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Sujan MHK, Kazal MMH, Akhteruzzaman M, Kundu S, Islam MK, Rahman MS. Economic viability of releasing Bt cotton in Bangladesh: An early insight. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30589. [PMID: 38756566 PMCID: PMC11096938 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect resistant genetically modified Bt cotton (containing a gene of Bacillus thuringiensis) has substantial potentiality of mounting cotton productivity. This study unveils an early insight on the economic viability of Bt cotton in Bangladesh. A total of 248 traditional cotton farmers and 8 Bt cotton experimental fields were surveyed in April 2022 for achieving the objectives. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings showed that the cost of Bt cotton production was slightly higher than that of conventional cotton. However, Bt cotton yielded a productivity increase of 0.81 t/ha. The cultivation of Bt cotton resulted in a higher net return (USD 2436/ha) compared to conventional cotton (USD 1624/ha). The results further indicated that the use of insecticides and pesticides in Bt cotton was significantly lower compared to traditional cotton, thereby contributing to the preservation of the natural environment. Overall, cultivation of Bt cotton is economically viable and may generate environmental benefits. Steps are warranted to disseminate and expand its cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Hayder Khan Sujan
- Department of Development and Poverty Studies, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sima Kundu
- Cotton Development Board, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Sadique Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Finance and Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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2
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Guo L, Niu L, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Elumalai P, Gao X, Ji J, Cui J, Luo J. Moderate nitrogen application facilitates Bt cotton growth and suppresses population expansion of aphids ( Aphis gossypii) by altering plant physiological characteristics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1328759. [PMID: 38510447 PMCID: PMC10950987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1328759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in cotton field causes soil and water pollution as well as significant increase of aphid population. Reasonable fertilization is an important approach to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce agriculture-derived pollutions. This study was aimed to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the Bt cotton physiological characteristics and the growth and development of A. gossypii, a sap-sucking cotton pest. Methods Five different levels of Ca(NO3)2 (0.0 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg, 0.9 g/kg, 2.7 g/kg and 8.1 g/kg) were applied into vermiculite as nitrogen fertilizer in order to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and development of Bt cotton and aphids. Results The results showed that the medium level of nitrogen fertilizer (0.9 g/kg) effectively facilitated the growth of Bt cotton plant and suppressed the population expansion of aphids, whereas high and extremely high nitrogen application (2.7 and 8.1 g/kg) significantly increased the population size of aphids. Both high and low nitrogen application benefited aphid growth in multiple aspects such as prolonging nymph period and adult lifespan, enhancing fecundity, and improving adult survival rate by elevating soluble sugar content in host Bt cotton plants. Cotton leaf Bt toxin content in medium nitrogen group (0.9 g/kg) was significantly higher than that in high (2.7 and 8.1 g/kg) and low (0.3 g/kg) nitrogen groups, but Bt toxin content in aphids was very low in all the nitrogen treatment groups, suggesting that medium level (0.9 g/kg) might be the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment level for promoting cotton seedling growth and inhibiting aphids. Discussion Overall, this study provides insight into trophic interaction among nitrogen fertilizer levels, Bt cotton, and cotton aphid, and reveals the multiple effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and development of cotton and aphids. Our findings will contribute to the optimization of the integrated management of Bt cotton and cotton aphids under nitrogen fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Guo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Punniyakotti Elumalai
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
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Gupta A, Kumar M, Zhang B, Tomar M, Walia AK, Choyal P, Saini RP, Potkule J, Burritt DJ, Sheri V, Verma P, Chandran D, Tran LSP. Improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in cotton under normal and stressed environments using genomics and biotechnological tools: A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111937. [PMID: 38043729 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing demand for high-quality and high fiber-yielding cotton (Gossypium spp.), research into the development of stress-resilient cotton cultivars has acquired greater significance. Various biotic and abiotic stressors greatly affect cotton production and productivity, posing challenges to the future of the textile industry. Moreover, the content and quality of cottonseed oil can also potentially be influenced by future environmental conditions. Apart from conventional methods, genetic engineering has emerged as a potential tool to improve cotton fiber quality and productivity. Identification and modification of genome sequences and the expression levels of yield-related genes using genetic engineering approaches have enabled to increase both the quality and yields of cotton fiber and cottonseed oil. Herein, we evaluate the significance and molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of cotton agronomic traits under both normal and stressful environmental conditions. In addition, the importance of gossypol, a toxic phenolic compound in cottonseed that can limit consumption by animals and humans, is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea; Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Maharishi Tomar
- ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | | | - Prince Choyal
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore 452001, India
| | | | - Jayashree Potkule
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vijay Sheri
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Pooja Verma
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Kerala, Palakkad 679335, Kerala, India
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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4
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Rajan V. Reply to Berry, C. Factors Related to Bacillus thuringiensis and Gut Physiology. Comment on "Rajan, V. An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin. Life 2023, 13, 2195". Life (Basel) 2024; 14:207. [PMID: 38398715 PMCID: PMC10890157 DOI: 10.3390/life14020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The comment titled "Factors related to Bacillus thuringiensis and gut physiology" disputes some of the inferences in the paper "An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin" published in this journal. The key points in the dissent are the following: 1. Bt is generally safe to non-target species. 2. Transgenic Bt crops provide additional ecological benefits due to reductions in conventional pesticide use. 3. Susceptibility to Bt does not indicate alkalinity, nor vice versa. My response is summarized as follows: 1. Bt can form non-specific pores at concentrations of 100 ng/mL in culture, and so is potentially unsafe for animals with gut environments in which Bt persists at or above this level. 2. Initial reductions in insecticide applications have not been sustained and are even increasing in areas planted with transgenic Bt cotton. 3. Acidic guts degrade Bt more efficiently, but I concede that gut alkalinity does not imply susceptibility to Bt due to many factors including resistance in target species, toxin heterogeneity and variable modes of action. However, the susceptibility of foregut-fermenting herbivores with alkaline guts to Bt intoxication cannot be invalidated without further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Rajan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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5
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Subramanian A. Sustainable agriculture and GM crops: the case of Bt cotton impact in Ballari district of India. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1102395. [PMID: 37711290 PMCID: PMC10499354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton are at the forefront of an intense debate on the benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops among smallholder farmers in developing countries. Existing studies fail to control for confounders, selection bias, or cultivation bias from preferential treatment in the initial adoption phase. Addressing these concerns in this paper, I examine the impact of Bt cotton employing an unbalanced panel fixed-effects model of a crop yield and profit function on newly collected plot-level data in the most recent decade. Results show that Bt cotton yields have stagnated, have a null effect on profits, and have become more sensitive to pest pressure in the most recent decade. Though many studies have demonstrated higher crop yield and profit gains in the first decade of Bt cotton adoption that raised the average returns to the technology, the second decade shows convergence in benefits, which raises obvious questions about the prospect of GM technology. Since Bt cotton is the only GM crop technology widely adopted by smallholder farmers, the findings of this paper contribute to the broader public debate on the future of agricultural biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjunan Subramanian
- Economics, Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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6
