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Blanz M, Balasse M, Frémondeau D, Gál E, Osztás A, Biller AZ, Nyerges ÉÁ, Fiorillo D, Bánffy E, Ivanova M. Early Neolithic pastoral land use at Alsónyék-Bátaszék, Hungary (Starčevo culture): New insights from stable isotope ratios. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295769. [PMID: 38085722 PMCID: PMC10715649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest introduction of livestock (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs) into the Carpathian Basin was an important step towards farming expansion into continental Europe. This spread beyond the environments of the southern Balkans was accompanied by a reduction in the spectrum of cultivated crops, changes in the relative representation of different domestic animals, and, most likely, adaptations of husbandry practices. How the earliest farmers in the Carpathian Basin kept their domestic stock is still understudied. We explored early animal management and land use strategies at the Starčevo settlement at Alsónyék-Bátaszék, Hungary (Early Neolithic, ca. 5800-5600 cal BC). Settled at the intersection of wide alluvial plains, waterlogged meadows and marshes to the east, and forested hills to the west, early farmers at Alsónyék had a wide variety of options for nourishing their livestock. We performed stable isotope ratio analysis of bone collagen (n = 99; δ13C, δ15N) and tooth enamel (nteeth = 28, sequentially sampled for δ13C and δ18O) from wild and domestic animals to locate them in the landscape and investigate herding practices on a seasonal scale. The bone collagen isotope ratios mostly indicate feeding in open environments. However, results from the sequential analysis of cattle and sheep enamel suggest diverse dietary strategies for winters, including consumption of forest resources, consumption of summer hay and grazing in an open environment. Most pigs appear to have had herbivorous diets, but several individuals likely supplemented their diet with animal protein. Stable isotope ratio results from the Lengyel phase at Alsónyék (ca. 4800-4300 cal BC) suggest more access to animal protein for pigs, and feeding in more open areas by wild boar, red deer and cattle compared to the Starčevo phase. This study's results demonstrate considerable variability in early animal husbandry practices at Alsónyék.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Blanz
- Vienna Institute of Archaeological Science (VIAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Balasse
- AASPE ‘Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements’, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Frémondeau
- Centre for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Gál
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Osztás
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Éva Á. Nyerges
- Department of Archaeology, Savaria Museum, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Denis Fiorillo
- AASPE ‘Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements’, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Eszter Bánffy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Boito M, Iacumin P, Rossi M, Ogrinc N, Venturelli G. Isotope partitioning between cow milk and farm water: A tool for verification of milk provenance. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9160. [PMID: 34233377 PMCID: PMC8519040 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of the water component of the milk from nine Italian dairy farms were studied together with the farm water for one year. The aim was to verify the importance of farm water and seasonal temperature variation on milk isotope values and propose mathematical relations as new tools to identify the milk origin. METHODS Milk was centrifuged to separate the solids and then distilled under vacuum to separate water. δ(18 O/16 O) and δ(2 H/1 H) analyses of the water molecules were carried out using a water equilibrator online with a mass spectrometer. For oxygen and hydrogen isotope determination, water was equilibrated with pure CO2 for 7.5 h and with pure H2 for 5 h, respectively. The isotope ratio value is indicated with δ (expressed on the VSMOW/SLAP scale) as defined by IUPAC. RESULTS The average annual isotope value of milk at the different cattle sheds is mostly related to the farm water suggesting that the drinking water is the most important factor influencing the isotopic values of the milk water. The milk/water fractionation factor correlates with the milking time and, thus, the seasonal temperature is best described by a 4th order polynomial regression line. A two-level check model was used to verify the milking provenance. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that it is essential to analyze both milk and farm water to indicate provenance. A two-step verification tool, based on the difference between the measured and calculated δ(18 O/16 O)M values, and the difference between the calculated and estimated milk-water fractionation factors, allowed the source determination of milk. Both conditions must be met if the milk is considered to be from the Parmigiano-Reggiano production region. Although this approach was developed for this region, it can easily be tested and adapted to other dairy production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boito
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Parco area delle Scienze 157/AUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Paola Iacumin
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Parco area delle Scienze 157/AUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Mattia Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Parco area delle Scienze 157/AUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental SciencesJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Giampiero Venturelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Parco area delle Scienze 157/AUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
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Seasonal calving in European Prehistoric cattle and its impacts on milk availability and cheese-making. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8185. [PMID: 33854159 PMCID: PMC8046818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Present-day domestic cattle are reproductively active throughout the year, which is a major asset for dairy production. Large wild ungulates, in contrast, are seasonal breeders, as were the last historic representatives of the aurochs, the wild ancestors of cattle. Aseasonal reproduction in cattle is a consequence of domestication and herding, but exactly when this capacity developed in domestic cattle is still unknown and the extent to which early farming communities controlled the seasonality of reproduction is debated. Seasonal or aseasonal calving would have shaped the socio-economic practices of ancient farming societies differently, structuring the agropastoral calendar and determining milk availability where dairying is attested. In this study, we reconstruct the calving pattern through the analysis of stable oxygen isotope ratios of cattle tooth enamel from 18 sites across Europe, dating from the 6th mill. cal BC (Early Neolithic) in the Balkans to the 4th mill. cal BC (Middle Neolithic) in Western Europe. Seasonal calving prevailed in Europe between the 6th and 4th millennia cal BC. These results suggest that cattle agropastoral systems in Neolithic Europe were strongly constrained by environmental factors, in particular forage resources. The ensuing fluctuations in milk availability would account for cheese-making, transforming a seasonal milk supply into a storable product.
