algorithm in the scenario of photonics-assisted MMW wireless communication based on the KK receiver. For verification, we present a 95 GHz W-band MMW wireless transmission demonstration with 20 Gb/s QPSK and 40 Gb/s 16-QAM signals. The experimental results indicate that the MP-KK receiver can achieve more than 3.5 dB improvement in EVM and 71.25% reduction in BER compared to the conventional approaches.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lu HH, Tsai WS, Huang XH, Jin JL, Xu YZ, Chen WX, Lin CH, Wu TM. Transmission of sub-terahertz signals over a fiber-FSO-5 G NR hybrid system with an aggregate net bit rate of 227.912 Gb/s. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:33320-33332. [PMID: 37859115 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of sub-terahertz (sub-THz) signals over a fiber-free-space optical (FSO)-fifth-generation (5 G) new radio (NR) hybrid system is successfully realized. It is a promising system that utilizes multiple media of optical fiber, optical wireless, and 5 G NR wireless to achieve a 227.912-Gb/s record-high aggregate net bit rate. The system concurrently transmits a 59.813-Gb/s net bit rate in the 150-GHz sub-THz frequency, 74.766-Gb/s in the 250-GHz sub-THz frequency, and 93.333-Gb/s in the 325-GHz sub-THz frequency through the fiber-FSO-wireless convergence, including 25-km single-mode fiber, 100-m FSO, and 30-m/25-m/20-m sub-THz-wave transmissions. This system achieves sufficiently low bit error rates (< hard-decision forward error correction (FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 at 16 and 20 Gbaud symbol rates; < soft-decision FEC threshold of 2 × 10-2 at 28 Gbaud symbol rate) and clear and distinct constellation diagrams, meeting the demands of 5 G NR communications in the sub-THz band. The development of fiber-FSO-5 G NR hybrid system represents a substantial development in the field of advanced communications. It has the ability to enhance the way we communicate in the future.
Collapse
|
33
|
Shao H, Wang Y, Yang G, Sang T. Topological transport in heterostructure of valley photonic crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32393-32403. [PMID: 37859044 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We propose a heterogeneous structure, which are composed of two valley photonic crystals (VPCs) with opposite valley Chern numbers and air channel. With the increasing width of the air channel, valley-locked waveguide modes are found in topological bandgap by analyzing energy bands. Finite element method (FEM) simulation results show that the fundamental and high order modes are valley-locked, propagating unidirectionally under the excitation of chiral source, and possess higher flux compared to the valley-locked topological edge state in the domain wall. Besides, the immunity to backscattering in bend and couplers, and the robustness to random disorders are discussed in detail. We also investigate the one-way multimode interference (MMI) effect based on valley-locked waveguide modes, and design topological beam splitters. Our study provides a novel idea for topological transport with high flux, and more freedom to design valley-locked waveguide devices, including bends, couplers and splitters.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li S, Chen MLN, Lan Z, Li P. Coexistence of large-area topological pseudospin and valley states in a tri-band heterostructure system. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4693-4696. [PMID: 37656588 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of topological photonics has significantly revolutionized our comprehension of electromagnetic wave manipulation in recent decades. Recent research exploiting large-area topological states inserts an additional gapless PC structure between topologically trivial and nontrivial PCs, effectively introducing the mode width degree of freedom. Nevertheless, these heterostructures mainly support only single-type waveguide states operating within a single frequency band. To address these limitations, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, tri-band three-layer heterostructure system, supporting both large-area pseudospin- and valley-locked states. The system showcases tunable mode widths with different operational bandwidths. Moreover, the heterostructures exhibit inherent topological characteristics and reflection-free interfacing, which are verified in the well-designed Z-shaped channels. The proposed heterostructure system can be used to design multi-band multi-functional high-flexibility topological devices, providing great advantages for enlarging the on-chip integrated communication systems.
