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Zhang JJ, Cao ZF, Zhou BT, Yang JH, Li Z, Lin S, Chen XL, Zhang NW, Ye Q, Ma X, Zhu YH. Abnormal function of EPHA2/p.R957P mutant in congenital cataract. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1007-1017. [PMID: 38895685 PMCID: PMC11144770 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify genetic defects in a Chinese family with congenital posterior polar cataracts and assess the pathogenicity. METHODS A four-generation Chinese family affected with autosomal dominant congenital cataract was recruited. Nineteen individuals took part in this study including 5 affected and 14 unaffected individuals. Sanger sequencing targeted hot-spot regions of 27 congenital cataract-causing genes for variant discovery. The pathogenicity of the variant was evaluated by the guidelines of American College of Medical Genetics and InterVar software. Confocal microscopy was applied to detect the subcellular localization of fluorescence-labeled ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EPHA2). Co-immunoprecipitation assay was implemented to estimate the interaction between EphA2 and other lens membrane proteins. The mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting assay, respectively. The cell migration was analyzed by wound healing assay. Zebrafish model was generated by ectopic expression of human EPHA2/p.R957P mutant to demonstrate whether the mutant could cause lens opacity in vivo. RESULTS A novel missense and pathogenic variant c.2870G>C was identified in the sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain of EPHA2. Functional studies demonstrated the variant's impact: reduced EPHA2 protein expression, altered subcellular localization, and disrupted interactions with other lens membrane proteins. This mutant notably enhanced human lens epithelial cell migration, and induced a central cloudy region and roughness in zebrafish lenses with ectopic expression of human EPHA2/p.R957P mutant under differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. CONCLUSION Novel pathogenic c.2870G>C variant of EPHA2 in a Chinese congenital cataract family contributes to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology; Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases and Optometry, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zong-Fu Cao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100000, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bi-Ting Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology; Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases and Optometry, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ju-Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology; Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases and Optometry, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Le Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Nan-Wen Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology; Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases and Optometry, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100000, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology; Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases and Optometry, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
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Zhao W, Chen S, Lu B, Wu D, Gu Y, Hao S, Sheng F, Xu Y, Han Y, Chen R, Zhou L, Fu Q, Yao K. Upregulation of EphA2 is associated with apoptosis in response to H 2O 2 and UV radiation-induced cataracts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 747:109756. [PMID: 37714253 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we examine the role of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) in the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in H2O2 and UV radiation-induced cataracts. We treated SRA01/04 cells with H2O2 or ultraviolet (UV) radiation to create a cataract cell model. We constructed a cataract lens model by exposing mice to UV radiation. We used CCK8 assays, Annexin V-FITC analysis, and immunohistochemical staining to explore proliferation and apoptosis of the cataract model. Thereafter, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis, Western blot assays, and immunofluorescence to determine gene and protein expression levels. We also employed Crispr/Cas9 gene editing to create an EphA2 knockout in SRA01/04 cells. Results: H2O2 or UV radiation induced SRA01/04 cells showed EphA2 gene upregulation. CCK8 and apoptosis assays showed that EphA2 over-expression (OE) reduced epithelial cell apoptosis, but knockout of EphA2 induced it in response to H2O2 and UV radiation, respectively. Mutation of the EphA2 protein kinase domain (c.2003G > A, p. G668D) had a limited effect on cell apoptosis. In vivo, the EphA2 protein level increased in the lenses of UV-treated mice. Our results showed that EphA2 was upregulated in SRA01/04 cells in response to H2O2 and UV radiation. Mutation of the EphA2 protein kinase domain (c.2003G > A, p. G668D) had a limited effect on H2O2 and UV radiation-induced cell apoptosis. We confirmed this change with an experiment on UV-treated mice. The present study established a novel association between EphA2 and LEC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuzhou Gu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengjie Hao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiyin Sheng
