1
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Xu P, Wang Z, Guo SM, Studer A. Introduction of the difluoromethyl group at the meta- or para-position of pyridines through regioselectivity switch. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4121. [PMID: 38750008 PMCID: PMC11096164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Difluoromethyl pyridines have gained significant attention in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. The direct C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines represents a highly efficient economic way to access these azines. However, the direct meta-difluoromethylation of pyridines has remained elusive and methods for site-switchable regioselective meta- and para-difluoromethylation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the meta-C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines through a radical process by using oxazino pyridine intermediates, which are easily accessed from pyridines. The selectivity can be readily switched to para by in situ transformation of the oxazino pyridines to pyridinium salts upon acid treatment. The preparation of various meta- and para-difluoromethylated pyridines through this approach is presented. The mild conditions used also allow for the late-stage meta- or para-difluoromethylation of pyridine containing drugs. Sequential double functionalization of pyridines is presented, which further underlines the value of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Guo SM, Xu P, Studer A. Meta-Selective Copper-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Pyridines and Isoquinolines through Dearomatized Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405385. [PMID: 38634294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
C(sp2)-H functionalization offers an efficient strategy for the synthesis of various elaborated N-containing heteroarenes. Along these lines, oxazino pyridines that can be readily prepared from pyridines, have been introduced as powerful substrates in radical- and ionic-mediated meta-C-H functionalization. However, the regioselective meta-C-H arylation of pyridines remains a great challenge. Herein, a copper-catalyzed meta-selective C-H arylation of pyridines and isoquinolines through bench-stable dearomatized intermediates is reported. Electrophilic aryl-Cu(III) species, generated from readily accessible aryl I(III) reagents, enable the efficient meta-arylation of a broad range of pyridines and isoquinolines. The method also allows the meta-selective alkenylation of these heteroarenes using the corresponding alkenyl I(III)-reagents. Late-stage arylation of drug-derived pyridines and larger-scale experiments demonstrate the potential of this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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3
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Zhang C, Li G, Shang Z, Li R, Xu X. DFT Study on Mechanism of Ni-Al Bimetallic-Catalyzed C-H Cyclization to Construct Tricyclic Imidazoles: Roles of NHC Ligand and AlMe 3. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1505-1514. [PMID: 38217504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of the Ni-Al bimetallic-catalyzed C-H cyclization to construct tricyclic imidazoles is investigated using density functional theory calculations. The calculation result shows that the reaction mechanism involves sequential steps of substrate coordination, ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT), and C-C reductive elimination to produce the final product tricyclic imidazole. The LLHT step is calculated to be the rate-determining step. The oxidative addition of the benzimidazole C-H bond to the Ni center and the insertion of the alkene into the Ni-H bond occur concertedly in the LLHT step. The effects of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and AlMe3 on the reactivity and regioselectivity were also analyzed. These calculation results shed light on some ambiguous suggestions from experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ruifang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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4
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Lachguar A, Pichugov AV, Neumann T, Dubrawski Z, Camp C. Cooperative activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds by heterobimetallic systems. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1393-1409. [PMID: 38126396 PMCID: PMC10804807 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The direct activation of C-H bonds has been a rich and active field of organometallic chemistry for many years. Recently, incredible progress has been made and important mechanistic insights have accelerated research. In particular, the use of heterobimetallic complexes to heterolytically activate C-H bonds across the two metal centers has seen a recent surge in interest. This perspective article aims to orient the reader in this fast moving field, highlight recent progress, give design considerations for further research and provide an optimistic outlook on the future of catalytic C-H functionalization with heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Lachguar
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Andrey V Pichugov
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Till Neumann
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Zachary Dubrawski
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Clément Camp
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
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5
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Zhang FP, Wang RH, Li JF, Chen H, Hari Babu M, Ye M. Intermolecular Carbophosphination of Alkynes with Phosphole Oxides via Ni-Al Bimetal-Catalyzed C-P Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314701. [PMID: 37846814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular carbophosphination reaction of alkynes or alkenes with unreactive C-P bonds remains an elusive challenge. Herein, we used a Ni-Al bimetallic catalyst to realize an intermolecular carbophosphination reaction of alkynes with 5-membered phosphole oxides, providing a series of 7-membered phosphepines in up to 94 % yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rong-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Madala Hari Babu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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6
