1
|
de Alencar LP, da Costa LL, Lisboa DR, Silva JR, Santos SF, Pereira MP, de Lima Yamaguchi KK, de Oliveira Souza A. Piranhea trifoliata extracts ameliorate muscular decline in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to Paraquat. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21994. [PMID: 36567513 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, the muscular protective effects of Piranhea trifoliata bark extract against Paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure of D. melanogaster (Canton Special) to PQ caused oxidative stress, as evidenced by protein carbonyl and elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels. However, a diet supplemented with the P. trifoliata extracts (0.1 mg/ml) for 10 days ameliorates protein carbonyl levels and enzymatic activities of AChE and citrate synthase to prevent PQ damage. Also, P. trifoliata bark extracts showed in phytochemical assays the presence of phenols, at 46.06 mg EAG/g extract of total phenolic compounds, and a 40% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging effect. The study showed the muscular protective function of the P. trifoliata extracts in D. melanogaster exposed to PQ. On the basis of the results, we contemplate that the bark of P. trifoliata might prevent and ameliorate human diseases caused by oxidative stress. The muscular action of the P. trifoliata extract can be attributed to the antioxidant constituents, while the precise mechanism of its action needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia P de Alencar
- Food and Nutrition Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Lorena L da Costa
- Bioscience Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Douglas R Lisboa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Jadyellen R Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Stephanie F Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Mayara P Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson de Oliveira Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turna Demir F, Demir E. Genotoxicity mechanism of food preservative propionic acid in the in vivo Drosophila model: gut damage, oxidative stress, cellular immune response and DNA damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 33:327-336. [PMID: 36253933 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2137871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that is the main fermentation product of the enteric microbiome. It is found naturally and added to foods as a preservative and evaluated by health authorities as safe for use in foods. However, propionic acid has been reported in the literature to be associated with both health and disease. The purpose of this work is to better understand how propionic acid affects Drosophila melanogaster by examining some of the effects of this compound on the D. melanogaster hemocytes. D. melanogaster was chosen as a suitable in vivo model to detect potential risks of propionic acid (at five concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM) used as a food preservative. Toxicity, cellular immune response, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), gut damage, and DNA damage (via Comet assay) were the end-points evaluated. Significant genotoxic effects were detected in selected cell targets in a concentration dependent manner, especially at two highest concentrations (5 and 10 mM) of propionic acid. This study is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in the hemocytes of Drosophila larvae, emphasizing the importance of D. melanogaster as a model organism in investigating the different biological effects caused by the ingested food preservative product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Turna Demir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, Dosemealti, Turkey
| | - Eşref Demir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, Dosemealti, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Masuzzo A, Manière G, Grosjean Y, Kurz L, Royet J. Bacteria-Derived Peptidoglycan Triggers a Noncanonical Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Response in Drosophila Gustatory Neurons. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7809-7823. [PMID: 36414007 PMCID: PMC9581565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2437-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the external world is essential for eukaryotes to distinguish beneficial from pathogenic micro-organisms. If it is clear that the main part of this task falls to the immune cells, recent work shows that neurons can also detect microbes, although the molecules and mechanisms involved are less characterized. In Drosophila, detection of bacteria-derived peptidoglycan by pattern recognition receptors of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family expressed in immune cells triggers nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/immune deficiency (IMD)-dependent signaling. We show here that one PGRP protein, called PGRP-LB, is expressed in bitter gustatory neurons of proboscises. In vivo calcium imaging in female flies reveals that the PGRP/IMD pathway is cell-autonomously required in these neurons to transduce the peptidoglycan signal. We finally show that NF-κB/IMD pathway activation in bitter-sensing gustatory neurons influences fly behavior. This demonstrates that a major immune response elicitor and signaling module are required in the peripheral nervous system to sense the presence of bacteria in the environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In addition to the classical immune response, eukaryotes rely on neuronally controlled mechanisms to detect microbes and engage in adapted behaviors. However, the mechanisms of microbe detection by the nervous system are poorly understood. Using genetic analysis and calcium imaging, we demonstrate here that bacteria-derived peptidoglycan can activate bitter gustatory neurons. We further show that this response is mediated by the PGRP-LC membrane receptor and downstream components of a noncanonical NF-κB signaling cascade. Activation of this signaling cascade triggers behavior changes. These data demonstrate that bitter-sensing neurons and immune cells share a common detection and signaling module to either trigger the production of antibacterial effectors or to modulate the behavior of flies that are in contact with bacteria. Because peptidoglycan detection doesn't mobilize the known gustatory receptors, it also demonstrates that taste perception is much more complex than anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Yaël Grosjean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Léopold Kurz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Royet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