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yili Xu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Han
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Optometry, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen X, Yu D, Zhou H, Zhang X, Hu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Lin M, Guo T, Zhang K. The role of EphA7 in different tumors. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1274-1289. [PMID: 35112312 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin receptor A7 (EphA7) is a member of the Eph receptor family. It is widely involved in signal transduction between cells, regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and participates in developing neural tubes and brain. In addition, EphA7 also has a dual role of tumor promoter and tumor suppressor. It can participate in cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis through various mechanisms, and affect tumor differentiation, staging and prognosis. EphA7 may be a potential diagnostic marker and tumor treatment target. This article reviews the effects of EphA7 on a variety of tumor biological processes and pathological characteristics, as well as specific effects and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Dechen Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Haiyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China. .,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China. .,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yicun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruihao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xidan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Maoqiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Taowen Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
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Murugan S, Cheng C. Roles of Eph-Ephrin Signaling in the Eye Lens Cataractogenesis, Biomechanics, and Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852236. [PMID: 35295853 PMCID: PMC8918484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye lens is responsible for fine focusing of light onto the retina, and its function relies on tissue transparency and biomechanical properties. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of Eph-ephrin signaling for the maintenance of life-long lens homeostasis. The binding of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases to ephrin ligands leads to a bidirectional signaling pathway that controls many cellular processes. In particular, dysfunction of the receptor EphA2 or the ligand ephrin-A5 lead to a variety of congenital and age-related cataracts, defined as any opacity in the lens, in human patients. In addition, a wealth of animal studies reveal the unique and overlapping functions of EphA2 and ephrin-A5 in lens cell shape, cell organization and patterning, and overall tissue optical and biomechanical properties. Significant differences in lens phenotypes of mouse models with disrupted EphA2 or ephrin-A5 signaling indicate that genetic modifiers likely affect cataract phenotypes and progression, suggesting a possible reason for the variability of human cataracts due to Eph-ephrin dysfunction. This review summarizes the roles of EphA2 and ephrin-A5 in the lens and suggests future avenues of study.
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Mutation of the EPHA2 Tyrosine-Kinase Domain Dysregulates Cell Pattern Formation and Cytoskeletal Gene Expression in the Lens. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102606. [PMID: 34685586 PMCID: PMC8534143 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EPHA2) have been associated with inherited and age-related forms of cataract in humans. Here, we have characterized the eye lens phenotype and transcript profile of germline Epha2 knock-in mutant mice homozygous for either a missense variant associated with age-related cataract in humans (Epha2-Q722) or a novel insertion-deletion mutation (Epha2-indel722) that were both located within the tyrosine-kinase domain of EPHA2. Confocal imaging of ex vivo lenses from Epha2-indel722 mice on a fluorescent reporter background revealed misalignment of epithelial-to-fiber cell meridional-rows at the lens equator and severe disturbance of Y-suture formation at the lens poles, whereas Epha2-Q722 lenses displayed mild disturbance of posterior sutures. Immunofluorescent labeling showed that EPHA2 was localized to radial columns of hexagonal fiber cell membranes in Epha2-Q722 lenses, whereas Epha2-indel722 lenses displayed disorganized radial cell columns and cytoplasmic retention of EPHA2. Immunoprecipitation/blotting studies indicated that EPHA2 formed strong complexes with Src kinase and was mostly serine phosphorylated in the lens. RNA sequencing analysis revealed differential expression of several cytoskeleton-associated genes in Epha2-mutant and Epha2-null lenses including shared downregulation of Lgsn and Clic5. Collectively, our data suggest that mutations within the tyrosine-kinase domain of EPHA2 result in lens cell patterning defects and dysregulated expression of several cytoskeleton-associated proteins.