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Guria S, Hassan MMM, Ma J, Dey S, Liang Y, Chattopadhyay B. A tautomerized ligand enabled meta selective C-H borylation of phenol. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6906. [PMID: 37903772 PMCID: PMC10616221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote meta selective C-H functionalization of aromatic compounds remains a challenging problem in chemical synthesis. Here, we report an iridium catalyst bearing a bidentate pyridine-pyridone (PY-PYRI) ligand framework that efficiently catalyzes this meta selective borylation reaction. We demonstrate that the developed concept can be employed to introduce a boron functionality at the remote meta position of phenols, phenol containing bioactive and drug molecules, which was an extraordinary challenge. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the method can also be applied for the remote C6 borylation of indole derivatives including tryptophan that was the key synthetic precursor for the total synthesis of Verruculogen and Fumitremorgin A alkaloids. The inspiration of this catalytic concept was started from the O-Si secondary interaction, which by means of several more detailed control experiments and detailed computational investigations revealed that an unprecedented Bpin shift occurs during the transformation of iridium bis(boryl) complex to iridium tris(boryl) complex, which eventually control the remote meta selectivity by means of the dispersion between the designed ligand and steering silane group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Guria
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jiawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Sayan Dey
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Fernández S, Fernando S, Planas O. Cooperation towards nobility: equipping first-row transition metals with an aluminium sword. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14259-14286. [PMID: 37740303 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02722h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The exploration for noble metals substitutes in catalysis has become a highly active area of research, driven by the pursuit of sustainable chemical processes. Although the utilization of base metals holds great potential as an alternative, their successful implementation in predictable catalytic processes necessitates the development of appropriate ligands. Such ligands must be capable of controlling their intricate redox chemistry and promote two-electron events, thus mimicking well-established organometallic processes in noble metal catalysis. While numerous approaches for infusing nobility to base metals have been explored, metal-ligand cooperation has garnered significant attention in recent years. Within this context, aluminium-based ligands offer interesting features to fine-tune the activity of metal centres, but their application in base metal catalysis remains largely unexplored. This perspective seeks to highlight the most recent breakthroughs in the reactivity of heterobimetallic aluminium-base-metal complexes, while also showcasing their potential to develop novel and predictable catalytic transformations. By turning the spotlight on such heterobimetallic species, we aim to inspire chemists to explore aluminium-base-metal species and expand the range of their applications as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Selwin Fernando
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Oriol Planas
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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8
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Cao H, Cheng Q, Studer A. meta-Selective C-H Functionalization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302941. [PMID: 37013613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is an important core structure for a variety of drugs, agrochemicals, catalysts, and functional materials. Direct functionalization of C-H bonds in pyridines is a straightforward approach to access valuable substituted pyridines. Compared to the direct ortho- and para-functionalization, meta-selective pyridine C-H functionalization is far more challenging due to the inherent electronic properties of the pyridine entity. This review summarizes currently available methods for pyridine meta-C-H functionalization using a directing group, non-directed metalation, and temporary dearomatization strategies. Recent advances in ligand control and temporary dearomatization are highlighted. We analyze the advantages as well as limitations of current techniques and hope to inspire further developments in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Kuninobu Y. Non-Covalent Interaction-Controlled Site-Selective C-H Transformations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300149. [PMID: 37236150 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective C-H transformations are important to obtain desired compounds as single products in a highly efficient manner. However, it is generally difficult to achieve such transformations because organic substrates contain many C-H bonds with similar reactivities. Therefore, the development of practical and efficient methods for controlling site selectivity is highly desirable. The most frequently used strategy is "directing group method". Although this method is highly effective and promotes site-selective reactions, it has several limitations. Our group recently reported other methods to achieve site-selective C-H transformations using non-covalent interactions between a substrate and a reagent or a catalyst and a substrate (non-covalent method). In this personal account, the background of site-selective C-H transformations, our reaction design to achieve site-selective C-H transformations, and recently reported reactions are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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10