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Uthirapathy P, Marimuthu M, Venkatasamy B, Kannan S, Boopathi NM, Selladurai HR, Nallathambi P. Categories of resistance in cotton genotypes, Gossypium spp. against cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1411-1422. [PMID: 37417370 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is emerging as a potential threat to cotton cultivation worldwide. The resistance categories in Gossypium arboreum to A. gossypii still need to be explored. We screened 87 G. arboreum and 20 Gossypium hirsutum genotypes against aphids under natural field conditions. Twenty-six selected genotypes from these 2 species were tested under glasshouse conditions for resistance categories (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance). Resistance categories were assessed by no-choice antibiosis assay, free-choice aphid settling assay, cumulative aphid days using population buildup tests, chlorophyl loss index, and damage ratings. No-choice antibiosis experiment revealed that the G. arboreum genotypes GAM156, PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, FDX235, AKA2009-6, DAS1032, DHH05-1, GAM532, and GAM216 had a significant adverse effect on aphid development time, longevity, and fecundity. Gossypium arboreum genotypes CISA111 and AKA2008-7 expressed a low level of antixenosis but possessed antibiosis and tolerance. Aphid resistance persisted uniformly at different plant developmental stages studied. The chlorophyl loss percentage and damage rating scores were lower in G. arboreum than in G. hirsutum genotypes, indicating the existence of tolerance in G. arboreum to aphids. Logical relations analysis of resistance contributing factors depicted the presence of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance in the G. arboreum genotypes PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, and FDX235, indicating their utility for evaluating the mechanisms of resistance and aphid resistance introgression breeding into G. hirsutum to develop commercially cultivated cotton lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirithiraj Uthirapathy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Venkatasamy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Controllerate of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senguttuvan Kannan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Manikanda Boopathi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hari Ramakrishnan Selladurai
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti, Thoothukudi 628 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Premalatha Nallathambi
- Department of Cotton, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Fabrick JA, Li X, Carrière Y, Tabashnik BE. Molecular Genetic Basis of Lab- and Field-Selected Bt Resistance in Pink Bollworm. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020201. [PMID: 36835770 PMCID: PMC9959750 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) control some important insect pests. However, evolution of resistance by pests reduces the efficacy of Bt crops. Here we review resistance to Bt cotton in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, one of the world's most damaging pests of cotton. Field outcomes with Bt cotton and pink bollworm during the past quarter century differ markedly among the world's top three cotton-producing countries: practical resistance in India, sustained susceptibility in China, and eradication of this invasive lepidopteran pest from the United States achieved with Bt cotton and other tactics. We compared the molecular genetic basis of pink bollworm resistance between lab-selected strains from the U.S. and China and field-selected populations from India for two Bt proteins (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) produced in widely adopted Bt cotton. Both lab- and field-selected resistance are associated with mutations affecting the cadherin protein PgCad1 for Cry1Ac and the ATP-binding cassette transporter protein PgABCA2 for Cry2Ab. The results imply lab selection is useful for identifying genes important in field-evolved resistance to Bt crops, but not necessarily the specific mutations in those genes. The results also suggest that differences in management practices, rather than genetic constraints, caused the strikingly different outcomes among countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Fabrick
- USDA ARS, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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8
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Mahesh HM, Muralimohan K. Segregation of Cry Genes in the Seeds Produced by F 1 Bollgard ® II Cotton Differs between Hybrids: Could This Be Linked to the Observed Field Resistance in the Pink Bollworm? Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010065. [PMID: 36672806 PMCID: PMC9859209 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian populations of the Pink Bollworm (PBW) are resistant to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton hybrids containing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes. Segregation of these Cry genes in F1 hybrids could subject PBW to sublethal concentrations. Moreover, planting hybrids with varying zygosities of Cry genes could produce diverse segregation patterns and expose PBW populations to highly variable toxin concentrations. This could potentially promote the rate of resistance development. Therefore, we studied the segregation patterns of Cry genes in different commercial Bt hybrids cultivated in India. Results showed that two hybrids segregated according to the Mendelian mono-hybrid ratio, three segregated according to the Mendelian di-hybrid ratio, and one showed a mixed segregation pattern. The assortment of seeds containing Cry genes varied between bolls of the same hybrid. In India, different Bt cotton hybrids are cultivated in small patches next to each other, exposing PBW populations to sublethal doses and wide variations in the occurrence of Cry genes. It is necessary to avoid segregation of Cry genes in the seeds produced by F1 hybrids. This study recommends using Bt parents homozygous for Cry genes in commercial Bt cotton hybrid development. This breeding strategy could be effective for similar transgenic crop hybrids as well.
