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Kusano R, Kusano Y. Applications of Plasma Technologies in Recycling Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1687. [PMID: 38612199 PMCID: PMC11012531 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Plasmas are reactive ionised gases, which enable the creation of unique reaction fields. This allows plasmas to be widely used for a variety of chemical processes for materials, recycling among others. Because of the increase in urgency to find more sustainable methods of waste management, plasmas have been enthusiastically applied to recycling processes. This review presents recent developments of plasma technologies for recycling linked to economical models of circular economy and waste management hierarchies, exemplifying the thermal decomposition of organic components or substances, the recovery of inorganic materials like metals, the treatment of paper, wind turbine waste, and electronic waste. It is discovered that thermal plasmas are most applicable to thermal processes, whereas nonthermal plasmas are often applied in different contexts which utilise their chemical selectivity. Most applications of plasmas in recycling are successful, but there is room for advancements in applications. Additionally, further perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinosuke Kusano
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK;
| | - Yukihiro Kusano
- Department of Marine Resources and Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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2
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Lee G, Park G, Park JG, Bak Y, Lee C, Yoon DK. Universal Strategy for Inorganic Nanoparticle Incorporation into Mesoporous Liquid Crystal Polymer Particles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307388. [PMID: 37991422 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing inorganic-organic composite polymers necessitates a new strategy for effectively controlling shape and optical properties while accommodating guest materials, as conventional polymers primarily act as carriers that transport inorganic substances. Here, a universal approach is introduced utilizing mesoporous liquid crystal polymer particles (MLPs) to fabricate inorganic-organic composites. By leveraging the liquid crystal phase, morphology and optical properties are precisely controlled through the molecular-level arrangement of the host, here monomers. The controlled host material allows the synthesis of inorganic particles within the matrix or accommodation of presynthesized nano-inorganic particles, all while preserving the intrinsic properties of the host material. This composite material surpasses the functional capabilities of the polymer alone by sequentially integrating one or more inorganic materials, allowing for the incorporation of multiple functionalities within a single polymer particle. Furthermore, this approach effectively mitigates the drawbacks associated with guest materials resulting in a substantial enhancement of composite performance. The presented approach is anticipated to hold immense potential for various applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, and biosensing, addressing the evolving demands of the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunjung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhyeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesse G Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseo Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Bi X, Li Y, Xu M, Wang Z. Heteroatom Introduction to Reconstruct Interfacial Chemical Structures for High-Reliability CFRTP/A6061-T6 Hybrid Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37364042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The application of carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP)/metal hybrid structures is a vital step for realizing the lightweight design concepts in aerospace. However, the CFRTP/metal hybrid structures are usually not reliable enough in practical applications due to the high differences in chemical and physical properties between these two materials. The current work provides a bottom-up strategy of introducing heteroatoms into CFRTP/metal interfaces to reconstruct the interfacial chemical structures and thus manufacture high-reliability hybrid structures. Based on the principle of utmost using reaction sites at metal surfaces, the heteroatoms of oxygen and hydrogen are specially designed and introduced to the CFRTP/A6061-T6 (6061) interfaces by simple and green plasma polymerization. The introduced oxygen and hydrogen heteroatoms react with the aluminum and oxygen of the oxidation film at 6061 surfaces to produce great interfacial Al-O covalencies and hydrogen bonds. The reconstructing interfacial chemical structures strengthen the joint strength of CFRTP/6061 hybrid structures from 8.82 to 23.97 MPa. Our heteroatom introduction strategy is expected to get a fresh insight into the interfacial design concept and has several important implications for the future application of high-reliability CFRTP/metal hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Bi
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Mengjia Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, No. 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, No. 2 Zhihui Road, Foshan 528300, P. R. China
| | - Zhenmin Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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4
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Delkowski M, Smith CT, Anguita JV, Silva SRP. Radiation and electrostatic resistance for ultra-stable polymer composites reinforced with carbon fibers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6947. [PMID: 36930711 PMCID: PMC10022895 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Future space travel needs ultra-lightweight and robust structural materials that can withstand extreme conditions with multiple entry points to orbit to ensure mission reliability. This is unattainable with current inorganic materials. Ultra-highly stable carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have shown susceptibility to environmental instabilities and electrostatic discharge, thereby limiting the full lightweight potential of CFRP. A more robust and improved CFRP is needed in order to improve space travel and structural engineering further. Here, we address these challenges and present a superlattice nano-barrier-enhanced CFRP with a density of ~3.18 g/cm3 that blends within the mechanical properties of the CFRP, thus becoming part of the composite itself. We demonstrate composites with enhanced radiation resistance coupled with electrical conductivity (3.2 × 10-8 ohm⋅m), while ensuring ultra-dimensionally stable physical properties even after temperature cycles from 77 to 573 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Delkowski