DİKEN ME, YILMAZ B. Inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and toxicity analysis of some medicinal plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2022. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.1032863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
5
|
Sivakala KK, Jose PA, Shamir M, C-N Wong A, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Foraging behaviour of medfly larvae is affected by maternally transmitted and environmental bacteria. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Microbiota-brain interactions: Moving toward mechanisms in model organisms. Neuron 2021; 109:3930-3953. [PMID: 34653349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the microbiota are associated with alterations in nervous system structure-function and behavior and have been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Most of these studies have centered on mammalian models due to their phylogenetic proximity to humans. Indeed, the germ-free mouse has been a particularly useful model organism for investigating microbiota-brain interactions. However, microbiota-brain axis research on simpler genetic model organisms with a vast and diverse scientific toolkit (zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans) is now also coming of age. In this review, we summarize the current state of microbiota-brain axis research in rodents and humans, and then we elaborate and discuss recent research on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of the microbiota in the model systems of fish, flies, and worms. We propose that a cross-species, holistic and mechanistic approach to unravel the microbiota-brain communication is an essential step toward rational microbiota-based therapeutics to combat brain disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Impact of Microorganisms and Parasites on Neuronally Controlled Drosophila Behaviours. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092350. [PMID: 34571999 PMCID: PMC8472771 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Like all invertebrates, flies such as Drosophila lack an adaptive immune system and depend on their innate immune system to protect them against pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. In recent years, it appears that the nervous systems of eucaryotes not only control animal behavior but also cooperate and synergize very strongly with the animals’ immune systems to detect and fight potential pathogenic threats, and allow them to adapt their behavior to the presence of microorganisms and parasites that coexist with them. This review puts into perspective the latest progress made using the Drosophila model system, in this field of research, which remains in its infancy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Stanley M, Ghosh B, Weiss ZF, Christiaanse J, Gordon MD. Mechanisms of lactic acid gustatory attraction in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3525-3537.e6. [PMID: 34197729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sour has been studied almost exclusively as an aversive taste modality. Yet recent work in Drosophila demonstrates that specific carboxylic acids are attractive at ecologically relevant concentrations. Here, we demonstrate that lactic acid is an appetitive and energetic tastant, which stimulates feeding through activation of sweet gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs). This activation displays distinct, mechanistically separable stimulus onset and removal phases. Ionotropic receptor 25a (IR25a) primarily mediates the onset response, which shows specificity for the lactate anion and drives feeding initiation through proboscis extension. Conversely, sweet gustatory receptors (Gr64a-f) mediate a non-specific removal response to low pH that primarily impacts ingestion. While mutations in either receptor family have marginal impacts on feeding, lactic acid attraction is completely abolished in combined mutants. Thus, specific components of lactic acid are detected through two classes of receptors to activate a single set of sensory neurons in physiologically distinct ways, ultimately leading to robust behavioral attraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Stanley
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Britya Ghosh
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zachary F Weiss
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jaime Christiaanse
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael D Gordon
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Disruption of the odorant coreceptor Orco impairs foraging and host finding behaviors in the New World screwworm fly. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11379. [PMID: 34059738 PMCID: PMC8167109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of obligate ectoparasitism in blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has intrigued scientists for over a century, and surprisingly, the genetics underlying this lifestyle remain largely unknown. Blowflies use odors to locate food and oviposition sites; therefore, olfaction might have played a central role in niche specialization within the group. In insects, the coreceptor Orco is a required partner for all odorant receptors (ORs), a major gene family involved in olfactory-evoked behaviors. Hence, we characterized the Orco gene in the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, a blowfly that is an obligate ectoparasite of warm-blooded animals. In contrast, most of the closely related blowflies are scavengers that lay their eggs on dead animals. We show that the screwworm Orco orthologue (ChomOrco) is highly conserved within Diptera, showing signals of strong purifying selection. Expression of ChomOrco is broadly detectable in chemosensory appendages, and is related to morphological, developmental, and behavioral aspects of the screwworm biology. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt ChomOrco and evaluate the consequences of losing the OR function on screwworm behavior. In two-choice assays, Orco mutants displayed an impaired response to floral-like and animal host-associated odors, suggesting that OR-mediated olfaction is involved in foraging and host-seeking behaviors in C. hominivorax. These results broaden our understanding of the chemoreception basis of niche occupancy by blowflies.
