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Holt M, Lin J, Cicka M, Wong A, Epelman S, Lavine KJ. Dissecting and Visualizing the Functional Diversity of Cardiac Macrophages. Circ Res 2024; 134:1791-1807. [PMID: 38843293 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac macrophages represent a functionally diverse population of cells involved in cardiac homeostasis, repair, and remodeling. With recent advancements in single-cell technologies, it is possible to elucidate specific macrophage subsets based on transcriptional signatures and cell surface protein expression to gain a deep understanding of macrophage diversity in the heart. The use of fate-mapping technologies and parabiosis studies have provided insight into the ontogeny and dynamics of macrophages identifying subsets derived from embryonic and adult definitive hematopoietic progenitors that include tissue-resident and bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages, respectively. Within the heart, these subsets have distinct tissue niches and functional roles in the setting of homeostasis and disease, with cardiac resident macrophages representing a protective cell population while bone marrow monocyte-derived cardiac macrophages have a context-dependent effect, triggering both proinflammatory tissue injury, but also promoting reparative functions. With the increased understanding of the clinical relevance of cardiac macrophage subsets, there has been an increasing need to detect and measure cardiac macrophage compositions in living animals and patients. New molecular tracers compatible with positron emission tomography/computerized tomography and positron emission tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging have enabled investigators to noninvasively and serially visualize cardiac macrophage subsets within the heart to define associations with disease and measure treatment responses. Today, advancements within this thriving field are poised to fuel an era of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Holt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine (M.H., M.C., K.J.L.)
| | - Julia Lin
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.L., A.W., S.E.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (J.L., A.W., S.E.)
| | - Markus Cicka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine (M.H., M.C., K.J.L.)
| | - Anthony Wong
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.L., A.W., S.E.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (J.L., A.W., S.E.)
| | - Slava Epelman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.L., A.W., S.E.)
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.E.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (J.L., A.W., S.E.)
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.E.)
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine (M.H., M.C., K.J.L.)
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2
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Schnitter F, Stangl F, Noeske E, Bille M, Stadtmüller A, Vogt N, Sicklinger F, Leuschner F, Frey A, Schreiber L, Frantz S, Beyersdorf N, Ramos G, Gladow N, Hofmann U. Characterizing the immune response to myocardial infarction in pigs. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:453-479. [PMID: 38491291 PMCID: PMC11143055 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Though myocardial infarction (MI) in pigs is a well-established translational large animal model, it has not yet been widely used for immunotherapy studies, and a comprehensive description of the immune response to MI in this species is lacking. We induced MI in Landrace pigs by balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery over 90 min. Within 14 days, the necrotic myocardium was progressively replaced by scar tissue with involvement of myofibroblasts. We characterized the immune response in the heart ex vivo by (immuno)histology, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing of myocardial tissue on days 3, 7, and 14 after MI. Besides a clear predominance of myeloid cells among heart-infiltrating leukocytes, we detected activated T cells and an increasing proportion of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), especially in the infarct core-findings that closely mirror what has been observed in mice and humans after MI. Transcriptome data indicated inflammatory activity that was persistent but markedly changing in character over time and linked to extracellular matrix biology. Analysis of lymphocytes in heart-draining lymph nodes revealed significantly higher proliferation rates of T helper cell subsets, including Treg on day 7 after MI, compared to sham controls. Elevated frequencies of myeloid progenitors in the spleen suggest that it might be a site of emergency myelopoiesis after MI in pigs, as previously shown in mice. We thus provide a first description of the immune response to MI in pigs, and our results can aid future research using the species for preclinical immunotherapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schnitter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Stangl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Noeske
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maya Bille
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anja Stadtmüller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Vogt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Sicklinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Schreiber
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Gladow