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang Y, Okatani T, Inomata N, Kanamori Y. Reconfigurable THz metamaterial based on microelectromechanical cantilever switches with a dimpled tip. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29744-29754. [PMID: 37710768 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We numerically and experimentally proposed a reconfigurable THz metamaterial (MM) by employing microelectromechanical cantilevers into a ladder-shaped MM (LS-MM). A fixed-free cantilever array with a dimpled tip behaved as Ohmic switches to reshape the LS-MM so as to actively regular the transmission response of THz waves. The cantilever tip was designed to be a concave dimple to improve the operational life without sacrificing the mechanical resonant frequency (fmr), and a fmr of 635 kHz was demonstrated. The device actively achieved a 115-GHz change in transmittance resonant frequency and a 1.82-rad difference in transmission phase shift, which can practically benefit advancing THz applications such as fast THz imaging and 6 G communications.
Collapse
|
36
|
Su Y, Tian W, Yu Y, Meng J, Zheng Y, Jia S, Xie Z, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang W. Free-space transmission of picosecond-level, high-speed optical pulse streams in the 3 µm band. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27433-27449. [PMID: 37710819 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of mid-infrared (mid-IR) light spanning the 3-5 µm range presents notable merits over the 1.5 µm band when operating in adverse atmospheric conditions. Consequently, it emerges as a promising prospect for serving as optical carriers in free-space communication (FSO) through atmospheric channels. However, due to the insufficient performance level of devices in the mid-IR band, the capability of mid-IR communication is hindered in terms of transmission capacity and signal format. In this study, we conduct experimental investigations on the transmission of time-domain multiplexed ultra-short optical pulse streams, with a pulse width of 1.8 ps and a data rate of up to 40 Gbps at 3.6 µm, based on the difference frequency generation (DFG) effect. The mid-IR transmitter realizes an effective wavelength conversion of optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) signals from 1.5 µm to 3.6 µm, and the obtained power of the 40 Gbps mid-IR OTDM signal at the optimum temperature of 54.8 °C is 7.4 dBm. The mid-IR receiver successfully achieves the regeneration of the 40 Gbps 1.5 µm OTDM signal, and the corresponding regenerated power at the optimum temperature of 51.5 °C is -30.56 dBm. Detailed results pertaining to the demodulation of regeneration 1.5 µm OTDM signal have been acquired, encompassing parameters such as pulse waveform diagram, bit error rate (BER), and Q factor. The estimated power penalty of the 40 Gbps mid-IR OTDM transmission is 2.4 dB at a BER of 1E-6, compared with the back-to-back (BTB) transmission. Moreover, it is feasible by using chirped PPLN crystals with wider bandwidth to increase the data rate to the order of one hundred gigabits.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen C, Zhang H, Hou J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Dai J, Pang S, Wang C. Deep Learning in the Ubiquitous Human-Computer Interactive 6G Era: Applications, Principles and Prospects. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:343. [PMID: 37622948 PMCID: PMC10452467 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of enabling technologies like VR and AR, we human beings are on the threshold of the ubiquitous human-centric intelligence era. 6G is believed to be an indispensable cornerstone for efficient interaction between humans and computers in this promising vision. 6G is supposed to boost many human-centric applications due to its unprecedented performance improvements compared to 5G and before. However, challenges are still to be addressed, including but not limited to the following six aspects: Terahertz and millimeter-wave communication, low latency and high reliability, energy efficiency, security, efficient edge computing and heterogeneity of services. It is a daunting job to fit traditional analytical methods into these problems due to the complex architecture and highly dynamic features of ubiquitous interactive 6G systems. Fortunately, deep learning can circumvent the interpretability issue and train tremendous neural network parameters, which build mapping relationships from neural network input (status and specific requirements of a 6G application) to neural network output (settings to satisfy the requirements). Deep learning methods can be an efficient alternative to traditional analytical methods or even conquer unresolvable predicaments of analytical methods. We review representative deep learning solutions to the aforementioned six aspects separately and focus on the principles of fitting a deep learning method into specific 6G issues. Based on this review, our main contributions are highlighted as follows. (i) We investigate the representative works in a systematic view and find out some important issues like the vital role of deep reinforcement learning in the 6G context. (ii) We point out solutions to the lack of training data in 6G communication context. (iii) We reveal the relationship between traditional analytical methods and deep learning, in terms of 6G applications. (iv) We identify some frequently used efficient techniques in deep-learning-based 6G solutions. Finally, we point out open problems and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Chen