Collapse
|
10
|
McMullen JG, Peters-Schulze G, Cai J, Patterson AD, Douglas AE. How gut microbiome interactions affect nutritional traits of Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb227843. [PMID: 33051361 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most research on the impact of the gut microbiome on animal nutrition is designed to identify the effects of single microbial taxa and single metabolites of microbial origin, without considering the potentially complex network of interactions among co-occurring microorganisms. Here, we investigated how different microbial associations and their fermentation products affect host nutrition, using Drosophila melanogaster colonized with three gut microorganisms (the bacteria Acetobacter fabarum and Lactobacillus brevis, and the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum) in all seven possible combinations. Some microbial effects on host traits could be attributed to single taxa (e.g. yeast-mediated reduction of insect development time), while other effects were sex specific and driven by among-microbe interactions (e.g. male lipid content determined by interactions between the yeast and both bacteria). Parallel analysis of nutritional indices of microbe-free flies administered different microbial fermentation products (acetic acid, acetoin, ethanol and lactic acid) revealed a single consistent effect: that the lipid content of both male and female flies is reduced by acetic acid. This effect was recapitulated in male flies colonized with both yeast and A. fabarum, but not for any microbial treatment in females or males with other microbial complements. These data suggest that the effect of microbial fermentation products on host nutritional status is strongly context dependent, with respect to both the combination of associated microorganisms and host sex. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that among-microbe interactions can play a critically important role in determining the physiological outcome of host-microbiome interactions in Drosophila and, likely, in other animal hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G McMullen
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
How Bacteria Impact Host Nervous System and Behaviors: Lessons from Flies and Worms. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:998-1010. [PMID: 33051027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is the neuronally controlled, voluntary or involuntary response of an organism to its environment. An increasing body of evidence indicates that microbes, which live closely associated with animals or in their immediate surroundings, significantly influence animals' behavior. The extreme complexity of the nervous system of animals, combined with the extraordinary microbial diversity, are two major obstacles to understand, at the molecular level, how microbes modulate animal behavior. In this review, we discuss recent advances in dissecting the impact that bacteria have on the nervous system of two genetically tractable invertebrate models, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou X, Ding G, Li J, Xiang X, Rushworth E, Song W. Physiological and Pathological Regulation of Peripheral Metabolism by Gut-Peptide Hormones in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:577717. [PMID: 33117196 PMCID: PMC7552570 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.577717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract in both vertebrates and invertebrates is now recognized as a major source of signals modulating, via gut-peptide hormones, the metabolic activities of peripheral organs, and carbo-lipid balance. Key advances in the understanding of metabolic functions of gut-peptide hormones and their mediated interorgan communication have been made using Drosophila as a model organism, given its powerful genetic tools and conserved metabolic regulation. Here, we summarize recent studies exploring peptide hormones that are involved in the communication between the midgut and other peripheral organs/tissues during feeding conditions. We also highlight the emerging impacts of fly gut-peptide hormones on stress sensing and carbo-lipid metabolism in various disease models, such as energy overload, pathogen infection, and tumor progression. Due to the functional similarity of intestine and its derived peptide hormones between Drosophila and mammals, it can be anticipated that findings obtained in the fly system will have important implications for the understanding of human physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangming Ding
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elisabeth Rushworth
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pinto L, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Quintieri L, Silva AC, Baruzzi F. Growth and metabolite production of a grape sour rot yeast-bacterium consortium on different carbon sources. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 296:65-74. [PMID: 30851642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate possible sugar-based trophic interactions between acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and non-Saccharomyces yeasts (NSY) involved in table grape sour rot, a disease in which berries spoilage is caused by the accumulation of several microbial metabolites. Acetobacter syzygii LMG 21419 (As) and Candida zemplinina CBS 9494 (Cz), a simplified AAB-NSY association responsible for table grape sour rot, grew differently in a minimal medium (YP) supplemented with glucose, ethanol, acetic and gluconic acid under monoculture conditions. In As -Cz co-culture media, after 24 h of incubation, As showed high relative abundance in YP-ethanol, whereas Cz was the dominant strain in YP-glucose medium. Co-culture in YP-glucose showed that glucose was converted into ethanol by Cz that, in turn, promoted the growth of As population. Gluconic acid was the main bacterial metabolite from glucose in monoculture, whereas acetic acid putatively derived from ethanol oxidation was found only in co-culture. However, gluconic acid showed inhibitory effect against As whereas acetic acid mainly inhibited Cz. Negative effects of both metabolites were mitigated in the glucose-supplemented medium. The results suggest a possible metabolic- based temporal succession between AAB and NSY during grape sour rot development. At the begin of sour rot, low glucose concentration promotes NSY producing ethanol, then, the AAB could take advantage from the oxidation of ethanol into acetic acid, becoming the dominant microbial sour rot population during the late stages of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pinto
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - M Malfeito-Ferreira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A C Silva
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|