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Guo C, Wang T, Huang H, Wang X, Jiang Y, Li J. Plasminogen degrades α-synuclein, Tau and TDP-43 and decreases dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8581. [PMID: 38615036 PMCID: PMC11016066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequently diagnosed neurodegenerative disease, and it is characterized by the intracellular and extracellular accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and Tau, which are major components of cytosolic protein inclusions called Lewy bodies, in the brain. Currently, there is a lack of effective methods that preventing PD progression. It has been suggested that the plasminogen activation system, which is a major extracellular proteolysis system, is involved in PD pathogenesis. We investigated the functional roles of plasminogen in vitro in an okadaic acid-induced Tau hyperphosphorylation NSC34 cell model, ex vivo using brains from normal controls and methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice, and in vivo in a widely used MPTP-induced PD mouse model and an α-syn overexpression mouse model. The in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo results showed that the administered plasminogen crossed the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), entered cells, and migrated to the nucleus, increased plasmin activity intracellularly, bound to α-syn through lysine binding sites, significantly promoted α-syn, Tau and TDP-43 clearance intracellularly and even intranuclearly in the brain, decreased dopaminergic neurodegeneration and increased the tyrosine hydroxylase levels in the substantia nigra and striatum, and improved motor function in PD mouse models. These findings indicate that plasminogen plays a wide range of pivotal protective roles in PD and therefore may be a promising drug candidate for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Guo
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No. 2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Laboratory of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No. 2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Laboratory of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No. 2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Laboratory of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No. 2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Laboratory of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugui Jiang
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No. 2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Laboratory of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinan Li
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No. 2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Laboratory of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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Brooker SM, Naylor GE, Krainc D. Cell biology of Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms of synaptic, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 85:102841. [PMID: 38306948 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a growing cause of disability worldwide and there is a critical need for the development of disease-modifying therapies to slow or stop disease progression. Recent advances in characterizing the genetics of PD have expanded our understanding of the cell biology of this disorder. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, defects in synaptic function, and impaired lysosomal activity have been shown to be linked in PD, resulting in a pathogenic feedback cycle involving the accumulation of toxic oxidized dopamine and alpha-synuclein. In this review, we will highlight recent data on a subset of PD-linked genes which have key roles in these pathways and the pathogenic cycle. We will furthermore discuss findings highlighting the importance of dynamic mitochondria-lysosome contact sites that mediate direct inter-organelle cross-talk in the pathogenesis of PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Brooker
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. https://twitter.com/BrookerSarahM
| | - Grace E Naylor
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. https://twitter.com/GENaylor
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Saramowicz K, Siwecka N, Galita G, Kucharska-Lusina A, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Alpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:360. [PMID: 38203531 PMCID: PMC10778752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the widespread accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein aggregates. αSyn aggregation disrupts critical cellular processes, including synaptic function, mitochondrial integrity, and proteostasis, which culminate in neuronal cell death. Importantly, αSyn pathology extends beyond neurons-it also encompasses spreading throughout the neuronal environment and internalization by microglia and astrocytes. Once internalized, glia can act as neuroprotective scavengers, which limit the spread of αSyn. However, they can also become reactive, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation and the progression of PD. Recent advances in αSyn research have enabled the molecular diagnosis of PD and accelerated the development of targeted therapies. Nevertheless, despite more than two decades of research, the cellular function, aggregation mechanisms, and induction of cellular damage by αSyn remain incompletely understood. Unraveling the interplay between αSyn, neurons, and glia may provide insights into disease initiation and progression, which may bring us closer to exploring new effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we provide an overview of recent studies emphasizing the multifaceted nature of αSyn and its impact on both neuron and glial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (N.S.); (G.G.); (A.K.-L.); (W.R.-K.)
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