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Huixiang Zhang
- School of Cyberspace Security, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Jinkui Hou
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Jiangyan Dai
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Shunpeng Pang
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Chengduan Wang
- School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China; (C.C.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang N, Wang T, Li G, Guo L, Liu W, Wang Z, Li G, Chen Y. Detecting terahertz wave by microphone based on the photoacoustic effect in graphene foam. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2023; 12:3053-3067. [PMID: 39635054 PMCID: PMC11502112 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) wave plays important roles in the research of material properties, the non-invasive human security check and the next generation wireless communication. The progress of the scientific and technological applications of THz wave is strongly dependent on the improvement of THz detectors. Here a novel THz wave detection scheme is proposed in which the THz radiation is detected by an audible microphone based on the photo-thermo-acoustic (PTA) effect in graphene foam. Thanks to the room-temperature broadband electromagnetic absorption characteristics of graphene foam and the fast heat transfer between graphene foam and ambient air, this detection method not only inherits the advantages of the photo-thermal THz detector such as room-temperature and full bandwidth, but also has a response time 3 orders of magnitude faster than the photo-thermal detector. Besides, no micro-antenna/electrode is required to fabricate in the graphene foam THz detector which greatly simplifies the detector design and decreases the fabrication cost. It concludes that the room-temperature, full-bandwidth, fast-speed (≥10 kHz), and easy-to-fabricate THz detector developed in this work has superior comprehensive performances among both the commercial THz detectors and the detectors recently developed in laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Tingyuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Lanjun Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu H, Lai P, Wang H, Cheng H, Tian J, Chen S. Topological phases and non-Hermitian topology in photonic artificial microstructures. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2023; 12:2273-2294. [PMID: 39633770 PMCID: PMC11502100 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the discovery of topological matter states has ushered in a new era in topological physics, providing a robust framework for strategically controlling the transport of particles or waves. Topological photonics, in particular, has sparked considerable research due to its ability to construct and manipulate photonic topological states via photonic artificial microstructures. Although the concept of topology originates from condensed matter, topological photonics has given rise to new fundamental ideas and a range of potential applications that may lead to revolutionary technologies. Here, we review recent developments in topological photonics, with a focus on the realization and application of several emerging research areas in photonic artificial microstructures. We highlight the research trend, spanning from the photonic counterpart of topological insulator phases, through topological semimetal phases, to other emerging non-Hermitian topologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Pengtao Lai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xing H, Xu G, Lu D, Fan J, Xue Z, Gao Z, Cong L. Terahertz topological photonic crystals with dual edge states for efficient routing. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2805-2808. [PMID: 37262215 DOI: 10.1364/ol.492336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Topological photonic crystals with robust pseudo-spin and valley edge states have shown promising and wide applications in topological waveguides, lasers, and antennas. However, the limited bandwidth and intrinsic coupling properties of a single pseudo-spin or valley edge state have imposed restrictions on their multifunctional applications in integrated photonic circuits. Here, we propose a topological photonic crystal that can support pseudo-spin and valley edge states simultaneously in a single waveguiding channel, which effectively broadens the bandwidth and enables a multipath routing solution for terahertz information processing and broadcasting. We show that distorted Kekulé lattices can open two types of bandgaps with different topological properties simultaneously by molding the inter- and intra-unit cell coupling of the tight-binding model. The distinct topological origins of the edge states provide versatile signal routing paths toward free space radiation or on-chip self-localized edge modes by virtue of their intrinsic coupling properties. Such a powerful platform could function as an integrated photonic chip with capabilities of broadband on-chip signal processing and distributions that will especially benefit terahertz wireless communications.
