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Wu HY, Koh MJ, Wang ZC, Shi SL. Modular Access to Arylethylamines Enabled by Ni-Catalyzed Markovnikov-Selective Hydroarylation of Allylic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025:e202503126. [PMID: 40302289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202503126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Arylethylamines are prevalent structural skeletons in bioactive molecules and have significant interest within the organic chemistry community. We report here a modular and efficient nickel-catalyzed Markovnikov-selective hydroarylation of readily available allylic amines, delivering a wide variety of valuable arylethylamines with complete regiocontrol under mild conditions. Key to the success of this protocol is the employment of bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as ligands. Furthermore, the use of chiral NHC ligands enables straightforward access to enantioenriched arylethylamines with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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2
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Deolka S, Samha MH, Garcia Roca A, Haug GC, Howard JR, Dalmau D, Sandres J, Vasylevskyi S, VanderLinden RT, Paton RS, Sigman MS. Investigating Reactivity and Selectivity in a Palladium-Catalyzed Heteroleptic Ligand System for Electrophilic Arene Fluorination. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:12878-12889. [PMID: 40194830 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2025]
Abstract
Methods to access fluorinated molecules are of significant interest to the medicinal and agrochemical industries. We report a series of high-valent PdIV complexes stabilized by two distinct ligand cores, which mediate electrophilic fluorination reactions with excellent yields and good regioselectivity. Using high-throughput experimentation and kinetic analysis, the distinct roles of each ligand were uncovered. Synthetic modulation of the catalyst alongside density functional theory transition state modeling provided evidence into the turnover-limiting step while revealing key insights into the origin of regioselectivity. This workflow presents a general strategy for exploring heteroleptic systems as well as synthetic enhancements to electrophilic fluorination reactions relevant to both industrial and academic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Deolka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mohammad H Samha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Aleria Garcia Roca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Graham C Haug
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - James R Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - David Dalmau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jesus Sandres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin 78712, United States
| | - Ryan T VanderLinden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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3
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Yan Q, Ma J, Pei W, Zhang Y, Zhong R, Liu S, Shen Y, Li Z. Chemoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of α-Methylene-δ-valerolactone Catalyzed by a Simple Organoaluminum Complex to Prepare Closed-Loop Recyclable Functional Polyester. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202418488. [PMID: 39475354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202418488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
α-Methylene-δ-valerolactone (MVL) as a bio-renewable bifunctional monomer has shown great promise to prepare closed-loop recyclable polyester with pendent functionalizable double bond. However, the chemoselective ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of MVL still faces challenges including low polymerization temperature, expensive catalyst as well as high catalyst loading. In this contribution, we present the chemoselective and controlled ROP of MVL using a simple organoaluminum complex [MeAl(BHT)2] (BHT=2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxy), which can be easily prepared from commercially available trimethylaluminum and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol without purification. MeAl(BHT)2 exhibits much higher catalytic activity (TOF=668 h-1) than that of MeAl[Salen] (TOF=89 h-1), a commonly used organoaluminum catalyst. The high chemoselectivity and activity of MeAl(BHT)2 is proposed to originate from the cooperative activation of propagating chain-ends and monomers via the "coordination-insertion" mechanism. Remarkably, high-molecular-weight P(MVL)ROP can be prepared in bulk using MeAl(BHT)2, which is not accessible by the previous catalysts. This study may advance the development of closed-loop recyclable polymers considering the easy preparation, low cost and good catalytic performance of MeAl(BHT)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jiashu Ma
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Weijie Pei
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Ronglin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yong Shen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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4
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Guo H, Kirchhoff JL, Strohmann C, Grabe B, Loh CCJ. Asymmetric Pd/Organoboron-Catalyzed Site-Selective Carbohydrate Functionalization with Alkoxyallenes Involving Noncovalent Stereocontrol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400912. [PMID: 38530140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the robustness of a synergistic chiral Pd/organoboron system in tackling a challenging suite of site-, regio-, enantio- and diastereoselectivity issues across a considerable palette of biologically relevant carbohydrate polyols, when prochiral alkoxyallenes were employed as electrophiles. In view of the burgeoning role of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) in stereoselective carbohydrate synthesis, our mechanistic experiments and DFT modeling of the reaction path unexpectedly revealed that NCIs such as hydrogen bonding and CH-π interactions between the resting states of the Pd-π-allyl complex and the borinate saccharide are critically involved in the stereoselectivity control. Our strategy thus illuminates the untapped potential of harnessing NCIs in the context of transition metal catalysis to tackle stereoselectivity challenges in carbohydrate functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Anorganische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Anorganische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- NMR Department Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C J Loh