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Zhao D, Ni X, Zhang Z, Niu H, Qiu R, Guo H. Bt protein hasten entomopathogenic fungi-induced death of nontarget pest whitefly by suppressing protective symbionts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158588. [PMID: 36087663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops on nontarget pests has received much attention. Despite the knowledge of various beneficial bacterial symbionts in pests, whether Bt proteins affect these symbionts and subsequently alter the pest's ecology remains largely unknown. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most serious nontarget pests in Bt cotton. Here, we explored the Bt Cry1Ac protein-induced changes in whitefly symbiont abundance and the subsequent effects on whitefly response against a naturally prevalent entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica. The obligate symbiont 'Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum' (hereafter P. aleyrodidarum) as well as facultative symbionts 'Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa' (hereafter H. defensa), 'Candidatus Cardinium hertigii' (hereafter C. hertigii) and 'Candidatus Rickettsia bellii' (hereafter R. bellii) dominate the microbial community of whiteflies. The Bt exposure had no effects on H. defensa infected (H) and H. defensa-C. hertigii doubly infected (HC) whiteflies, but decreased the total copy number of symbionts as well as the R. bellii proportion in H. defensa-C. hertigii- R. bellii triply infected whiteflies (HCR). C. javanica caused whitefly adults 100 % mortality within 8 days. Without Bt protein exposure, HCR whiteflies survived significantly longer than H and HC whiteflies sprayed by C. javanica, suggesting that R. bellii confers protection. However, in Bt-exposed groups, C. javanica generated synchronous death of H, HC and HCR whiteflies. Specifically, in H and HC whiteflies, Bt protein-exposure showed no significant difference in progress of death caused by C. javanica. But in HCR whiteflies, Bt exposure hastened death induced by C. javanica, suppressing the R. bellii-conferred protection. This is the first report revealing that Bt protein altered symbiont community conferred adverse effects on nontarget pests, providing a new perspective for Bt risk assessment and biocontrol strategies of nontarget pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaolu Ni
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongtao Niu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ruiting Qiu
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43201, United States of America
| | - Huifang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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10
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Khan AR, Mustafa A, Hyder S, Valipour M, Rizvi ZF, Gondal AS, Yousuf Z, Iqbal R, Daraz U. Bacillus spp. as Bioagents: Uses and Application for Sustainable Agriculture. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121763. [PMID: 36552272 PMCID: PMC9775066 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Food security will be a substantial issue in the near future due to the expeditiously growing global population. The current trend in the agriculture industry entails the extravagant use of synthesized pesticides and fertilizers, making sustainability a difficult challenge. Land degradation, lower production, and vulnerability to both abiotic and biotic stresses are problems caused by the usage of these pesticides and fertilizers. The major goal of sustainable agriculture is to ameliorate productivity and reduce pests and disease prevalence to such a degree that prevents large-scale damage to crops. Agriculture is a composite interrelation among plants, microbes, and soil. Plant microbes play a major role in growth promotion and improve soil fertility as well. Bacillus spp. produces an extensive range of bio-chemicals that assist in plant disease control, promote plant development, and make them suitable for agricultural uses. Bacillus spp. support plant growth by N fixation, P and K solubilization, and phytohormone synthesis, in addition to being the most propitious biocontrol agent. Moreover, Bacilli excrete extracellular metabolites, including antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and siderophores, and demonstrate antagonistic activity against phytopathogens. Bacillus spp. boosts plant resistance toward pathogens by inducing systemic resistance (ISR). The most effective microbial insecticide against insects and pests in agriculture is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Additionally, the incorporation of toxin genes in genetically modified crops increases resistance to insects and pests. There is a constant increase in the identified Bacillus species as potential biocontrol agents. Moreover, they have been involved in the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The main objective of this review article is to display the uses and application of Bacillus specie as a promising biopesticide in sustainable agriculture. Bacillus spp. strains that are antagonistic and promote plant yield attributes could be valuable in developing novel formulations to lead the way toward sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Razzaq Khan
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Adeena Mustafa
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hyder
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.V.)
| | - Mohammad Valipour
- Department of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.V.)
