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Bellavite P, Donzelli A, Isidoro C. The WHO Algorithm for Causality Assessment of Adverse Effects Following Immunization with Genetic-Based Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines: Pitfalls and Suggestions for Improvement. J Clin Med 2024; 13:7291. [PMID: 39685749 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13237291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Clarifying and differentiating the causes of diseases is an essential step in any clinical activity, but it takes on particular relevance and complexity in the case that arise following vaccinations. The WHO has proposed a protocol that uses a list of specific questions about vaccine-related adverse events and an algorithm for making a judgement. Here, we analyze and discuss the important limitations of this protocol when applied to the new genetic-based anti-COVID-19 vaccines, particularly once dealing with rare and unexpected pathological events. The main controversial aspects concern: (a) the prevailing consideration of other possible causes; (b) the biological plausibility and the choice of an appropriate time window to consider adverse effects possibly caused by vaccines; (c) the reference to scientific literature, which may be very limited and often controversial in early stages of introducing new vaccines because of the short period of observation; (d) the final classification of the algorithm into only three classes, which leaves ample space for the "indeterminate" category. Failure to address these issues may lead to distorted pharmacovigilance reports with significant consequences on the benefit/harm assessment. In anticipation of possible future pandemics managed with new vaccines, the WHO algorithm needs to be revised with appropriate protocols for monitoring and evaluation of adverse effects that take into account the novel mechanism of action and real-world epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Donzelli
- Foundation Allineare Sanità e Salute, via Ricordi 4, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Alwahaibi N, Al Maskari M, Al-Jaaidi S, Al Dhahli B, Al Issaei H, Al Bahlani S. COVID-19 in the Arab countries: Three-year study. F1000Res 2024; 12:1448. [PMID: 38854702 PMCID: PMC11157493 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.142541.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-two Arab countries share a common language, history, and culture. Nevertheless, governmental policies, healthcare systems, and resources differ from one Arab country to another. We have been following Coronavirus (COVID-19) from the beginning in each Arab country. In the present study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 in the Arab world and to compare these findings with other significantly affected countries. Methods Websites of the World Health Organization, World COVID-vaccinations tracker, Worldometer, and Ministries of Health were used to extract COVID-19 data in all Arab countries between the period January 2020 to December 2022. Results All Arab countries had 14,218,042 total confirmed COVID-19 cases, 13,384,924 total recovered cases and 173,544 total related deaths. The trend demonstrated that the third quarter of 2021 recorded the highest death toll and the first quarter of 2022 recorded the highest number of confirmed and recovered cases. Compared to the top 15 affected countries, the Arab world ranked last as it had the lowest overall incidence per million population (PMP) of 31,609. The data on total deaths PMP showed that India had the lowest number of deaths with only 377 cases followed by the Arab world with 386 cases. Conclusions Although the number of confirmed, death, and recovered cases of COVID-19 have greatly reduced in the last quarter of 2022 in most Arab countries, many Arab countries still need to re-campaign about COVID-19 vaccines and raise awareness programs about boosters. COVID-19 has had a relatively smaller impact on Arab countries than on other countries that have been significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Alwahaibi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Muna Al Maskari
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Samiya Al-Jaaidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Buthaina Al Dhahli
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Halima Al Issaei
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Shadia Al Bahlani
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
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Said EA, Al-Rubkhi A, Jaju S, Koh CY, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Naamani K, Al-Sinani S, Al-Busaidi JZ, Al-Jabri AA. Association of the Magnitude of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Side Effects with Sex, Allergy History, Chronic Diseases, Medication Intake, and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:104. [PMID: 38276676 PMCID: PMC10820381 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination provides the best protection against the increasing infections of SARS-CoV-2. The magnitude and type of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine side effects (SEs) depend on parameters that are not fully understood. In this cross-sectional study, the associations between different anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine SEs and age, sex, the presence of chronic diseases, medication intake, history of allergies, and infections with SARS-CoV-2 were investigated. Our survey used the Google platform and had 866 participants, contacted through e-mails, social media and chain referral sampling (margin of error ≈ 4.38%, 99% confidence). More than 99% of the participants received the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-S vaccines. Being female, having chronic diseases, taking medicines routinely and the presence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.05) were associated with strong SEs after the BNT162b2 vaccine second dose. Having a history of allergies and a female sex (p < 0.01) were associated with strong SEs after the ChAdOx1-S vaccine second dose. Furthermore, the results reveal, for the first time, the associations between having a history of allergies, chronic diseases, medication usage, and SEs of a strong magnitude for the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-S vaccines. Additionally, this study supports the association of the female sex and infection with SARS-CoV-2 with an increased potential of developing stronger SEs with certain anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-R.)
| | - Afnan Al-Rubkhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-R.)
| | - Sanjay Jaju
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Crystal Y. Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-R.)