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Liu LY, Fan Z, Hoque ME, Qian S, Meng G, Chekshin N, Tanaka K, Qiao JX, Yeung KS, Yu JQ. Remote C-H Olefination of Heterocyclic Biaryls Enabled by Reversibly Bound Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307581. [PMID: 37470111 PMCID: PMC10552871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Remote C-H functionalization of heterocyclic biaryls will be of great importance in synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Through adjusting the geometric relationship of the directing atom and target C-H bonds, two new catalytic templates have been developed to enable the functionalization of the more hindered ortho-C-H bonds of heterobiaryls bearing directing heteroatom at the meta- or para-positions, affording unprecedented site-selectivity. The use of template chaperone also overcomes product inhibition and renders the directing templates catalytic. The utility of this protocol was demonstrated by olefination of heterocyclic biaryls with various substituents, overriding conventional steric and electronic effects. These ortho-C-H olefinated heterobiaryls are sterically hindered and can often be challenging to prepare through aryl-aryl coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Md Emdadul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shaoqun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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11
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Tian JJ, Li RR, Tian GX, Wang XC. Enantioselective C3-Allylation of Pyridines via Tandem Borane and Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307697. [PMID: 37395559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a one-pot method for enantioselective C-H allylation of pyridines at C3 via tandem borane and palladium catalysis. This method involves borane-catalyzed pyridine hydroboration to generate dihydropyridines, then palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of the dihydropyridines with allylic esters, and finally air oxidation of the allylated dihydropyridines to afford the products. This method enables the introduction of an allylic group at C3 with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gui-Xiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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12
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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13
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Das A, Maji B. Direct C(3)5-H Polyfluoroarylation of 2-Amino/alkoxy Pyridines Enabled by a Transient and Electron-deficient Palladium Intermediate. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301436. [PMID: 37154162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an unprecedented azine-limited C5-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-aminopyridines enabled by a transient and electron-deficient perfluoroaryl-Pd species via C-H/C-H coupling. The protocol further allows C3(5)-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-alkoxypyridines guided by sterics and electronics for the first time. The late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs, drug derivatives, and natural product derivatives and synthesis of C5-aryl drug derivatives further demonstrated the method's utility. The preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the synergistic combination of the bulky yet electrophilic perfluoroaryl-Pd species and the partial nucleophilicity of the C5-position of 2-amino/alkoxy-pyridines is the origin of reactivity and selectivity. Importantly, the first experimental evidence for the role of diisopropyl sulfide is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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14
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Cao H, Bhattacharya D, Cheng Q, Studer A. C-H Functionalization of Pyridines via Oxazino Pyridine Intermediates: Switching to para-Selectivity under Acidic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
para-Selective C-H functionalization of pyridines holds a significant value but remains underdeveloped. Site-switchable C-H functionalization of pyridines under easily tunable conditions expedites drug development. We recently reported a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization strategy for meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines via oxazino pyridine intermediates. Here, we demonstrate that these oxazino pyridine intermediates undergo highly para-selective functionalization simply by switching to acidic conditions. A broad scope of para-alkylated and arylated pyridines is prepared through radical as well as ionic pathways. These mild and catalyst-free methods are applied to the late-stage para-functionalization of drugs using pyridines as the limiting reagents. Consecutive meta,para-difunctionalization of pyridines is also achieved with complete regiocontrol relying on the pH-dependent reactivity of oxazino pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debkanta Bhattacharya
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Azines, such as pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, and pyridazines, are widespread components of pharmaceuticals. Their occurrence derives from a suite of physiochemical properties that match key criteria in drug design and is tunable by varying their substituents. Developments in synthetic chemistry, therefore, directly impact these efforts, and methods that can install various groups from azine C-H bonds are particularly valuable. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions that focus on advanced candidate compounds that are often complex structures with multiple heterocycles, functional groups, and reactive sites. Because of factors such as their electron-deficient nature and the effects of the Lewis basic N atom, azine C-H functionalization reactions are often distinct from their arene counterparts, and the application of these reactions in LSF contexts is difficult. However, there have been many significant advances in azine LSF reactions, and this review will describe this progress, much of which has occurred over the past decade. It is possible to categorize these reactions as radical addition processes, metal-catalyzed C-H activation reactions, and transformations occurring via dearomatized intermediates. Substantial variation in reaction design within each category indicates both the rich reactivity of these heterocycles and the creativity of the approaches involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena M Josephitis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hillary M H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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16
