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Siebert JP, Hajra D, Tongay S, Birkel CS. The synthesis and electrical transport properties of carbon/Cr 2GaC MAX phase composite microwires. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:744-751. [PMID: 34940774 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06780j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While MAX phases offer an exotic combination of ceramic and metallic properties, rendering them a unique class of materials, their applications remain virtually hypothetical. To overcome this shortcoming, a sol-gel based route is introduced that allows access to microwires in the range of tens of micrometers. Thorough structural characterization through XRD, SEM, EDS, and AFM demonstrates a successful synthesis of carbonaceous Cr2GaC wires, and advanced low temperature electronic transport measurements revealed resistivity behavior dominated by amorphous carbon. The tunability of electronic behavior of the obtained microwires is shown by a halide post-synthesis treatment, allowing purposeful engineering of the microwires' electrical conductivity. Raman studies revealed the polyanionic nature of the intercalated halides and a slow decrease in halide concentration was concluded from time-dependent conductivity measurements. Based on these findings, the process is considered a viable candidate for fabricating chemiresistive halogen gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Siebert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ-85287, USA.
| | - Debarati Hajra
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Energy, Matter, and Transport, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Energy, Matter, and Transport, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Christina S Birkel
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ-85287, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Univesität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Singh AK, Kumbhakar P, Krishnamoorthy A, Nakano A, Sadasivuni KK, Vashishta P, Roy AK, Kochat V, Tiwary CS. Review of strategies toward the development of alloy two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides. iScience 2021; 24:103532. [PMID: 34917904 PMCID: PMC8666674 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted significant attention owing to their prosperity in material research. The inimitable features of TMDCs triggered the emerging applications in diverse areas. In this review, we focus on the tailored and engineering of the crystal lattice of TMDCs that finally enhance the efficiency of the material properties. We highlight several preparation techniques and recent advancements in compositional engineering of TMDCs structure. We summarize different approaches for TMDCs such as doping and alloying with different materials, alloying with other 2D metals, and scrutinize the technological potential of these methods. Beyond that, we also highlight the recent significant advancement in preparing 2D quasicrystals and alloying the 2D TMDCs with MAX phases. Finally, we highlight the future perspectives for crystal engineering in TMDC materials for structure stability, machine learning concept marge with materials, and their emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appu Kumar Singh
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Partha Kumbhakar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ajit K. Roy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7718, USA
| | - Vidya Kochat
- Materials Science Center, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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3
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Zhandun VS, Zamkova NG, Draganyuk ON, Shinkorenko AS, Wiedwald U, Ovchinnikov SG, Farle M. The effect of the composition and pressure on the phase stability and electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties of M 2AX (M = Mn, Fe; A = Al, Ga, Si, Ge; X = C, N) phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26376-26384. [PMID: 34792064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic properties of M2AX (M = Mn, Fe; A = Al, Ga, Si, Ge; X = C, N) phases were studied within DFT-GGA. The magnetic electronic ground state is determined. The investigation of the phase stability of M2AX phases is performed by comparing the total energy of MAX phases to that of the set of competitive phases for calculation of the phase formation enthalpy. As the result of such an approach, we have found one stable compound (Mn2GaC), and seven metastable ones. It is shown that several metastable MAX phases (Mn2AlC, Fe2GaC, Mn2GeC, and Mn2GeN) become stable at a small applied pressure (1.5-7 GPa). The mechanical, electronic and elastic properties of metastable MAX phases are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav S Zhandun
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Natalia G Zamkova
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Oksana N Draganyuk
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Aleksey S Shinkorenko
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sergey G Ovchinnikov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Michael Farle
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Palisaitis J. Use of cleaved wedge geometry for plan-view transmission electron microscopy sample preparation. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:3182-3190. [PMID: 34263987 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A fast, convenient, and easy to perform method for preparing plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens of brittle materials is proposed. The method is ideal for thin films/coatings and based on obtaining wedge-shape geometries of the samples via conventional cutting and cleaving followed by gentle focused ion beam (FIB) milling to electron transparency. It enables multiple parallel windows for depth sectioning of the samples and facilitates FIB lift-out procedure. The method has been successfully applied for preparing high-quality plan-view TEM samples for a range of films deposited on Si, SiC, and Al2 O3 which significantly enhances throughput and reduces time at the FIB. The method further offers high success rate even for the novice, stable handling and reproducibility, which greatly widens the application of advanced plan-view TEM studies in material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinas Palisaitis
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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5
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Zhang Z, Duan X, Jia D, Zhou Y, van der Zwaag S. On the formation mechanisms and properties of MAX phases: A review. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. Impact of strain, pressure, and electron correlation on magnetism and crystal structure of Mn 2GaC from first-principles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11384. [PMID: 32647126 PMCID: PMC7347948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The atomically laminated Mn2GaC has previously been synthesized as a heteroepitaxial thin film and found to be magnetic with structural changes linked to the magnetic anisotropy. Related theoretical studies only considered bulk conditions and thus neglected the influence from possible strain linked to the choice of substrate. Here we employ first principles calculations considering different exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PW91, PBEsol, AM05, LDA) and effect from use of + U methods (or not) combined with a magnetic ground-state search using Heisenberg Monte Carlo simulations, to study influence from biaxial in-plane strain and external pressure on the magnetic and crystal structure of Mn2GaC. We find that PBE and PBE + U, with Ueff ≤ 0.25 eV, gives both structural and magnetic properties in quantitative agreement with available experimental data. Our results also indicate that strain related to choice of substrate or applied pressure is a route for accessing different spin configurations, including a ferromagnetic state. Moreover, the easy axis is parallel to the atomic planes and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy can be increased through strain engineering by expanding the in-plane lattice parameter a. Altogether, we show that a quantitative description of the structural and magnetic properties of Mn2GaC is possible using PBE, which opens the way for further computational studies of these and related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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Ohmer D, Opahle I, Singh HK, Zhang H. Stability predictions of magnetic M 2AX compounds. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:405902. [PMID: 31226705 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab2bd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on high throughput density functional theory calculations, we evaluated systematically the stability of 580 M2AX compounds. The thermodynamic, mechanical, and dynamical stability and the magnetic structure are calculated. We found 20 compounds fulfilling all three stability criteria, confirming Cr2AlC, Cr2GeC, Cr2GaC, Cr2GaN, and Mn2 GaC, which have been synthesized. The stability trends with respect to the M- and A-elements are discussed by analyzing the formation energies, indicating that Cr and Mn containing M2AX compounds are more stable than Fe, Co, or Ni containing compounds. Further insights on the stability are obtained by detailed analysis of the crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Ohmer
- Department of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Bikondoa O, Bouchenoire L, Brown SD, Thompson PBJ, Wermeille D, Lucas CA, Cooper MJ, Hase TPA. XMaS @ the ESRF. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180237. [PMID: 31030656 PMCID: PMC6501888 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the motivation for the design and construction of a beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) for the use of UK material scientists. Although originally focused on the study of magnetic materials, the beamline has been running for 20 years and currently supports a very broad range of science as evidenced by the research topics highlighted in this article. We describe how the beamline will adapt to align with the ESRF's upgrade to a diffraction limited storage ring. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Bikondoa
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Laurence Bouchenoire
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Simon D. Brown
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Paul B. J. Thompson
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Didier Wermeille
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Chris A. Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
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