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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5
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Lancaster H, Goodall JC, Douglas SP, Ashfield LJ, Duckett SB, Perutz RN, Weller AS. Platinum(II) Phenylpyridyl Schiff Base Complexes as Latent, Photoactivated, Alkene Hydrosilylation Catalysts. ACS Catal 2024; 14:7492-7505. [PMID: 38779183 PMCID: PMC11106775 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Photoactivated catalysts for the hydrosilylation of alkenes with silanes offer temporal control in manufacturing processes that require silicone curing. We report the development of a range of air-stable Pt(II) (salicylaldimine)(phenylpyridyl), [Pt(sal)(ppy)], complexes as photoinitiated hydrosilylation catalysts. Some of these catalysts show appreciable latency in thermal catalysis and can also be rapidly (10 s) activated by a LED UV-light source (365 nm), to give systems that selectively couple trimethylvinylsilane and hexamethylsiloxymethylsilane to give the linear hydrosilylation product. Although an undetectable (by NMR spectroscopy) amount of precatalyst is converted to the active form under UV-irradiation in the timescale required to initiate hydrosilylation, clean and reliable kinetics can be measured for these systems that allow for a detailed mechanism to be developed for Pt(sal)(ppy)-based photoactivated hydrosilylation. The suggested mechanism is shown to have close parallels with, but also subtle differences from, those previously proposed for thermally-activated Karstedt-type Pt(0) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena
G. Lancaster
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Joe C. Goodall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Samuel P. Douglas
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Center, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Laura J. Ashfield
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Center, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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6
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Wilson CV, Holland PL. Mechanism of Alkene Hydrofunctionalization by Oxidative Cobalt(salen) Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2685-2700. [PMID: 38227206 PMCID: PMC10872242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative MHAT hydrofunctionalization of alkenes provides a mild cobalt-catalyzed route to forming C-N and C-O bonds. Here, we characterize relevant salen-supported cobalt complexes and their reactions with alkenes, silanes, oxidant, and solvent. These stoichiometric investigations are complemented by kinetic studies of the catalytic reaction and catalyst speciation. We describe the solution characterization of an elusive cobalt(III) fluoride complex, which surprisingly is not the species that reacts with silane under catalytic conditions; rather, a cobalt(III) aquo complex is more active. Accordingly, the addition of water (0.15 M) speeds the catalytic reaction, and kinetic studies show that water addition enables catalytic product formation in 2 h at -50 °C in acetone. Under these conditions, cobalt(III) resting states can be observed by UV-vis spectrophotometry, including a cobalt(III)-alkyl complex. It comes from a transient cobalt(III) hydride complex that is formed in the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle. This hydride readily degrades but not to H2; it releases H+ through a bimetallic pathway that explains the [Co]2 dependence of the off-cycle reaction. In contrast, the rate of the catalytic reaction follows the power law kobs[Co]1[silane]1. Because of the different [Co] dependence of the catalytic reaction and the degradation reaction, lower catalyst loading improves the yield of the catalytic reaction by reducing the relative rate of unproductive silane/oxidant consumption. These studies illuminate mechanistic details of oxidative MHAT hydrofunctionalization of alkenes and lay the groundwork for understanding other catalytic reactions mediated by cobalt hydride and cobalt alkyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner V. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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7
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He Z, Moreno JA, Swain M, Wu J, Kwon O. Aminodealkenylation: Ozonolysis and copper catalysis convert C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bonds to C(sp 3)-N bonds. Science 2023; 381:877-886. [PMID: 37616345 PMCID: PMC10753956 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts have been directed toward alkene π bond amination. In contrast, analogous functionalization of the adjacent C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bonds is much rarer. Here we report how ozonolysis and copper catalysis under mild reaction conditions enable alkene C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bond-rupturing cross-coupling reactions for the construction of new C(sp3)-N bonds. We have used this unconventional transformation for late-stage modification of hormones, pharmaceutical reagents, peptides, and nucleosides. Furthermore, we have coupled abundantly available terpenes and terpenoids with nitrogen nucleophiles to access artificial terpenoid alkaloids and complex chiral amines. In addition, we applied a commodity chemical, α-methylstyrene, as a methylation reagent to prepare methylated nucleosides directly from canonical nucleosides in one synthetic step. Our mechanistic investigation implicates an unusual copper ion pair cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jose Antonio Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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