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Docherty JH, Lister TM, Mcarthur G, Findlay MT, Domingo-Legarda P, Kenyon J, Choudhary S, Larrosa I. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation for the Formation of C-C Bonds in Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37163671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Site-predictable and chemoselective C-H bond functionalization reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies for the step-economic diversification of both feedstock and fine chemicals. Many transition-metal-catalyzed methods have emerged for the selective activation and functionalization of C-H bonds. However, challenges of regio- and chemoselectivity have emerged with application to highly complex molecules bearing significant functional group density and diversity. As molecular complexity increases within molecular structures the risks of catalyst intolerance and limited applicability grow with the number of functional groups and potentially Lewis basic heteroatoms. Given the abundance of C-H bonds within highly complex and already diversified molecules such as pharmaceuticals, natural products, and materials, design and selection of reaction conditions and tolerant catalysts has proved critical for successful direct functionalization. As such, innovations within transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization for the direct formation of carbon-carbon bonds have been discovered and developed to overcome these challenges and limitations. This review highlights progress made for the direct metal-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions including alkylation, methylation, arylation, and olefination of C-H bonds within complex targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Docherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Lister
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mcarthur
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Findlay
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Kenyon
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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17
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Meng G, Wang Z, Chan HSS, Chekshin N, Li Z, Wang P, Yu JQ. Dual-Ligand Catalyst for the Nondirected C-H Olefination of Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8198-8208. [PMID: 36975773 PMCID: PMC10173962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed nondirected C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is a significant challenge for the following reasons: poor reactivity of electron-deficient heterocycles and the unproductive coordination of Lewis basic nitrogen atoms. Existing methodologies using palladium catalysis often employ a large excess of heterocycle substrates to overcome these hurdles. Despite recent advances in nondirected functionalization of arenes that allow them to be used as limiting reagents, the reaction conditions are incompatible with electron-deficient heteroarenes. Herein we report a dual-ligand catalyst that enables Pd(II)-catalyzed nondirected C-H olefination of heteroarenes without using a large excess of substrate. In general, the use of 1-2 equiv of substrates was sufficient to obtain synthetically useful yields. The reactivity was rationalized by the synergy between two types of ligands: a bidentate pyridine-pyridone ligand promotes C-H cleavage; the monodentate heterocycle substrate acts as a second ligand to form a cationic Pd(II) complex that has high affinity for arenes. The proposed dual-ligand cooperation is supported by a combination of X-ray, kinetics, and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hau Sun Sam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Kissman EN, Neugebauer ME, Sumida KH, Swenson CV, Sambold NA, Marchand JA, Millar DC, Chang MCY. Biocatalytic control of site-selectivity and chain length-selectivity in radical amino acid halogenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214512120. [PMID: 36913566 PMCID: PMC10041140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214512120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic C-H activation has the potential to merge enzymatic and synthetic strategies for bond formation. FeII/αKG-dependent halogenases are particularly distinguished for their ability both to control selective C-H activation as well as to direct group transfer of a bound anion along a reaction axis separate from oxygen rebound, enabling the development of new transformations. In this context, we elucidate the basis for the selectivity of enzymes that perform selective halogenation to yield 4-Cl-lysine (BesD), 5-Cl-lysine (HalB), and 4-Cl-ornithine (HalD), allowing us to probe how site-selectivity and chain length selectivity are achieved. We now report the crystal structure of the HalB and HalD, revealing the key role of the substrate-binding lid in positioning the substrate for C4 vs C5 chlorination and recognition of lysine vs ornithine. Targeted engineering of the substrate-binding lid further demonstrates that these selectivities can be altered or switched, showcasing the potential to develop halogenases for biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah N. Kissman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Monica E. Neugebauer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Kiera H. Sumida
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | | | - Nicholas A. Sambold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jorge A. Marchand
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Douglas C. Millar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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19
