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Tang L, Corrêa LM, Francoeur M, Dames C. Corner- and edge-mode enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer. Nature 2024; 629:67-73. [PMID: 38632409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) can exceed Planck's blackbody limit1 by orders of magnitude owing to the tunnelling of evanescent electromagnetic frustrated and surface modes2-4, as has been demonstrated experimentally for NFRHT between two large parallel surfaces5-7 and between two subwavelength membranes8,9. However, although nanostructures can also sustain a much richer variety of localized electromagnetic modes at their corners and edges10,11, the contributions of such additional modes to further enhancing NFRHT remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally a physical mechanism of NFRHT mediated by the corner and edge modes, and show that it can dominate the NFRHT in the 'dual nanoscale regime' in which both the thickness of the emitter and receiver, and their gap spacing, are much smaller than the thermal photon wavelengths. For two coplanar 20-nm-thick silicon carbide membranes separated by a 100-nm vacuum gap, the NFRHT coefficient at room temperature is both predicted and measured to be 830 W m-2 K-1, which is 5.5 times larger than that for two infinite silicon carbide surfaces separated by the same gap, and 1,400 times larger than the corresponding blackbody limit accounting for the geometric view factor between two coplanar membranes. This enhancement is dominated by the electromagnetic corner and edge modes, which account for 81% of the NFRHT between the silicon carbide membranes. These findings are important for future NFRHT applications in thermal management and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lívia M Corrêa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mathieu Francoeur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Giroux M, Stephan M, Brazeau M, Molesky S, Rodriguez AW, Krich JJ, Hinzer K, St-Gelais R. Measurement of Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer at Deep Sub-Wavelength Distances using Nanomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8490-8497. [PMID: 37671916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) measurements often rely on custom microdevices that can be difficult to reproduce after their original demonstration. Here we study NFRHT using plain silicon nitride (SiN) membrane nanomechanical resonators─a widely available substrate used in applications such as electron microscopy and optomechanics─and on which other materials can easily be deposited. We report measurements down to a minimal distance of 180 nm between a large radius of curvature (15.5 mm) glass radiator and a SiN membrane resonator. At such deep sub-wavelength distance, heat transfer is dominated by surface polariton resonances over a (0.25 mm)2 effective area, which is comparable to plane-plane experiments employing custom microfabricated devices. We also discuss how measurements using nanomechanical resonators create opportunities for simultaneously measuring near-field radiative heat transfer and thermal radiation forces (e.g., thermal corrections to Casimir forces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Giroux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michel Stephan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Maxime Brazeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sean Molesky
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alejandro W Rodriguez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karin Hinzer
- SUNLAB, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Raphael St-Gelais
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Campbell MF, Celenza TJ, Schmitt F, Schwede JW, Bargatin I. Progress Toward High Power Output in Thermionic Energy Converters. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003812. [PMID: 33977055 PMCID: PMC8097403 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermionic energy converters are solid-state heat engines that have the potential to produce electricity with efficiencies of over 30% and area-specific power densities of 100 Wcm-2. Despite this prospect, no prototypes reported in the literature have achieved true efficiencies close to this target, and many of the most recent investigations report power densities on the order of mWcm-2 or less. These discrepancies stem in part from the low-temperature (<1300 K) test conditions used to evaluate these devices, the large vacuum gap distances (25-100 µm) employed by these devices, and material challenges related to these devices' electrodes. This review will argue that, for feasible electrode work functions available today, efficient performance requires generating output power densities of >1 Wcm-2 and employing emitter temperatures of 1300 K or higher. With this result in mind, this review provides an overview of historical and current design architectures and comments on their capacity to realize the efficiency and power potential of thermionic energy converters. Also emphasized is the importance of using standardized efficiency metrics to report thermionic energy converter performance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Campbell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied MechanicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Thomas J. Celenza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied MechanicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | | | - Igor Bargatin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied MechanicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
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Song J, Cheng Q, Zhang B, Lu L, Zhou X, Luo Z, Hu R. Many-body near-field radiative heat transfer: methods, functionalities and applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:036501. [PMID: 33567420 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abe52b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) governed by evanescent waves, provides a platform to thoroughly understand the transport behavior of nonradiative photons, and also has great potential in high-efficiency energy harvesting and thermal management at the nanoscale. It is more usual in nature that objects participate in heat transfer process in many-body form rather than the frequently-considered two-body scenarios, and the inborn mutual interactions among objects are important to be understood and utilized for practical applications. The last decade has witnessed considerable achievements on many-body NFRHT, ranging from the establishment of different calculation methods to various unprecedented heat transport phenomena that are distinct from two-body systems. In this invited review, we introduce concisely the basic physics of NFRHT, lay out various theoretical methods to deal with many-body NFRHT, and highlight unique functionalities realized in many-body systems and the resulting applications. At last, the key challenges and opportunities of many-body NFRHT in terms of fundamental physics, experimental validations, and potential applications are outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Song
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430025, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Zhou
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixue Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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5
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Lucchesi C, Vaillon R, Chapuis PO. Radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale: experimental trends and challenges. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:201-208. [PMID: 33533775 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy transport theories are being revisited at the nanoscale, as macroscopic laws known for a century are broken at dimensions smaller than those associated with energy carriers. For thermal radiation, where the typical dimension is provided by Wien's wavelength, Planck's law and associated concepts describing surface-to-surface radiative transfer have to be replaced by a full electromagnetic framework capturing near-field radiative heat transfer (photon tunnelling between close bodies), interference effects and sub-wavelength thermal emission (emitting body of small size). It is only during the last decade that nanotechnology has allowed for many experimental verifications - with a recent boom - of the large increase of radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale. In this minireview, we highlight the parameter space that has been investigated until now, showing that it is limited in terms of inter-body distance, temperature and object size, and provide clues about possible thermal-energy harvesting, sensing and management applications. We also provide an outlook on open topics, underlining some difficulties in applying single-wavelength approaches to broadband thermal emitters while acknowledging the promise of thermal nanophotonics and observing that molecular/chemical viewpoints have been hardly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lucchesi