Collapse
|
41
|
Su Y, Meng J, Wei T, Xie Z, Jia S, Tian W, Zhu J, Wang W. 150 Gbps multi-wavelength FSO transmission with 25-GHz ITU-T grid in the mid-infrared region. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15156-15169. [PMID: 37157363 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The 3∼5 µm mid-infrared (mid-IR) light has several exceptional benefits in the case of adverse atmospheric conditions compared to the 1.5 µm band, so it is a promising candidate for optical carriers for free-space communication (FSO) through atmospheric channels. However, the transmission capacity in the mid-IR band is constrained in the lower range due to the immaturity of its devices. In this work, to replicate the 1.5 µm band dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology to the 3 µm band for high-capacity transmission, we demonstrate a 12-channel 150 Gbps FSO transmission in the 3 µm band based on our developed mid-IR transmitter and receiver modules. These modules enable wavelength conversion between the 1.5 µm and 3 µm bands based on the effect of difference-frequency generation (DFG). The mid-IR transmitter effectively generates up to 12 optical channels ranging from 3.5768 µm to 3.5885 µm with a power of 6.6 dBm, and each channel carries 12.5 Gbps binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated data. The mid-IR receiver regenerates the 1.5 µm band DWDM signal with a power of -32.1 dBm. Relevant results of regenerated signal demodulation have been collected in detail, including bit error ratio (BER), constellation diagram, and eye diagram. The power penalties of the 6th to 8th channels selected from the regenerated signal are lower than 2.2 dB compared with back-to-back (BTB) DWDM signal at a bit error ratio (BER) of 1E-6, and other channels can also achieve good transmission quality. It is expected to further push the data capacity to the terabit-per-second level by adding more 1.5 µm band laser sources and using wider-bandwidth chirped nonlinear crystals.
Collapse
|
42
|
Chong MZ, He Y, Zhao J, Zhang YY, Zhang ZK, Zhang CQ, Du CH, Zang X, Liu PK. Spin-decoupled excitation and wavefront shaping of structured surface waves via on-chip terahertz metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4515-4522. [PMID: 36757161 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06983k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface waves (SWs) are of great importance in terahertz (THz) photonics applications due to their subwavelength properties. Hence, it is crucial to develop surface wavefront shaping techniques, which is urgent in modern information technologies. In this paper, a new scheme is proposed to realize SW excitation and spin-decoupled wavefront shaping with an ultracompact planar meta-device working in the THz range. The meta-device is composed of two parts: meta-atoms (in the center) and plasmonic metals (on the left and right sides). By carefully setting the geometry size and rotation angle of each meta-atom, the encoded spin-decoupled phase distributions for both left circularly polarized (LCP) and right circularly polarized (RCP) incident THz waves are determined. In this way, circularly polarized (CP) incident THz waves can be converted to SWs propagating along plasmonic metals with unique wavefront profiles, i.e., Bessel and focusing profiles. Full-wave simulations and THz near-field scanning experiments were performed to verify the functionalities of the meta-device, both of which are in great agreement with theoretical predictions. Our findings may provide more solutions to design THz integrated photonic devices and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yidan He
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yue-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zong-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Chong-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Chao-Hai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zang
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 JunGong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Pu-Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kang L, Fei H, Lin H, Wu M, Wang X, Zhang M, Liu X, Sun F, Chen Z. Thermal tunable silicon valley photonic crystal ring resonators at the telecommunication wavelength. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2807-2815. [PMID: 36785286 DOI: 10.1364/oe.475559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tunable ring resonators are essential devices in integrated circuits. Compared to conventional ring resonators, valley photonic crystal (VPC) ring resonators have a compact design and high quality factor (Q-factor), attracting broad attention. However, tunable VPC ring resonators haven't been demonstrated. Here we theoretically demonstrate the first tunable VPC ring resonator in the telecommunication wavelength region, the resonance peaks of which are tuned by controlling the temperature based on the thermal-optic effect of silicon. The design is ultracompact (12.05 µm by 10.44 µm), with a high Q-factor of 1281.00. By tuning the temperature from 100 K to 750 K, the phase modulation can reach 7.70 π, and the adjustment efficiency is 0.062 nm/K. Since thermal tuning has been broadly applied in silicon photonics, our design can be readily applied in integrated photonic circuits and will find broad applications. Furthermore, our work opens new possibilities and deepens the understanding of designing novel tunable VPC photonic devices.