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Pal S, Das S, Chakraborty S, Khanra S, Paul ND. Zn(II)-Catalyzed Multicomponent Sustainable Synthesis of Pyridines in Air. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3650-3665. [PMID: 36854027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a Zn(II)-catalyzed solvent-free sustainable synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines using alcohols as the primary feedstock and NH4OAc as the nitrogen source. Using a well-defined air-stable Zn(II)-catalyst, 1a, featuring a redox-active tridentate azo-aromatic pincer, 2-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (La), a wide variety of unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were prepared by three-component coupling of primary and secondary alcohols with NH4OAc. Catalyst 1a is equally compatible with the four-component coupling. Unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were also prepared via a four-component coupling of a primary alcohol with two different secondary alcohols and NH4OAc. A series of tetra-substituted pyridines were prepared up to 67% yield by coupling primary and secondary alcohols with 1-phenylpropan-1-one or 1,2-diphenylethan-1-one and NH4OAc. The 1a-catalyzed reactions also proceeded efficiently upon replacing the secondary alcohols with the corresponding ketones, producing the desired tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines in higher yields in a shorter reaction time. A few control experiments were performed to unveil the mechanistic aspects, which indicates that the active participation of the aryl-azo ligand during catalysis enables the Zn(II)-complex to act as an efficient catalyst for the present multicomponent reactions. Aerial oxygen acts as an oxidant during the Zn(II)-catalyzed dehydrogenation of alcohols, producing H2O and H2O2 as byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Siuli Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhankar Khanra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
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20
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Saito Y, Kikuchi J, Wang C, Yoshikai N. Site-Selective C-H Alkenylation of N-Heteroarenes by Ligand-Directed Co/Al and Co/Mg Cooperative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301006. [PMID: 36855924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the design and development of Co/Al and Co/Mg bimetallic catalysts, supported by a phosphine/secondary phosphine oxide (PSPO) bifunctional ligand, for the site-selective C-H alkenylation of nitrogen-containing heteroarenes with alkynes. These catalysts enable the alkenylation of pyridine, pyridone, and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives at the C-H site proximal to the Lewis basic nitrogen or oxygen atom, which represents a selectivity profile distinct from that of the previously developed cobalt-diphosphine/aluminum catalyst. The alkenylated products were obtained in moderate to good yields using various heterocycles and differently substituted internal alkynes. Kinetic isotope effect experiments suggest the irreversibility of the C-H activation step, the relevance of which to the rate-limiting step depends on the reaction conditions. Density functional theory calculations indicate that ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer is the common mechanism of C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemical Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, P. R. China
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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21
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Zhang M, Zhou Q, Luo H, Tang ZL, Xu X, Wang XC. C3-Cyanation of Pyridines: Constraints on Electrophiles and Determinants of Regioselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216894. [PMID: 36517651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methods for C-H cyanation of pyridines are rare. Here, we report a method for C3-selective cyanation of pyridines by a tandem process with the reaction of an in situ generated dihydropyridine with a cyano electrophile as the key step. The method is suitable for late-stage functionalization of pyridine drugs. The low reduction potential of the electrophile and effective transfer of the nitrile group were found to be essential for the success of this method. We studied the reaction mechanism in detail by means of control experiments and theoretical calculations and found that a combination of electronic and steric factors determined the regioselectivity of reactions involving C2-substituted pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Heng Luo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zi-Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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22
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Cao H, Cheng Q, Studer A. Radical and ionic
meta
-C–H functionalization of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines. Science 2022; 378:779-785. [DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-hydrogen (C−H) functionalization of pyridines is a powerful tool for the rapid construction and derivatization of many agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Because of the inherent electronic properties of pyridines, selective
meta
-C−H functionalization is challenging. Here, we present a protocol for highly regioselective
meta
-C−H trifluoromethylation, perfluoroalkylation, chlorination, bromination, iodination, nitration, sulfanylation, and selenylation of pyridines through a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization process. The introduced dearomative activation mode provides a diversification platform for meta-selective reactions on pyridines and other azaarenes through radical as well as ionic pathways. The broad scope and high selectivity of these catalyst-free reactions render these processes applicable for late-stage functionalization of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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23