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Kabalika Z, Morrison TA, McGill RAR, Munishi LK, Ekwem D, Mahene WL, Lobora AL, Newton J, Morales JM, Haydon DT, Hopcraft GGJC. Tracking animal movements using biomarkers in tail hairs: a novel approach for animal geolocating from sulfur isoscapes. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:37. [PMID: 32968486 PMCID: PMC7501629 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00222-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current animal tracking studies are most often based on the application of external geolocators such as GPS and radio transmitters. While these technologies provide detailed movement data, they are costly to acquire and maintain, which often restricts sample sizes. Furthermore, deploying external geolocators requires physically capturing and recapturing of animals, which poses an additional welfare concern. Natural biomarkers provide an alternative, non-invasive approach for addressing a range of geolocation questions and can, because of relatively low cost, be collected from many individuals thereby broadening the scope for population-wide inference. METHODS We developed a low-cost, minimally invasive method for distinguishing between local versus non-local movements of cattle using sulfur isotope ratios (δ34S) in cattle tail hair collected in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. RESULTS We used a Generalized Additive Model to generate a predicted δ34S isoscape across the study area. This isoscape was constructed using spatial smoothers and underpinned by the positive relationship between δ34S values and lithology. We then established a strong relationship between δ34S from recent sections of cattle tail hair and the δ34S from grasses sampled in the immediate vicinity of an individual's location, suggesting δ34S in the hair reflects the δ34S in the environment. By combining uncertainty in estimation of the isoscape, with predictions of tail hair δ34S given an animal's position in the isoscape we estimated the anisotropic distribution of travel distances across the Serengeti ecosystem sufficient to detect movement using sulfur stable isotopes. CONCLUSIONS While the focus of our study was on cattle, this approach can be modified to understand movements in other mobile organisms where the sulfur isoscape is sufficiently heterogeneous relative to the spatial scale of animal movements and where tracking with traditional methods is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabibu Kabalika
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Thomas A. Morrison
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Rona A. R. McGill
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G75 0QF UK
| | - Linus K. Munishi
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Divine Ekwem
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Wilson Leonidas Mahene
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Alex L. Lobora
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), P.O Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jason Newton
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G75 0QF UK
| | - Juan M. Morales
- INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Grant G. J. C. Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
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Mechanistic model predicts tissue–environment relationships and trophic shifts in animal hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. Oecologia 2019; 191:777-789. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen G, Sun LZ, Auerswald K. Effects of Wilting and Dew on the Water Isotope Composition of Detached Grass in Temperate Grassland. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9460-9467. [PMID: 31381328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the water isotopes in feed products derived from grass is fundamental for tracing domestic animal products. Grass silage water was reported to have fewer heavy isotopes than fresh grass, but it is still unknown whether dew formation (either dewfall or dewrise), exchange with soil water, or other processes override the expected enrichment of heavy isotopes due to wilting. The isotopic variations of water (δ2H, δ18O) in fresh grass and cut grass during wilting on soil and on plastic were compared in this study. Drying enriched heavier isotopes, but this was overridden by three processes that finally caused low δ2H and δ18O values: (i) the adsorption of humidity from the surroundings, (ii) the exchange with humidity, and (iii) the depletion of heavy water isotopes close to organic surfaces, called the surface effect, which was the most dominant effect at the end of drying when the water content became low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- College of Earth Science , Chengdu University of Technology , Chengdu 610059 , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre , Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12 , Freising-Weihenstephan 85354 , Germany
| | - Luan Zi Sun
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre , Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12 , Freising-Weihenstephan 85354 , Germany
- College of Grassland Agriculture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre , Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12 , Freising-Weihenstephan 85354 , Germany
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Fufa TD, Baxter LL, Wedel JC, Gildea DE, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. MEK inhibition remodels the active chromatin landscape and induces SOX10 genomic recruitment in BRAF(V600E) mutant melanoma cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:50. [PMID: 31399133 PMCID: PMC6688322 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway is an essential regulator of numerous cell processes that are crucial for normal development as well as cancer progression. While much is known regarding MAPK/ERK signal conveyance from the cell membrane to the nucleus, the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms that govern gene expression downstream of MAPK signaling are not fully elucidated. Results This study employed an integrated epigenome analysis approach to interrogate the effects of MAPK/ERK pathway inhibition on the global transcriptome, the active chromatin landscape, and protein–DNA interactions in 501mel melanoma cells. Treatment of these cells with the small-molecule MEK inhibitor AZD6244 induces hyperpigmentation, widespread gene expression changes including