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, Claude-Dornier-Strasse, 88090 Immenstaad, Germany
| | - Christopher T.G. Smith
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - José V. Anguita
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - S. Ravi P. Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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5
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Delkowski M, Anguita JV, Smith CT, Silva SRP. Multifunctional Nanostructures with Controllable Band Gap Giving Highly Stable Infrared Emissivity for Smart Thermal Management. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1335-1343. [PMID: 36622047 PMCID: PMC9878728 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermal control is essential to guarantee the optimal performance of most advanced electronic devices or systems. In space, orbital satellites face the issues of high thermal gradients, heating, and different thermal loads mediated by differential illumination from the Sun. Todaýs state-of-the-art thermal control systems provide protection; however, they are bulky and restrict the mass and power budgets for payloads. Here, we develop a lightweight optical superlattice nanobarrier structure to provide a smart thermal control solution. The structure consists of a moisture and outgassing physical barrier (MOB) coupled with atomic oxygen (AO)-UV protection functionality. The nanobarrier exhibits transmission and reflection of light by controlling the optical gap of individual layers to enable high infrared emissivity and variable solar absorptivity (minimum ΔαS = 0.30) across other wavelengths. The multifunctional coating can be applied to heat-sensitive substrates by means of a bespoke room-temperature process. We demonstrate enhanced stability, energy-harvesting capability, and power savings by facilitating the radiation cooling and facility for active self-reconfiguration in orbit. In this way, the reduction of the operating temperature from ∼120 to ∼60 °C on space-qualified and nonmechanically controlled composite structures is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Virgilio Anguita
- Advanced Technology Institute,
Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Toby
Gibb Smith
- Advanced Technology Institute,
Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - S. Ravi P. Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute,
Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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6
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Bi X, Xu M, Xie Z, Li Y, Tian J, Wang Z, Wang Z. A Conceptual Strategy toward High-Reliability Metal-Thermoplastic Hybrid Structures Based on a Covalent-Bonding Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50363-50374. [PMID: 36240257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-thermoplastic hybrid structures have proven their effectiveness to achieve lightweight design concepts in both primary and secondary structural components of advanced aircraft. However, the drastic differences in physical and chemical properties between metal and thermoplastic make it challenging to fabricate high-reliability hybrid structures. Here, a simple and universal strategy to obtain strong hybrid structures thermoplastics is reported by regulating the bonding behavior at metal/thermoplastic interfaces. To achieve such, we first researched and uncovered the bonding mechanism at metal/thermoplastic interfaces by experimental methods and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results suggest that the interfacial covalency, which is formed due to the interfacial reaction between high-electronegativity elements of thermoplastics and metallic elements at metal surfaces, dominates the interfacial bonding interaction of metal-thermoplastic hybrid structures. The differences in electronegativity and atomic size between bonding atoms influence the covalent-bond strength and finally control the interfacial reliability of hybrid structures. Based on our covalent-bonding mechanism, the carboxyl functional group (COOH) is specifically grafted on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) by plasma polymerization to increase the density and strength of interfacial covalency and thus fabricate high-reliability hybrid structures between PEEK and A6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Current work provides an in-depth understanding of the bonding mechanism at metal-thermoplastics interfaces, which opens a fascinating direction toward high-reliability metal-thermoplastic hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Bi
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Mengjia Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, No. 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, No. 2 Zhihui Road, Foshan 528300, PR China
| | - Zhengchao Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Jiyu Tian
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Zhenmin Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center for Nature-Inspired Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Investigations of Thermal, Mechanical, and Gas Barrier Properties of PA11-SiO2 Nanocomposites for Flexible Riser Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204260. [PMID: 36297838 PMCID: PMC9610365 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic gas penetration through the internal pressure sheath of a flexible riser tends to cause a corrosive environment in the annulus, reducing the service life of the flexible riser. Nanoparticles can act as gas barriers in the polymer matrix to slow down the gas permeation. Herein, we prepared PA11/SiO2 composites by the melt blending method. The effect of adding different amounts of SiO2 to PA11 on its gas barrier properties was investigated by conducting CO2 permeation tests between 20 °C and 90 °C. As the temperature increased, the lowest value of the permeability coefficient that could be achieved for the PA11 with different contents of SiO2 increased. The composites PA/0.5% SiO2 and PA/1.5% SiO2 had the lowest permeation coefficients in the glassy state (20 °C) and rubbery state (≥50 °C). We believe that this easy-to-produce industrial PA/SiO2 composite can be used to develop high-performance flexible riser barrier layers. It is crucial for understanding riser permeation behavior and enhancing barrier qualities.