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Yu CH, Hung CH, Wang TH, Ong TG. Selective C–H activation of pyridine via Ni–Al. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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24
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Wu J, Kaplaneris N, Pöhlmann J, Michiyuki T, Yuan B, Ackermann L. Remote C-H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly of meta-C-Aryl Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208620. [PMID: 35877556 PMCID: PMC9825995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of C-aryl glycosides in biologically active natural products and approved drugs has long motivated the development of efficient strategies for their selective synthesis. Cross-couplings have been frequently used, but largely relied on palladium catalyst with prefunctionalized substrates, while ruthenium-catalyzed C-aryl glycoside preparation has thus far proven elusive. Herein, we disclose a versatile ruthenium(II)-catalyzed meta-C-H glycosylation to access meta-C-aryl glycosides from readily available glycosyl halide donors. The robustness of the ruthenium catalysis was reflected by mild reaction conditions, outstanding levels of anomeric selectivity and exclusive meta-site-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Pöhlmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Takuya Michiyuki
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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25
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Li JF, Pan D, Wang HR, Zhang T, Li Y, Huang G, Ye M. Enantioselective C2-H Alkylation of Pyridines with 1,3-Dienes via Ni-Al Bimetallic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18810-18816. [PMID: 36205623 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A chiral phosphine oxide-ligated Ni-Al bimetallic catalyst was used to realize an enantioselective C2-H alkylation of pyridines without the need of a C2-block. A wide range of pyridines, including unsubstituted pyridine, C3, C4, and C2-substituted pyridines, and even complex pyridine-containing bioactive molecules are well compatible with the reaction, providing up to 81% yield and up to 97% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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26
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Fan Z, Chen X, Tanaka K, Park HS, Lam NYS, Wong JJ, Houk KN, Yu JQ. Molecular editing of aza-arene C-H bonds by distance, geometry and chirality. Nature 2022; 610:87-93. [PMID: 35944562 PMCID: PMC10292866 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct molecular editing of heteroarene carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds through consecutive selective C-H functionalization has the potential to grant rapid access into diverse chemical spaces, which is a valuable but often challenging venture to achieve in medicinal chemistry1. In contrast to electronically biased heterocyclic C-H bonds2-9, remote benzocyclic C-H bonds on bicyclic aza-arenes are especially difficult to differentiate because of the lack of intrinsic steric/electronic biases10-12. Here we report two conceptually distinct directing templates that enable the modular differentiation and functionalization of adjacent remote (C6 versus C7) and positionally similar (C3 versus C7) positions on bicyclic aza-arenes through careful modulation of distance, geometry and previously unconsidered chirality in template design. This strategy enables direct C-H olefination, alkynylation and allylation at adjacent C6 and C7 positions of quinolines in the presence of a competing C3 position that is spatially similar to C7. Notably, such site-selective, iterative and late-stage C-H editing of quinoline-containing pharmacophores can be performed in a modular fashion in different orders to suit bespoke synthetic applications. This Article, in combination with previously reported complementary methods, now fully establishes a unified late-stage 'molecular editing' strategy to directly modify bicyclic aza-arenes at any given site in different orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Wang Y, Zhang F, Chen H, Li Y, Li J, Ye M. Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H Activation of Formamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209625. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin‐Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang, Henan Province 471023 China
| | - Feng‐Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jiang‐Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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28
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Wang Y, Xu X, Pang B, Hao L, Wu G, Ji Y. Ligand-Enabled Sequential C(sp 3)-H and C(sp 2)-H Diolefination Reaction via Palladium Catalyst. Org Lett 2022; 24:6734-6739. [PMID: 36073970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed sequential C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H bond diolefination reaction of o-toluidine has been realized for the first time using acetyl-protected aminoethyl phenyl thioether ligands. This novel reaction allows for preparation of the conjugated diene structure via an immediate second olefination on the basis of the first C(sp3)-H olefination in one pot. Various triflyl-protected anilines and acrylates were used as coupling partners elegantly. Furthermore, the unpurified diolefination products can be easily converted to tetrahydroquinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghan Pang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Hao
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaorong Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Ji
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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29
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Wang YX, Zhang FP, Chen H, Li Y, Li JF, Ye M. Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Activation of Formamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xia Wang
- Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Hao Chen
- Nankai University chemistry CHINA
| | - Yue Li
- Nankai University chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Mengchun Ye