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CETHIL UMR5008, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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DeSutter J, Tang L, Francoeur M. A near-field radiative heat transfer device. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:751-755. [PMID: 31263192 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several reports have experimentally shown near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) exceeding the far-field blackbody limit between planar surfaces1-5. However, owing to the difficulties associated with maintaining the nanosized gap required for measuring a near-field enhancement, these demonstrations have been limited to experiments that cannot be implemented in large-scale devices. This poses a bottleneck to the deployment of NFRHT concepts in practical applications. Here, we describe a device bridging laboratory-scale measurements and potential NFRHT engineering applications in energy conversion6,7 and thermal management8-10. We report a maximum NFRHT enhancement of approximately 28.5 over the blackbody limit with devices made of millimetre-sized doped Si surfaces separated by vacuum gap spacings down to approximately 110 nm. The devices use micropillars, separating the high-temperature emitter and low-temperature receiver, manufactured within micrometre-deep pits. These micropillars, which are about 4.5 to 45 times longer than the nanosize vacuum spacing at which radiation transfer takes place, minimize parasitic heat conduction without sacrificing the structural integrity of the device. The robustness of our devices enables gap spacing visualization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before performing NFRHT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John DeSutter
- Radiative Energy Transfer Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lei Tang
- Radiative Energy Transfer Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mathieu Francoeur
- Radiative Energy Transfer Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Thomas NH, Sherrott MC, Broulliet J, Atwater HA, Minnich AJ. Electronic Modulation of Near-Field Radiative Transfer in Graphene Field Effect Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3898-3904. [PMID: 31141664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating heat flow in a controllable and reversible manner is a topic of fundamental and practical interest. Numerous approaches to perform thermal switching have been reported, but they typically suffer from various limitations, for instance requiring mechanical modulation of a submicron gap spacing or only operating in a narrow temperature window. Here, we report the experimental modulation of radiative heat flow by electronic gating of a graphene field effect heterostructure without any moving elements. We measure a maximum heat flux modulation of 4 ± 3% and an absolute modulation depth of 24 ± 7 mW m-2 V-1 in samples with vacuum gap distances ranging from 1 to 3 μm. The active area in the samples through which heat is transferred is ∼1 cm2, indicating the scalable nature of these structures. A clear experimental path exists to realize switching ratios as large as 100%, laying the foundation for electronic control of near-field thermal radiation using 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Thomas
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Michelle C Sherrott
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jeremy Broulliet
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Austin J Minnich
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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8
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Ben-Abdallah P, Biehs SA. Harvesting the Electromagnetic Energy Confined Close to a Hot Body. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zna-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the close vicinity of a hot body, at distances smaller than the thermal wavelength, a high electromagnetic energy density exists due to the presence of evanescent fields radiated by the partial charges in thermal motion around its surface. This energy density can surpass the energy density in vacuum by several orders of magnitude. By approaching a photovoltaic (PV) cell with a band gap in the infrared frequency range, this nonradiative energy can be transferred to it by photon tunnelling and surface mode coupling. Here we review the basic ideas and recent progress in near-field energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ben-Abdallah
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, UMR 8501, Institut d’Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11 , 2, Avenue Augustin Fresnel , 91127 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Svend-Age Biehs
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität , D-26111 Oldenburg , Germany
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9
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Microscale heat transfer and thermal extinction of a wire-grid polarizer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14973. [PMID: 30297826 PMCID: PMC6175867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore heat transfer and thermal characteristics of a wire-grid polarizer (WGP) on a microscale by investigating the effect of various geometrical parameters such as wire-grid period, height, and a fill factor. The thermal properties arise from heat transfer by light absorption and conduction in wire-grids. Fill factor was found to be the most dominant geometrical parameter. For TM polarized light, a higher fill factor with thicker wire-grids increased the temperature. The local temperature was found to rise up to Tmax = 354.5 K. TE polarization tended to produce lower temperature. Thermal extinction due to polarimetric extinction by a WGP was also evaluated and highest extinction was observed to be 4.78 dB, which represents a temperature difference ΔT = 54.3 °C. We expect the results to be useful for WGPs in polarization-sensitive thermal switching applications.
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Ghashami M, Geng H, Kim T, Iacopino N, Cho SK, Park K. Precision Measurement of Phonon-Polaritonic Near-Field Energy Transfer between Macroscale Planar Structures Under Large Thermal Gradients. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:175901. [PMID: 29756825 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.175901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite its strong potentials in emerging energy applications, near-field thermal radiation between large planar structures has not been fully explored in experiments. Particularly, it is extremely challenging to control a subwavelength gap distance with good parallelism under large thermal gradients. This article reports the precision measurement of near-field radiative energy transfer between two macroscale single-crystalline quartz plates that support surface phonon polaritons. Our measurement scheme allows the precise control of a gap distance down to 200 nm in a highly reproducible manner for a surface area of 5×5 mm^{2}. We have measured near-field thermal radiation as a function of the gap distance for a broad range of thermal gradients up to ∼156 K, observing more than 40 times enhancement of thermal radiation compared to the blackbody limit. By comparing with theoretical prediction based on fluctuational electrodynamics, we demonstrate that such remarkable enhancement is owing to phonon-polaritonic energy transfer across a nanoscale vacuum gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghashami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Hongyao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Nicholas Iacopino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Sung Kwon Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Keunhan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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