| | - Zarrin Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Shahzad Gondal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Zubaida Yousuf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Umar Daraz
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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11
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Jindal S, Pathak D, Pandher S, Rathore P, Vikal Y. Inheritance and molecular tagging of genes introgressed from Gossypium arboreum to G. hirsutum for leafhopper tolerance. J Genet 2022. [PMID: 36226341 PMCID: PMC9446705 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cotton cultivation is conquered by transgenic Bt upland cotton hybrids in India. Bt gene does not provide resistance against sucking insect pests. Due to the inherent vulnerability of extant Bt cotton hybrids to sap-sucking insect pests including leafhopper, upland cotton cultivation is seriously threatened by surging populations of these pests. Consistent and extensive screening of upland cotton germplasm over the years has revealed absence of adequate resistance against leafhopper. Here, we report introgression of leafhopper tolerance from a diploid A-genome cotton species, Gossypium arboreum into G. hirsutum. The dominance of leafhopper tolerance was observed over its susceptibility. Genetic analysis revealed that tolerance to leafhopper was inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion and was controlled by two genes, either singly or in combination. Using bulked segregant analysis, two simple-sequence repeat markers, namely NAU 922 and BNL 1705, located on chromosomes A5 and A11 respectively, were tagged with leafhopper tolerance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular tagging of leafhopper tolerance introgressed from G. arboreum into G. hirsutum. A significant negative association was observed between leaf trichome density and leafhopper nymph population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Jindal
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India.
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Seixas RNDL, da Silveira JMFJ, Ferrari VE. Assessing environmental impact of genetically modified seeds in Brazilian agriculture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:977793. [PMID: 36110325 PMCID: PMC9468974 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.977793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) seeds have had relevant impacts on worldwide agriculture, even with a limited number of essential traits launched in the markets. The focus on platforms crops has favored the combination of traditional breeding, GM insertion, and diffusion in agriculture. One of the remarkable features of the GM traits has been the close link with pest and weed control systems. We investigate the environmental effects due to pesticides for two different GM seeds: insect resistant (IR) cotton and herbicide tolerant (HT) soybeans in a particular period of Brazilian agriculture, 2009–2013. We use a dataset on commercial farms' use of pesticides and biotechnology in Brazil to document environmental effects of GM traits. We explore within farm variation for farmers planting conventional and GM seeds to identify the effect of adoption on the environmental impact of pesticides measured as the quantity of active ingredients of chemicals and the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) index. The findings show that the IR trait reduces application of insecticides by 22% and the associated environmental impact by 20% the environmental impact of insecticides. However, for HT traits, we find that application of herbicides increases by 55.8% and the associated environmental impact by 44.4%, showing a significant increase in the EIQ. The HT results are driven by an increase of less toxic herbicides elevenfold larger than the decrease in less toxic ones, which we interpret as evidence of weak substitutability between herbicides of different toxicity levels. Addressing what happened in the last decade, the paper also presents a view of the transformations in GM usage in Brazil, focusing on the considerable success in adopting stacked genes. Future perspectives point to a more diversified menu of technologies, crops, and adopting countries, going beyond platform crops and more prominent agriculture exporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vinícius Eduardo Ferrari
- Post-Graduation Program in Sustainability, Center for Economics and Administration, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Naik VCB, Supreeth GS, Gokte-Narkhedkar N, Prasad Y. In vitro rearing protocol for pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) on semi-synthetic diet. ANIM BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cotton is one of the major commercial crops cultivated in India. One constraint limiting the potential yield in cotton is due to the bollworm complex, among which pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is major. To reduce this impact of PBW, farmers have opted for chemical insecticides to manage the pest. Indiscriminate use of these insecticides has led to the problem of resistance. Hence continuous monitoring is a must to keep check on the changing status and trends in the resistance. In order to conduct laboratory studies, a uniform population of sufficient size, producing the insect in high numbers and throughout the year, is required. Hence, a semi-synthetic diet will greatly help in maintaining such populations in the laboratory. The protocol followed for the rearing has resulted in increased larval and pupal weights which depict the suitability of the semi-synthetic diet as well as the efficiency of the rearing technique. This study on the biology of PBW has revealed that the rearing protocol on semi-synthetic diet is ideal, and this has enables us to obtain maximum recovery (less mortality) in a short period of time under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Chinna Babu Naik