- nankai university chemistry 94 Weijin Rd, Lihua Bldg 310 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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30
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Chen M, Montgomery J. Nickel-Catalyzed Intermolecular Enantioselective Heteroaromatic C–H Alkylation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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31
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Wu J, Kaplaneris N, Pöhlmann J, Michiyuki T, Yuan B, Ackermann L. Remote C–H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly of meta‐C‐Aryl Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | | | - Julia Pöhlmann
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Takuya Michiyuki
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Binbin Yuan
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Goettingen GERMANY
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32
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Ma JB, Zhao X, Zhang D, Shi SL. Enantio- and Regioselective Ni-Catalyzed para-C-H Alkylation of Pyridines with Styrenes via Intermolecular Hydroarylation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13643-13651. [PMID: 35857884 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct asymmetric functionalization of the pyridyl C-H bond represents a longstanding challenge in organic chemistry. We herein describe the first enantioselective para-C-H activation of pyridines through the use of a Ni-Al bimetallic catalyst system and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand for intermolecular hydroarylation of styrenes. The reaction procceds in high to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98.5:1.5 er) and high site-selectivities for both styrene and pyridine components (up to >98:2). Consequently, a broad range of enantioenriched 1,1-diarylalkanes containing pyridine moieties could be prepared in a single step with 100% atom economy. Computational studies supported a mechanism involving a ligand-to-ligand H-transfer (LLHT) and reductive elimination sequence, with LLHT being the rate- and enantioselectivity-determining step. DFT studies indicate that the π-π stacking interaction between the NHC aryl fragment and trans-styrenes is critical for high reactivity and enantiocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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33
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Wang S, Sun L, Gao M, Jiang Q, Hu W, Liu Y, Tao C. Copper-catalyzed C2 alkenylation of pyridine- N-oxides with alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7168-7171. [PMID: 35670310 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and expedient method to construct the scaffolds of 2-alkenylpyridines, through copper-catalyzed C2 alkenylation of pyridine-N-oxides with alkynes, has been disclosed. This protocol shows operational simplicity, good functional group compatibility and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Minghui Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Qin Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Weiming Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Yaya Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Chuanzhou Tao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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34
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Qi SL, Liu YP, Li Y, Luan YX, Ye M. Ni-catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes with unactivated β-C(sp 2)-H bonds. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2938. [PMID: 35618702 PMCID: PMC9135730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroarylation of alkynes with unactivated C(sp2)-H bonds via chelated C-H metalation mainly occurs at γ-position to the coordinating atom of directing groups via stable 5-membered metallacycles, while β-C(sp2)-H bond-involved hydroarylation has been a formidable challenge. Herein, we used a phosphine oxide-ligated Ni-Al bimetallic catalyst to enable β-C-H bond-involved hydroarylations of alkynes via a rare 7-membered nickelacycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Long Qi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Xin Luan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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35
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Kuninobu Y. Creation of Transition Metal Catalysts with Substrate Recognition Moiety and Development of Regioselective and Substrate Specific Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
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36
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Fu Y, Chen CH, Huang MG, Tao JY, Peng X, Xu HB, Liu YJ, Zeng MH. Remote C5-Selective Functionalization of Naphthalene Enabled by P–Ru–C Bond-Directed δ-Activation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueliuting Fu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Cui-Hong Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mao-Gui Huang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun-Yang Tao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xu Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hai-Bing Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yue-Jin Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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37