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Ji Q, Liu J, Wang G, Liu L, Zhong J. EphA2 overexpression reduces H2O2-induced damage of lens epithelial cells. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200414. [PMID: 34358285 PMCID: PMC8345112 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cataract (ARC) is a progressive lens opacification that occurs from
middle to old age. Eph-receptor tyrosinekinase-type A2 (EphA2) has been reported
to be associated with ARC. This work aims to investigate the molecular mechanism
of EphA2 in ARC. We treated human lens epithelial cells (SRA01/04) with
different concentration of H2O2 to induce lens epithelial
cell damage. Then, we found that H2O2 treatment
significantly suppressed cell viability and enhanced the expression of EphA2 in
the SRA01/04 cells. H2O2 treatment repressed cell
viability and enhanced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SRA01/04
cells, which was partly abolished by EphA2 up-regulation. Moreover, EphA2
overexpression reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis of SRA01/04
cells. EphA2 up-regulation caused an up-regulation of Bcl-2, and repressed the
expression of Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3 in the SRA01/04 cells following
H2O2 treatment. In conclusion, our data confirm that
EphA2 overexpression enhances cell viability and inhibits apoptosis in the
H2O2-treated SRA01/04 cells, thereby reducing
H2O2-induced damage of lens epithelial cells. Thus,
this work provides new insights into the mechanism of EphA2 in ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Ji
- University of Science and Technology of China, Affiliated First Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Department of Ophthalmology, Wuhu, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- Loudi Central Hospital of Hunan, Department of Ophthalmology, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Affiliated First Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Affiliated First Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou, China
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Shiels A, Hejtmancik JF. Inherited cataracts: Genetic mechanisms and pathways new and old. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108662. [PMID: 34126080 PMCID: PMC8595562 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cataract(s) is the clinical equivalent of lens opacity and is caused by light scattering either by high molecular weight protein aggregates in lens cells or disruption of the lens microarchitecture itself. Genetic mutations underlying inherited cataract can provide insight into the biological processes and pathways critical for lens homeostasis and transparency, classically including the lens crystallins, connexins, membrane proteins or components, and intermediate filament proteins. More recently, cataract genes have been expanded to include newly identified biological processes such as chaperone or protein degradation components, transcription or growth factors, channels active in the lens circulation, and collagen and extracellular matrix components. Cataracts can be classified by age, and in general congenital cataracts are caused by severe mutations resulting in major damage to lens proteins, while age related cataracts are associated with variants that merely destabilize proteins thereby increasing susceptibility to environmental insults over time. Thus there might be separate pathways to opacity for congenital and age-related cataracts whereby congenital cataracts induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis to destroy the lens microarchitecture, while in age related cataract high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates formed by denatured crystallins bound by α-crystallin result in light scattering without severe damage to the lens microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shiels
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1860, USA.
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Milman T, Mudhar HS, Eagle RC. PAX8 Expression in the Crystalline Lens and Lens-Derived Lesions. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100024. [PMID: 36249298 PMCID: PMC9562292 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Design Participants Methods Main Outcome Measures Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Milman
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence: Tatyana Milman, MD, Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 840 Walnut Street, Suite 1410, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
| | - Hardeep Singh Mudhar
- National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS), Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph C. Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Cataract, the clinical correlate of opacity or light scattering in the eye lens, is usually caused by the presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein aggregates or disruption of the lens microarchitecture. In general, genes involved in inherited cataracts reflect important processes and pathways in the lens including lens crystallins, connexins, growth factors, membrane proteins, intermediate filament proteins, and chaperones. Usually, mutations causing severe damage to proteins cause congenital cataracts, while milder variants increasing susceptibility to environmental insults are associated with age-related cataracts. These may have different pathogenic mechanisms: Congenital cataracts induce the unfolded protein response and apoptosis. By contrast, denatured crystallins in age-related cataracts are bound by α-crystallin and form light-scattering HMW aggregates. New therapeutic approaches to age-related cataracts use chemical chaperones to solubilize HMW aggregates, while attempts are being made to regenerate lenses using endogenous stem cells to treat congenital cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shiels
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1860, USA;
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