alteration of genes linked to pigmentation, and extensive epigenomic reprogramming of transcriptionally distinct regulatory regions associated with the active chromatin mark H3K27ac. Regulatory regions with differentially acetylated H3K27ac regions following AZD6244 treatment are enriched in transcription factor binding motifs of ETV/ETS and ATF family members as well as the lineage-determining factors MITF and SOX10. H3K27ac-dense enhancer clusters known as super-enhancers show similar transcription factor motif enrichment, and furthermore, these super-enhancers are associated with genes encoding MITF, SOX10, and ETV/ETS proteins. Along with genome-wide resetting of the active enhancer landscape, MEK inhibition also results in widespread SOX10 recruitment throughout the genome, including increased SOX10 binding density at H3K27ac-marked enhancers. Importantly, these MEK inhibitor-responsive enhancers marked by H3K27ac and occupied by SOX10 are located near melanocyte lineage-specific and pigmentation genes and overlap numerous human SNPs associated with pigmentation and melanoma phenotypes, highlighting the variants located within these regions for prioritization in future studies. Conclusions These results reveal the epigenetic reprogramming underlying the re-activation of melanocyte pigmentation and developmental transcriptional programs in 501mel cells in response to MEK inhibition and suggest extensive involvement of a MEK-SOX10 axis in the regulation of these processes. The dynamic chromatin changes identified here provide a rich genomic resource for further analyses of the molecular mechanisms governing the MAPK pathway in pigmentation- and melanocyte-associated diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-019-0297-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen D Fufa
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura L Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia C Wedel
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Derek E Gildea
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Stacie K Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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von Holstein I, von Tersch M, Coutu AN, Penkman KEH, Makarewicz CA, Collins MJ. Collagen proteins exchange O with demineralisation and gelatinisation reagents and also with atmospheric moisture. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:523-534. [PMID: 29360219 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The oxygen isotope composition of collagen proteins is a potential indicator of adult residential location, useful for provenancing in ecology, archaeology and forensics. In acidic solution, proteins can exchange O from carboxylic acid moieties with reagent O. This study investigated whether this exchange occurs during demineralisation and gelatinisation preparation of bone/ivory collagen. METHODS EDTA and HCl demineralisation or gelatinisation reagents were made up in waters with different δ18 O values, and were used to extract collagen from four skeletal tissue samples. Aliquots of extracted collagen were exposed to two different atmospheric waters, at 120°C and ambient temperature, and subsequently dried in a vacuum oven at 40°C or by freeze drying. Sample δ18 O values were measured by HT/EA pyrolysis-IRMS using a zero-blank autosampler. RESULTS Collagen samples exchanged O with both reagent waters and atmospheric water, which altered sample δ18 O values. Exchange with reagent waters occurred in all extraction methods, but was greater at lower pH. Damage to the collagen samples during extraction increased O exchange. The nature of exchange of O with atmospheric water depended on the temperature of exposure: kinetic fractionation of O was identified at 120°C but not at ambient temperature. Exchange was difficult to quantify due to high variability of δ18 O value between experimental replicates. CONCLUSION Studies of δ18 O values in collagen proteins should avoid extraction methods using acid solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella von Holstein
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Environment Building. Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthew von Tersch
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Environment Building. Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ashley N Coutu
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Environment Building. Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Kirsty E H Penkman
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Environment Building. Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- BioArCh, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Cheryl A Makarewicz
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthew J Collins
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Environment Building. Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83, Copenhagen, 1307, Denmark
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Hoof Growth Rates of the European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) for Dating the Hoof’s Isotopic Archive. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen G, Schäufele R, Auerswald K. Ambient Conditions and Feeding Strategy Influence δ 18O of Milk Water in Cows (Bos taurus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7387-7395. [PMID: 28780863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing concerns by consumers regarding agricultural product traceability and authenticity. Oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) has been used in this context based on the relationship between δ18O of animal products and annual precipitation. However, in dairy products this relationship is affected by the seasonality of δ18O in milk water which in turn depends on the feeding system used. We measured 608 milk samples from 28 farms with various feeding strategies in southern Germany throughout the year, investigating the influences of ambient conditions, drinking water source, and feeding strategies on seasonal variation of δ18O in milk water (δmilk). The mechanistic Munich-Kohn model reflecting these influences predicted the seasonal and farm-specific variation of δmilk well. The relationship between δ18O of precipitation and δmilk varied in different feeding strategies. The interplay of ambient conditions and feeding strategy on δmilk should thus be carefully considered when identifying the origin of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
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