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Wang Y, Bao Y, Tang M, Ye Z, Yuan Z, Zhu G. Recent advances in difunctionalization of alkenes using pyridinium salts as radical precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3847-3864. [PMID: 35257136 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00369d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarise the recent applications of pyridinium salts in the radical-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes. Pyridinium salts are a privileged class of compounds that show great utility in natural products and synthetic chemistry. Various organic transformations of pyridinium salts, especially in radical chemistry, have been developed in recent years. We prepared this review based on the two distinguished properties of pyridinium salts in radical transformation: (1) pyridinium salts can easily undergo single electron reduction to deliver X radicals. (2) Pyridinium salts are highly electrophilic so that alkyl radical intermediates can easily add to the pyridine core. Based on the role of pyridinium salts in difunctionalization of alkenes, the main body of this review is divided into three parts: (1) using pyridinium salts as X transfer reagents. (2) Using pyridinium salts as novel pyridine transfer reagents. (3) Using pyridinium salts as bifunctional reagents (X and pyridine). The C2 and C4 selectivity during pyridylation is discussed in detail. We hope that this review will provide a comprehensive overview of this topic and promote the wider development and application of pyridinium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Yanyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Meifang Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhegao Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Zheliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Gangguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
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38
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Liu Z, He JH, Zhang M, Shi ZJ, Tang H, Zhou XY, Tian JJ, Wang XC. Borane-Catalyzed C3-Alkylation of Pyridines with Imines, Aldehydes, or Ketones as Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4810-4818. [PMID: 35258282 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Achieving C3-selective pyridine functionalization is a longstanding challenge in organic chemistry. The existing methods, including electrophilic aromatic substitution and C-H activation, often require harsh reaction conditions and excess pyridine and generate multiple regioisomers. Herein, we report a method for borane-catalyzed tandem reactions that result in exclusively C3-selective alkylation of pyridines. These tandem reactions consist of pyridine hydroboration, nucleophilic addition of the resulting dihydropyridine to an imine, an aldehyde, or a ketone, and subsequent oxidative aromatization. Because the pyridine is the limiting reactant and the reaction conditions are mild, this method constitutes a practical tool for late-stage functionalization of structurally complex pharmaceuticals bearing a pyridine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Hao He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Han Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun-Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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39
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Lam NYS, Fan Z, Wu K, Park HS, Shim SY, Strassfeld DA, Yu JQ. Empirical Guidelines for the Development of Remote Directing Templates through Quantitative and Experimental Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2793-2803. [PMID: 35108009 PMCID: PMC9170077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate and selectively activate remote C-H bonds represents a perennial challenge in the field of C-H activation. Since its first report in 2012, a now-established "directing template" (DT) approach remains demonstrably effective for the functionalization of remote C-H bonds. As selectivity is hypothesized to be principally determined by the optimal positioning of the reactive catalyst to a target C-H bond, a DT's spatial factors are particularly important toward achieving high selectivity, though a systematic study on its requisite factors remain unelucidated. Through an in-depth analysis of 119 structurally unique published remote DTs, this report summarizes the key factors that are central toward achieving high selectivity at defined aryl positions, which are experimentally corroborated through the development of new aliphatic meta and para-selective DTs for electronically unbiased arenes. These empirical rules, which summarize key distance and geometric factors, are expected to be useful tools for the future development of site-selective arene C-H activation as well as other reactions that rely on covalent/noncovalent DT-mediated remote regioselection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Y. S. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Su Yong Shim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel A. Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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40
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Carbohydrate-substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes Palladium complexes: High efficiency catalysts for aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Carbohydr Res 2022; 512:108516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Ghosh T, Bhakta S. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroarylation Reaction: A Useful Tool in Organic Synthesis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00826b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the recent advances in the field of nickel-catalyzed hydroarylation reaction of alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. All reactions proceeded either through internal hydride transfer or in presence of...
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42
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Wang Y, Yu Y, Xie R, Tian YN, Huang L, Lv S, Meng X, Kong X, Li S. Cu/Fe-mediated N(sp 2)-arylation/alkenylation of pyridines with aryl-/alkenylboronic acids to yield versatile cationic materials. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cu/Fe-mediated N(sp2)-arylation/alkenylation of pyridines with aryl-/alkenylboronic acids to yield length-controllable and multi-responsive pyridinium salts is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ya-Nan Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lingyu Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shihai Lv
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaona Meng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiangfei Kong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shiqing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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