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Labounek R, Bondy MT, Paulson AL, Bédard S, Abramovic M, Alonso-Ortiz E, Atcheson NT, Barlow LR, Barry RL, Barth M, Battiston M, Büchel C, Budde MD, Callot V, Combes A, De Leener B, Descoteaux M, de Sousa PL, Dostál M, Doyon J, Dvorak AV, Eippert F, Epperson KR, Epperson KS, Freund P, Finsterbusch J, Foias A, Fratini M, Fukunaga I, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Germani G, Gilbert G, Giove F, Grussu F, Hagiwara A, Henry PG, Horák T, Hori M, Joers JM, Kamiya K, Karbasforoushan H, Keřkovský M, Khatibi A, Kim JW, Kinany N, Kitzler H, Kolind S, Kong Y, Kudlička P, Kuntke P, Kurniawan ND, Kusmia S, Laganà MM, Laule C, Law CSW, Leutritz T, Liu Y, Llufriu S, Mackey S, Martin AR, Martinez-Heras E, Mattera L, O’Grady KP, Papinutto N, Papp D, Pareto D, Parrish TB, Pichiecchio A, Prados F, Rovira À, Ruitenberg MJ, Samson RS, Savini G, Seif M, Seifert AC, Smith AK, Smith SA, Smith ZA, Solana E, Suzuki Y, Tackley GW, Tinnermann A, Valošek J, Van De Ville D, Yiannakas MC, Weber KA, Weiskopf N, Wise RG, Wyss PO, Xu J, Cohen-Adad J, Lenglet C, Nestrašil I. Body size interacts with the structure of the central nervous system: A multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591421. [PMID: 38746371 PMCID: PMC11092490 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Clinical research emphasizes the implementation of rigorous and reproducible study designs that rely on between-group matching or controlling for sources of biological variation such as subject's sex and age. However, corrections for body size (i.e. height and weight) are mostly lacking in clinical neuroimaging designs. This study investigates the importance of body size parameters in their relationship with spinal cord (SC) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics. Data were derived from a cosmopolitan population of 267 healthy human adults (age 30.1±6.6 years old, 125 females). We show that body height correlated strongly or moderately with brain gray matter (GM) volume, cortical GM volume, total cerebellar volume, brainstem volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of cervical SC white matter (CSA-WM; 0.44≤r≤0.62). In comparison, age correlated weakly with cortical GM volume, precentral GM volume, and cortical thickness (-0.21≥r≥-0.27). Body weight correlated weakly with magnetization transfer ratio in the SC WM, dorsal columns, and lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.20≥r≥-0.23). Body weight further correlated weakly with the mean diffusivity derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in SC WM (r=-0.20) and dorsal columns (-0.21), but only in males. CSA-WM correlated strongly or moderately with brain volumes (0.39≤r≤0.64), and weakly with precentral gyrus thickness and DTI-based fractional anisotropy in SC dorsal columns and SC lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.22≥r≥-0.25). Linear mixture of sex and age explained 26±10% of data variance in brain volumetry and SC CSA. The amount of explained variance increased at 33±11% when body height was added into the mixture model. Age itself explained only 2±2% of such variance. In conclusion, body size is a significant biological variable. Along with sex and age, body size should therefore be included as a mandatory variable in the design of clinical neuroimaging studies examining SC and brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Labounek
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica T. Bondy
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy L. Paulson
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sandrine Bédard
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mihael Abramovic
- Department of Radiology, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Eva Alonso-Ortiz
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole T Atcheson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Laura R. Barlow
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert L. Barry
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Barth
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Marco Battiston
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew D. Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Clement J. Zablocki Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Virginie Callot
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hopital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Anna Combes
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Benjamin De Leener
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab (SCIL), Computer Science department, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marek Dostál
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam V. Dvorak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Falk Eippert
- Max Planck Research Group Pain Perception, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Center Balgrist, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Finsterbusch
- Department for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandru Foias
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michela Fratini
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Rome, Italy
| | - Issei Fukunaga
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 1-2-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - GianCarlo Germani
- Advanced Imaging and Artificial Intelligence Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Federico Giove
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Rome, Italy
- CREF - Museo storico della fisica e Centro studi e ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Grussu
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Akifumi Hagiwara
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 1-2-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Pierre-Gilles Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tomáš Horák
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 1-2-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James M. Joers
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kouhei Kamiya
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haleh Karbasforoushan
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miloš Keřkovský
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Khatibi
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joo-won Kim
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nawal Kinany
- Neuro-X Institute, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hagen Kitzler
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine and Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Shannon Kolind
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Petr Kudlička
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne’s University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Kuntke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine and Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Nyoman D. Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | - Cornelia Laule
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Tobias Leutritz
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yaou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-IDIBAPS and Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sean Mackey
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Allan R. Martin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eloy Martinez-Heras
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-IDIBAPS and Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loan Mattera
- Fondation Campus Biotech Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Kristin P. O’Grady
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nico Papinutto
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Papp
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Todd B. Parrish
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Advanced Imaging and Artificial Intelligence Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferran Prados
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
- e-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Àlex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc J. Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rebecca S. Samson
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Maryam Seif
- Spinal Cord Injury Center Balgrist, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alan C. Seifert
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alex K. Smith
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Seth A. Smith
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Zachary A. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-IDIBAPS and Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Radiology Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - George W Tackley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Alexandra Tinnermann
- Department for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Valošek
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Neuro-X Institute, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marios C. Yiannakas
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Kenneth A. Weber
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrik O. Wyss
- Department of Radiology, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Junqian Xu
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christophe Lenglet
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Igor Nestrašil
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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De Stefano N, Battaglini M, Pareto D, Cortese R, Zhang J, Oesingmann N, Prados F, Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Vrenken H, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Filippi M, Barkhof F, Rovira À. MAGNIMS recommendations for harmonization of MRI data in MS multicenter studies. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102972. [PMID: 35245791 PMCID: PMC8892169 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sharing data from cooperative studies is essential to develop new biomarkers in MS. Differences in MRI acquisition, analysis, storage represent a substantial constraint. We review the state of the art and developments in the harmonization of MRI. We provide recommendations to harmonize large MRI datasets in the MS field.
There is an increasing need of sharing harmonized data from large, cooperative studies as this is essential to develop new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In the field of multiple sclerosis (MS), the issue has become of paramount importance due to the need to translate into the clinical setting some of the most recent MRI achievements. However, differences in MRI acquisition parameters, image analysis and data storage across sites, with their potential bias, represent a substantial constraint. This review focuses on the state of the art, recent technical advances, and desirable future developments of the harmonization of acquisition, analysis and storage of large-scale multicentre MRI data of MS cohorts. Huge efforts are currently being made to achieve all the requirements needed to provide harmonized MRI datasets in the MS field, as proper management of large imaging datasets is one of our greatest opportunities and challenges in the coming years. Recommendations based on these achievements will be provided here. Despite the advances that have been made, the complexity of these tasks requires further research by specialized academical centres, with dedicated technical and human resources. Such collective efforts involving different professional figures are of crucial importance to offer to MS patients a personalised management while minimizing consumption of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Cortese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Ferran Prados
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Center for Medical Imaging Computing, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom; e-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Brain MRI 3T Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, and Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Center for Medical Imaging Computing, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom; Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Àlex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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