Collapse
|
44
|
Xie Q, Zhao Y, Liang D, Zhang L, Wen Q, Tang F, Hu M, Deng L, Zhou P. Lightweight MXene-Based Hybrid Aerogels with Ultrabroadband Terahertz Absorption and Anisotropic Strain Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57008-57015. [PMID: 36516474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MXene aerogels with a three-dimensional (3D) network structure have attracted increasing attention for lightweight electromagnetic wave absorbers. It is intriguing to expand their absorption band, i.e., to the booming terahertz (THz) region, and explore multifunctionality. Herein, we assemble MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-based hybrid aerogels into an aligned lamellar architecture using a bidirectional freezing technique. With air pore size and lamellar layer spacing comparable to THz wavelengths, high porosity of the aerogels allows nearly isotropic absorption of 99% and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness with a remarkable value of 57.5 dB, in the ultrabroad bandwidth ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 THz. Simultaneous, strain-sensing response reflects the macroscopic anisotropy of the network structure of the aerogels. The improved sensitivity is measured for the out-of-lamellar layer plane under 0-30% strain. The corresponding long-term stability and durability persist over 120 stretching-releasing cycles. Our findings thus not only expand multiple functions of MXene in an anisotropic 3D macroscopic form but also clarify its nearly isotropic absorption in the THz band.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qindong Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Difei Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Linbo Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Qiye Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Fu Tang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Min Hu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Longjiang Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Peiheng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shi J, Gao H, Jia X, Tang L, Li X, Ma H, Li X, Bai H, Wang X, Niu P, Yao J. All-Dielectric Tunable Terahertz Metagrating for Diffraction Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55174-55182. [PMID: 36414393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, tunable metagratings have attracted substantial attention in manipulating the diffraction of electromagnetic waves with considerable flexibility, but they are usually limited to inherent ohmic loss due to the metal layers. The all-dielectric schemes can address this issue, but its design and optimization remain challenging in the terahertz regime, especially in the 6G communication window. In this work, an all-dielectric tunable terahertz metagrating is demonstrated in theoretical and experimental investigations. The metagrating operating in the 6G communication window bends the electromagnetic waves beam into the T-1 diffraction order by optimizing the unit cell. In the experiments, more than 72.46% of the transmitted energy is concentrated in the desired diffraction order for p-polarized light and more than 66.60% for s-polarized light, which agrees well with the theoretical design. The tunability by angular deflection is reported in this all-dielectric metagrating. Then, based on the all-dielectric metagrating arrays, a metalens with numerical aperture of NA = 0.39 at 0.14 THz is demonstrated. The subwavelength scale focal spot is obtained as 2.0 mm × 2.0 mm with the focusing distance of 117.8 mm. Imaging capability of the metalens is performed utilizing the transmission imaging manner. The measured and anticipated results are satisfactorily congruous with one another, which could validate our design. This work paves the way toward designing highly efficient and tunable devices with potential applications in terahertz communications, sensors, and super-resolution imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Han Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Xing Jia
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Longhuang Tang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Heli Ma
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Pingjuan Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| |
Collapse
|