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Rudsari HK, Galow AM, Kafali Y, Kyrodimos E, Giotakis AI, Marquardt S, Velalopoulou A, Verginadis II, Koumenis C, Stiewe T, Zoidakis J, Balasingham I, David R, Georgakilas AG. Intercellular pathways of cancer treatment-related cardiotoxicity and their therapeutic implications: The paradigm of radiotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2024:108670. [PMID: 38823489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapeutics have improved patient survival rates. However, cancer survivors may suffer from adverse events either at the time of therapy or later in life. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a clinically important, but mechanistically understudied complication, which interfere with the continuation of best-possible care, induce life-threatening risks, and/or lead to long-term morbidity. These concerns are exacerbated by the fact that targeted therapies and immunotherapies are frequently combined with radiotherapy, which induces durable inflammatory and immunogenic responses, thereby providing a fertile ground for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Stressed and dying irradiated cells produce 'danger' signals including, but not limited to, major histocompatibility complexes, cell-adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These factors activate intercellular signaling pathways which have potentially detrimental effects on the heart tissue homeostasis. Herein, we present the clinical crosstalk between cancer and heart diseases, describe how it is potentiated by cancer therapies, and highlight the multifactorial nature of the underlying mechanisms. We particularly focus on radiotherapy, as a case known to often induce cardiovascular complications even decades after treatment. We provide evidence that the secretome of irradiated tumors entails factors that exert systemic, remote effects on the cardiac tissue, potentially predisposing it to CVDs. We suggest how diverse disciplines can utilize pertinent state-of-the-art methods in feasible experimental workflows, to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of radiotherapy-related cardiotoxicity at the organismal level and untangle the desirable immunogenic properties of cancer therapies from their detrimental effects on heart tissue. Results of such highly collaborative efforts hold promise to be translated to next-generation regimens that maximize tumor control, minimize cardiovascular complications, and support quality of life in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute for Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Yağmur Kafali
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Efthymios Kyrodimos
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hippocrateion General Hospital Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris I Giotakis
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hippocrateion General Hospital Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Translational Medicine for Health Care Systems, Medical School Berlin, Hochschule Für Gesundheit Und Medizin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Velalopoulou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ioannis I Verginadis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany; Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Robert David
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Department of Life, Light & Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, Rostock University, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Garg AD. The dynamic interface of genetics and immunity: toward future horizons in health & disease. Genes Immun 2023; 24:155-158. [PMID: 37464025 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department for Cellular & Molecular Medicine (CMM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Resident cardiac macrophages: Heterogeneity and function in health and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:1549-1563. [PMID: 36103852 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding tissue macrophage biology has become challenging in recent years due the ever-increasing complexity in macrophage-subset identification and functional characterization. This is particularly important within the myocardium, as we have come to understand that macrophages play multifaceted roles in cardiac health and disease, and heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Here, we review recent progress in the field, focusing on resident cardiac macrophage heterogeneity, origins, and functions at steady state and after injury. We stratify resident cardiac macrophage functions by the ability of macrophages to either directly influence cardiac physiology or indirectly influence cardiac physiology through orchestrating multi-cellular communication with cardiomyocytes and stromal and immune populations.
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Smooth muscle protein 22α-Cre recombination in resting cardiac fibroblasts and hematopoietic precursors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11564. [PMID: 35798848 PMCID: PMC9263136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre-loxP system has been widely used for cell- or organ-specific gene manipulation, but it is important to precisely understand what kind of cells the recombination takes place in. Smooth muscle 22α (SM22α)-Cre mice have been utilized to alter genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), activated fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes (CMs). Moreover, previous reports indicated that SM22α-Cre is expressed in adipocytes, platelets or myeloid cells. However, there have been no report of whether SM22α-Cre recombination takes place in nonCMs in hearts. Thus, we used the double-fluorescent Cre reporter mouse in which GFP is expressed when recombination occurs. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that recombination occurred in resting cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) or macrophages, as well as VSMCs and CMs. Flow cytometry showed that some CFs, resident macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells were positive for GFP. These results prompted us to analyze bone marrow cells, and we observed GFP-positive hematopoietic precursor cells (HPCs). Taken together, these results indicated that SM22α-Cre-mediated recombination occurs in resting CFs and hematopoietic cell lineages, including HPCs, which is a cautionary point when using SM22α-Cre mice.
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7
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Targeted therapies for cardiac diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:343-344. [PMID: 35468998 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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