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-R.)
| | - Khalid Al-Naamani
- Department of Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 726, Muscat 111, Oman
| | - Siham Al-Sinani
- Oman Medical Specialty Board, P.O. Box 1948, Muscat 130, Oman
| | - Juma Z. Al-Busaidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-R.)
| | - Ali A. Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-R.)
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Pham HT, Mai-Phan TA, Truong-Nguyen KH, Tran MH. Effects of antivirals on patients with COVID-19 breakthrough. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:25. [PMID: 38166755 PMCID: PMC10763260 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antivirals have been given widely for patients with COVID-19 breakthrough in Asian countries, creating a "black market" for unapproved and unprescribed medications. More evidence is needed to clarify the benefits of antivirals in these settings. METHODS We conducted a random-sampling retrospective cohort study at a general hospital in Vietnam. We recruited patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 breakthrough who were given either standard of care (SoC) alone or SoC + antiviral. Primary outcome was residual respiratory symptoms that lasted > 7 days. Secondary outcome was long COVID-19, diagnosed by specialized physicians. We used logistic regression to measure odds ratio (OR), in addition to a sensitivity and subgroup analyses to further explore the results. RESULTS A total of 142 patients (mean age 36.2 ± 9.8) were followed. We recorded residual symptoms in 27.9% and 20.3% of the SoC and SoC + antiviral group, while the figures for long COVID-19 were 11.8% and 8.1%, respectively. Antiviral use was not significantly associated with lower the risks of residual symptoms (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.22-1.20, p = 0.12) or long COVID-19 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.16-1.90, p = 0.35). The sensitivity and subgroup analyses did not show any significant differences between the study groups (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Antivirals were not associated with faster resolution of respiratory symptoms or lower risks of long COVID-19. Further studies should focus on different antivirals to confirm their effects on different sub-populations. Meanwhile, antivirals should only be used in very high-risk patients to avoid excessive costs and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tham Pham
- Department of Pharmacy, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 72820, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - Tuong-Anh Mai-Phan
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital, 72316, HCMC, Vietnam
- Department of General Planning, Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital, 72316, HCMC, Vietnam
| | | | - Minh-Hoang Tran
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 72820, HCMC, Vietnam.
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Fu Y, Liu B, Luan Y, Zhao H, Chen D, Wang D, Cai W, Zhang L, Sun S, Zheng J, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Zhou H. Photonic Crystal Sensor Evaluating the Effectiveness of Medical Products under Different Storage Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44147-44153. [PMID: 37691251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of time- and temperature-sensitive medical products (TTSMPs) (vaccines, medicines, and biological agents) is generally evaluated by sporadically checking the storage conditions recorded in electronic thermometers. However, electronic thermometers do not achieve all-time and all-regional record, resulting in the wrong evaluation of a single TTSMP and seriously endangering public health. Herein, we report a photonic crystal sensor for evaluating the effectiveness of a single TTSMP processing storage environment. The photonic crystal sensor assembled by colloidal microspheres (WO3-x nanospheres were added into the microsphere gap) generates a fascinating composite color of angle-dependent structural color (maximum reflectivity = 45%) and durative color (WO3-x coloration). Effectiveness evaluation principle reveals that the pattern on the sensor, which was printed by the composite color, fades sensitively to time and temperature, thus having different visible periods (0-21 days affected by temperature). The visible periods of the patterns can be used to evaluate a single TTSMP's effectiveness stored under different temperatures. Furthermore, the photonic crystal sensor shows outstanding flexibility and slight adhesion, offering a promising application toward the effectiveness evaluation of TTSMPs throughout storage, transportation, and sales processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Beijing Aerospace Systems Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Yihao Luan
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weihao Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunming Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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