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Rodriguez RD, Fatkullin M, Garcia A, Petrov I, Averkiev A, Lipovka A, Lu L, Shchadenko S, Wang R, Sun J, Li Q, Jia X, Cheng C, Kanoun O, Sheremet E. Laser-Engineered Multifunctional Graphene-Glass Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206877. [PMID: 36038983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glass electronics inspire the emergence of smart functional surfaces. To evolve this concept to the next level, developing new strategies for scalable, inexpensive, and electrically conductive glass-based robust nanocomposites is crucial. Graphene is an attractive material as a conductive filler; however, integrating it firmly into a glass with no energy-intensive sintering, melting, or harsh chemicals has not been possible until now. Moreover, these methods have very limited capability for fabricating robust patterns for electronic circuits. In this work, a conductive (160 OΩ sq-1 ) and resilient nanocomposite between glass and graphene is achieved via single-step laser-induced backward transfer (LIBT). Beyond conventional LIBT involving mass transfer, this approach simultaneously drives chemical transformations in glass including silicon compound formation and graphene oxide (GO) reduction. These processes take place together with the generation and transfer of the highest-quality laser-reduced GO (rGO) reported to date (Raman intensity ratio ID /IG = 0.31) and its integration into the glass. The rGO-LIBT nanocomposite is further functionalized with silver to achieve a highly sensitive (10-9 m) dual-channel plasmonic optical and electrochemical sensor. Besides the electrical circuit demonstration, an electrothermal heater is fabricated that reaches temperatures above 300 °C and continuously operates for over 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Maxim Fatkullin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Aura Garcia
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Ilia Petrov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Andrey Averkiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Anna Lipovka
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Liliang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, P. R. China
| | | | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Qiu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, P. R. China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
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Li W, Lin K, Yan Y, Yu C, Cao Y, Chen X, Wang CW, Kato K, Chen Y, An K, Zhang Q, Gu L, Li Q, Deng J, Xing X. A Seawater-Corrosion-Resistant and Isotropic Zero Thermal Expansion (Zr,Ta)(Fe,Co) 2 Alloy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109592. [PMID: 35772730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zero thermal expansion (ZTE) alloys as dimensionally stable materials are usually challenged by harsh environmental erosion, since ZTE and corrosion resistance are generally mutually exclusive. Here, a high-performance alloy, Zr0.8 Ta0.2 Fe1.7 Co0.3 , is reported, that shows isotropic ZTE behavior (αl = 0.21(2) × 10-6 K-1 ) in a wide temperature range of 5-360 K, high corrosion resistance in a seawater-like solution compared with classic Invar and stainless Invar, and excellent cyclic thermal and structural stabilities. Such stabilities are attributed to the cubic symmetry, the controllable magnetic order, and the spontaneously formed passive film with Ta and Zr chemical modifications. The results are evidenced by X-ray/neutron diffraction, microscopy, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry investigations. Such multiple stabilities have the potential to broaden the robust applications of ZTE alloys, especially in marine services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyi Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yili Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chin-Wei Wang
- Neutron Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Australia
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yan Chen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institution of Physics, Chinese Academic of Science, No. 8, 3rd South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lin Gu
- Institution of Physics, Chinese Academic of Science, No. 8, 3rd South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinxia Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xianran Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, and Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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10
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Banerjee P, Parasuram S, Kumar S, Bose S. Graphene oxide-mediated thermo-reversible bonds and in situ grown nano-rods trigger 'self-healable' interfaces in carbon fiber laminates. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9004-9020. [PMID: 35700545 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CFRE) laminate structures have emerged as futuristic materials having surpassed metals in strength and durability. The interfacial chemistry determines the mechanical performance of such laminates. In this study, a unique approach was adopted wherein the alternate layers of the carbon fiber (CF) mat were grown in situ with ZnO nano-rods and modified with bis-maleimide (BMI), and epoxy resin containing 0.2 or 0.5 wt% graphene oxide (GO) was infused using conventional VARTM technology to enhance the mechanical interlocking of epoxy with the fiber as well as to impart self-healing properties to the laminate. While ZnO rods offer surface roughness thereby facilitating better wetting of epoxy, the Diels-Alder thermo-reversible bonds between BMI and GO facilitate self-healing properties besides improving the interfacial adhesion between epoxy and CF. The rationale behind this work is to synergistically improve the interface-dominated mechanical properties like interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) while maintaining or even improving fiber-dominated properties like flexural strength (FS) as well as imparting considerable recovery in strength post the self-healing cycle. The laminates after this treatment (having 0.5 wt% GO) indeed exhibited 46% improvement in FS and 33% improvement in ILSS properties as well as an ILSS recovery of 70%. The surface analysis suggests that ZnO nano-rods offer surface roughness that helps in the wettability of the matrix on the fibers. In addition, the 2D and 3D representative volume analysis (RVE) model was established to identify the load transfer behaviour in the ZnO-CF-epoxy interface in the microscale reference region. The fractographic analysis confirmed that rigid ZnO nano-rods allowed better matrix adhesion resulting in improved mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Banerjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, India.
| | - Sampath Parasuram
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, India.
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, India.
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, India.
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11
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Gao H, Shi R, Zhu Y, Qian H, Lu Z. Coarse-grained Dynamics Simulation in Polymer Systems: from Structures to Material Properties. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Kopp R, Joseph J, Ni X, Roy N, Wardle BL. Deep Learning Unlocks X-ray Microtomography Segmentation of Multiclass Microdamage in Heterogeneous Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107817. [PMID: 34800056 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional quantitative characterization of heterogeneous materials using in situ synchrotron radiation computed tomography can reveal 3D sub-micrometer features, particularly damage, evolving under load, leading to improved materials. However, dataset size and complexity increasingly require time-intensive and subjective semi-automatic segmentations. Here, the first deep learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation of multiclass microscale damage in heterogeneous bulk materials is presented, teaching on advanced aerospace-grade composite damage using ≈65 000 (trained) human-segmented tomograms. The trained CNN machine segments complex and sparse (<<1% of volume) composite damage classes to ≈99.99% agreement, unlocking both objectivity and efficiency, with nearly 100% of the human time eliminated, which traditional rule-based algorithms do not approach. The trained machine is found to perform as well or better than the human due to "machine-discovered" human segmentation error, with machine improvements manifesting primarily as new damage discovery and segmentation augmentation/extension in artifact-rich tomograms. Interrogating a high-level network hyperparametric space on two material configurations, DL is found to be a disruptive approach to quantitative structure-property characterization, enabling high-throughput knowledge creation (accelerated by two orders of magnitude) via generalizable, ultrahigh-resolution feature segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Kopp
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Joseph
- MIT Quest for Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Roy
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- MIT Quest for Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brian L Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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13
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Wang D, Ma J, Li P, Fan L, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Xu C, Jiang L. Flexible Hard Coatings with Self-Evolution Behavior in a Low Earth Orbit Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46003-46014. [PMID: 34533925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight, long lifetime, and flexible polymer membrane-based structures, which are tightly folded on the ground and then unfolded in space, suffer from repeated bending before launching and fatal erosion on exposure to atomic oxygen (AO) in a low Earth orbit (LEO). Although various AO-resistant coatings have been developed, a coating that can simultaneously meet the critical requirements for the mechanical robustness and long-term protection of polymer membranes is rare. Here, we fabricated a coating with mechanical robustness and long-term space endurance, starting from an inorganic polymer precursor. A hybrid coating with a nanoscale polymer/silica bicontinuous phase is first prepared on the ground, which exhibits outstanding flexibility and excellent abrasion resistance. Then, the coating shows an in situ self-evolution behavior under AO and ultraviolet (UV) synergism to afford dense and crack-free silica coating with outstanding endurance. Our strategy displays great potential for protecting deployable membrane structures serving in the LEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jusha Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power Sources, Shanghai 200245, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuemin Wu
- Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
| | - Zongbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Yang J, Li W, Zhou Y, Liu H. Rigid Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fibers Decorated with a Skein‐like Silver Coating. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Yilong Zhou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
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15
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Delkowski M, Smith CT, Anguita JV, Silva SRP. Increasing the robustness and crack resistivity of high-performance carbon fiber composites for space applications. iScience 2021; 24:102692. [PMID: 34195569 PMCID: PMC8233203 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endeavors to develop manufacturing methods that can enhance polymer and composite structures in spacecraft have led to much research and innovation over many decades. However, the thermal stability, intrinsic material stress, and anisotropic substrate properties pose significant challenges and inhibit the use of previously proposed solutions under extreme space environment. Here, we overcome these issues by developing a custom-designed, plasma-enhanced cross-linked poly(p-xylylene):diamond-like carbon superlattice material that enables enhanced mechanical coupling with the soft polymeric and composite materials, which in turn can be applied to large 3D engineering structures. The superlattice structure developed forms an integral part with the substrate and results in a space qualifiable carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer featuring 10-20 times greater resistance to cracking without affecting the stiffness of dimensionally stable structures. This innovation paves the way for the next generation of advanced ultra-stable composites for upcoming optical and radar instrument space programs and advanced engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Delkowski
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, Claude-Dornier-Strasse, 88090 Immenstaad, Germany
| | - Christopher T.G. Smith
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - José V. Anguita
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - S. Ravi P. Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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Engineering Copper Adhesion on Poly-Epoxy Surfaces Allows One-Pot Metallization of Polymer Composite Telecommunication Waveguides. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mass gain in the aerospace sector is highly demandable for energy savings and operational efficiency. Replacement of metal parts by polymer composites meets this prerequisite, provided the targeted functional properties are recovered. In the present contribution, we propose two innovative and scalable processes for the metallization of the internal faces of carbon fiber reinforced polymer radiofrequency waveguides foreseen for implementation in telecommunications satellites. They involve sequential direct liquid injection metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of copper and cobalt. The use of ozone pretreatment of the polymer surface prior deposition, or of cost effective anhydrous dimethoxyethane as solvent for the injection of the copper precursor, yield strongly adherent, 5 µm Cu films on the polymer composite. Their electrical resistivity is in the 4.1–5.0 μΩ·cm range, and they sustain thermal cycling between −175 °C and +170 °C. Such homogeneous and conformal films can be obtained at temperatures as low as 115 °C. Demonstration is achieved on a polymer composite waveguide, composed of metallized 60-mm long straight sections and of E-plane and H-plane elbows, that paves the way towards the metallization of scale one devices.
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Ahmed SA, Tirkes S, Tayfun U. Reinforcing effect of polyurethane sizing on properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites involving short carbon fiber. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Graphene Aerogel Growth on Functionalized Carbon Fibers. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061295. [PMID: 32178398 PMCID: PMC7144468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene aerogel (GA) is a lightweight, porous, environmentally friendly, 3D structured material with interesting properties, such as electrical conductivity, a high surface area, and chemical stability, which make it a powerful tool in energy storage, sensing, catalyst support, or environmental applications. However, the poor mechanical stability that often characterizes graphene aerogels is a serious obstacle for their use in such applications. Therefore, we report here the successful mechanical reinforcement of GA with carbon fibers (CFs) by combining reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and CFs in a composite material. The surfaces of the CFs were first successfully desized and enriched with epoxy groups using epichloridrine. Epoxy-functionalized CFs (epoxy-CFs) were further covered by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets, using triethylene tetramine (TETA) as a linker. The rGO-covered CFs were finally incorporated into the GA, affording a stiff monolithic aerogel composite. The as-prepared epoxy-CF-reinforced GA was characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and showed enhanced electrical conductivity and compressive strength. The improved electrical and mechanical properties of the GA-CFs composite could be used, among other things, as electrode material or strain sensor applications.
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