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur-440010, India
| | - Gillesugur Sham Supreeth
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584104, India
| | - N. Gokte-Narkhedkar
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur-440010, India
| | - Y.G. Prasad
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur-440010, India
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Cheng A, Harikrishna JA, Redwood CS, Lit LC, Nath SK, Chua KH. Genetics Matters: Voyaging from the Past into the Future of Humanity and Sustainability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073976. [PMID: 35409335 PMCID: PMC8999725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of how genetic information may be inherited through generations was established by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s when he developed the fundamental principles of inheritance. The science of genetics, however, began to flourish only during the mid-1940s when DNA was identified as the carrier of genetic information. The world has since then witnessed rapid development of genetic technologies, with the latest being genome-editing tools, which have revolutionized fields from medicine to agriculture. This review walks through the historical timeline of genetics research and deliberates how this discipline might furnish a sustainable future for humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acga Cheng
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.C.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jennifer Ann Harikrishna
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.C.); (J.A.H.)
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Charles S. Redwood
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Lei Cheng Lit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Swapan K. Nath
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.N.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.K.N.); (K.H.C.)
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Walsh TK, Heckel DG, Wu Y, Downes S, Gordon KHJ, Oakeshott JG. Determinants of Insecticide Resistance Evolution: Comparative Analysis Among Heliothines. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:387-406. [PMID: 34995087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-080421-071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that pest species vary widely in their propensities to develop insecticide resistance. This review uses a comparative approach to analyze the key pest management practices and ecological and biochemical or genetic characteristics of the target that contribute to this variation. We focus on six heliothine species, three of which, Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens, and Helicoverpa zea, have developed resistances to many pesticide classes. The three others, Helicoverpa punctigera, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon, also significant pests, have developed resistance to very few pesticide classes. We find that host range and movement between alternate hosts are key ecological traits that influence effective selection intensities for resistance. Operational issues are also critical; area-wide, cross-pesticide management practices that account for these ecological factors are key to reducing selection intensity. Without such management, treatment using broad-spectrum chemicals serves to multiply the effects of host plant preference, preadaptive detoxification ability, and high genetic diversity to create a pesticide treadmill for the three high-propensity species.Without rigorous ongoing management, such a treadmill could still develop for newer, more selective chemistries and insecticidal transgenic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Walsh
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - S Downes
- CSIRO McMaster Laboratories, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K H J Gordon
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;
| | - J G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gu J, Ye R, Xu Y, Yin Y, Li S, Chen H. A historical overview of analysis systems for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Qaim
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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Plewis I. Modelling long-term impacts of Bt cotton. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1320. [PMID: 33046845 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Plewis
- Social Statistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Political ecology and the industrial food system. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112872. [PMID: 32179052 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Much agricultural production in the United States and Europe since the 1930s, and in Asia, Africa, and Latin America since the 1970s, can be called "industrial" to describe how aspects of farm production resemble processes in industrial manufacturing. This shift in agricultural logic moved millions of people out of rural communities and into cities, increasing total agricultural production while creating new markets for agricultural technologies and consolidating agricultural work through vertically integrated agribusiness. Meanwhile, food insecurity and rural distress have remained stubbornly persistent. In this paper, I explore the disjuncture of increased production and increased precarity through the theoretical framework of political ecology. I present data from ethnographic fieldwork in on genetically modified (GM) cotton farms in India to argue that solutions to precarity in the contemporary globalized agricultural system will require political and social change, not merely the addition of new technologies and new choices. In fact, increases in new branded products may exacerbate underlying risk and insecurity for farmer producers.
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