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Biswas S, Kumar R, Shalimar, Acharya SK. Viral hepatitis-induced acute liver failure. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:312-324. [PMID: 38451383 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis-induced acute liver failure (ALF) is a preventable cause for liver-related mortality worldwide. Viruses are the most common cause for ALF in developing nations in contrast to the west, where acetaminophen is largely responsible. Viruses may be hepatotropic or affect the liver secondary to a systemic infection. In tropical countries, infections such as leptospirosis, scrub typhus and malaria can mimic the symptoms of ALF. Differentiating these ALF mimics is crucial because they require etiology-specific therapy. Treatment of viral hepatitis-induced ALF is two-pronged and directed towards providing supportive care to prevent organ failures and antiviral drugs for some viruses. Liver transplantation (LT) is an effective modality for patients deteriorating despite adequate supportive care. Early referral and correct identification of patients who require a transplant are important. Liver support devices and plasma exchange have evolved into "bridging modalities" for LT. Preventive strategies such as hand hygiene, use of clean and potable water and inclusion of vaccines against viral hepatitis in the national program are simple yet very effective methods focusing on the preventive aspect of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Biswas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 801 507, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
| | - Subrat Kumar Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
- KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751 024, India
- Fortis Escorts Digestive and Liver Institute, Okhla, New Delhi, 110 025, India
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Rzymski P, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Genowska A, Tyszko P, Strukcinskiene B, Flisiak R. Trends of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Poland: Assessing the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and War in Ukraine. Viruses 2024; 16:469. [PMID: 38543833 PMCID: PMC10975752 DOI: 10.3390/v16030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis, which is preventable by vaccination. This study analyzed trends of HAV infections in Poland according to socio-demographic features in the years 2009-2022 and assessed the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023) and the migration of war refugees from Ukraine (since February 2022). In 2009-2022, 7115 new cases of HAV infection were diagnosed in Poland, especially among men (66.4%) and in urban areas (77.4%). Infections among men were most common at the age of 25-34 (median rate 0.43 per 105) and in women aged 15-24 (median rate 0.39 per 105). Analysis of the 14-year frequency of HAV infections exhibited three trends, regardless of gender, age, and residence. The infections revealed a downward trend in 2009-2014, increased significantly in 2014-2018, and decreased again after 2018. A particularly rapid increase in HAV infections occurred between March 2017 and February 2018 (median rate 0.79 per 105). The high level of new infections persisted until the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, at which point it dropped significantly but did not reach the level recorded before March 2017. During the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 dominance period, the median rate of HAV infections was 0.053 per 105, with a four-fold increase being observed from February 2022 (when the migration of war refugees from Ukraine began) to August 2022. The presented results can serve as a reference point for further observations in Central Europe. The HAV epidemiological situation is unlikely to escalate in Poland but requires further monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Genowska
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Piotr Tyszko
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland
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Abid I, Blanco A, Al-Otaibi N, Guix S, Costafreda MI, Pintó RM, Bosch A. Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Pathogens 2023; 12:1405. [PMID: 38133289 PMCID: PMC10747075 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis and enteric hepatitis worldwide, but in some areas like Saudi Arabia, little is known about their presence in water sources. The available information from clinical samples is not enough to figure out their actual prevalence. The aim of this study was to gather information for the first time in Saudi Arabia on the presence of the Norovirus (NoV) genogroup GI and GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in water. For this purpose, thirteen monthly samples were collected from Lake Wadi Hanifa and surrounding wells from December 2014 to November 2015. Viruses were detected and quantified using real-time RT-qPCR. Despite HEV findings being anecdotic, our results highlight interesting behaviors of the other viruses. There was a higher prevalence of noroviruses in Wadi Hanifa samples than in well water samples (46.43% vs. 12.5% of NoV GI; 66.67% vs. 8.33% of NoV GII). On the contrary, similar levels of HAV positivity were observed (40.48% in surface water vs. 43.06% in well water). Also, a strong influence of flooding events on HAV and NoV GI occurrence was observed in both surface and well water samples, with NoV GII apparently not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islem Abid
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Albert Blanco
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nawal Al-Otaibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria I. Costafreda
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
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