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Wang N, Zhang H, Qiu X, Gerhard R, van Turnhout J, Cressotti J, Zhao D, Tang L, Cao Y. Recent Advances in Ferroelectret Fabrication, Performance Optimization, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400657. [PMID: 38719210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for wearable devices has sparked a significant interest in ferroelectret films. They possess flexibility and exceptional piezoelectric properties due to strong macroscopic dipoles formed by charges trapped at the interface of their internal cavities. This review of ferroelectrets focuses on the latest progress in fabrication techniques for high temperature resistant ferroelectrets with regular and engineered cavities, strategies for optimizing their piezoelectric performance, and novel applications. The charging mechanisms of bipolar and unipolar ferroelectrets with closed and open-cavity structures are explained first. Next, the preparation and piezoelectric behavior of ferroelectret films with closed, open, and regular cavity structures using various materials are discussed. Three widely used models for predicting the piezoelectric coefficients (d33) are outlined. Methods for enhancing the piezoelectric performance such as optimized cavity design, utilization of fabric electrodes, injection of additional ions, application of DC bias voltage, and synergy of foam structure and ferroelectric effect are illustrated. A variety of applications of ferroelectret films in acoustic devices, wearable monitors, pressure sensors, and energy harvesters are presented. Finally, the future development trends of ferroelectrets toward fabrication and performance optimization are summarized along with its potential for integration with intelligent systems and large-scale preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhen Wang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xunlin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Reimund Gerhard
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan van Turnhout
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Cressotti
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Dong Zhao
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Tang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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von Seggern H, Zhukov S, Dali OB, Hartmann C, Sessler GM, Kupnik M. Highly Efficient Piezoelectrets through Ultra-Soft Elastomeric Spacers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213751. [PMID: 34771310 PMCID: PMC8587960 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piezoelectrets are artificial ferroelectrics that are produced from non-polar air-filled porous polymers by symmetry breaking through high-voltage-induced Paschen breakdown in air. A new strategy for three-layer polymer sandwiches is introduced by separating the electrical from the mechanical response. A 3D-printed grid of periodically spaced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) spacers and air channels was sandwiched between two thin fluoroethylene propylene (FEP) films. After corona charging, the air-filled sections acted as electroactive elements, while the ultra-soft TPU sections determined the mechanical stiffness. Due to the ultra-soft TPU sections, very high quasi-static (22,000 pC N-1) and dynamic (7500 pC N-1) d33 coefficients were achieved. The isothermal stability of the d33 coefficients showed a strong dependence on poling temperature. Furthermore, the thermally stimulated discharge currents revealed well-known instability of positive charge carriers in FEP, thereby offering the possibility of stabilization by high-temperature poling. The dependences of the dynamic d33 coefficient on seismic mass and acceleration showed high coefficients, even at accelerations approaching that of gravity. An advanced analytical model rationalizes the magnitude of the obtained quasi-static d33 coefficients of the suggested structure indicating a potential for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz von Seggern
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.v.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sergey Zhukov
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.v.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Omar Ben Dali
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany; (O.B.D.); (C.H.); (G.M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Claas Hartmann
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany; (O.B.D.); (C.H.); (G.M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Gerhard M. Sessler
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany; (O.B.D.); (C.H.); (G.M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mario Kupnik
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany; (O.B.D.); (C.H.); (G.M.S.); (M.K.)
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Ben Dali O, von Seggern H, Sessler GM, Pondrom P, Zhukov S, Zhang X, Kupnik M. Ferroelectret energy harvesting with 3D‐printed air‐spaced cantilever design. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ben Dali
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Heinz von Seggern
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Gerhard Martin Sessler
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Perceval Pondrom
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Sergey Zhukov
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Mario Kupnik
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
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Zuo X, Chen L, Pan W, Ma X, Yang T, Zhang X. Fluorinated Polyethylene Propylene Ferroelectrets with an Air-Filled Concentric Tunnel Structure: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Energy Harvesting. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121072. [PMID: 33271961 PMCID: PMC7761448 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated polyethylene propylene (FEP) bipolar ferroelectret films with a specifically designed concentric tunnel structure were prepared by means of rigid-template based thermoplastic molding and contact polarization. The properties of the fabricated films, including the piezoelectric response, mechanical property, and thermal stability, were characterized, and two kinds of energy harvesters based on such ferroelectret films, working in 33- and 31-modes respectively, were investigated. The results show that the FEP films exhibit significant longitudinal and radial piezoelectric activities, as well as superior thermal stability. A quasi-static piezoelectric d33 coefficient of up to 5300 pC/N was achieved for the FEP films, and a radial piezoelectric sensitivity of 40,000 pC/N was obtained in a circular film sample with a diameter of 30 mm. Such films were thermally stable at 120 °C after a reduction of 35%. Two types of vibrational energy harvesters working in 33-mode and 31-mode were subsequently designed. The results show that a power output of up to 1 mW was achieved in an energy harvester working in 33-mode at a resonance frequency of 210 Hz, referring to a seismic mass of 33.4 g and an acceleration of 1 g (g is the gravity of the earth). For a device working in 31-mode, a power output of 15 μW was obtained at a relatively low resonance frequency of 26 Hz and a light seismic mass of 1.9 g. Therefore, such concentric tunnel FEP ferroelectric films provide flexible options for designing vibrational energy harvesters working either in 33-mode or 31-mode to adapt to application environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (W.P.); (X.M.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (W.P.); (X.M.)
| | - Wenjun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (W.P.); (X.M.)
| | - Xingchen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (W.P.); (X.M.)
| | - Tongqing Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (W.P.); (X.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
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