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Baldwin AS, Min SH, Alarcon Carrillo S, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Zhou J, Hess RF. Stereo-anomaly is found more frequently in tasks that require discrimination between depths. iScience 2024; 27:109879. [PMID: 38812554 PMCID: PMC11134555 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the population of humans with otherwise normal vision, there exists some proportion whose ability to perceive depth from binocular disparity is poor or absent. The prevalence of this "stereo-anomaly" has been reported to be as small as 2%, or as great as 30%. We set out to investigate this discrepancy. We used a digital tool to measure stereoacuity in tasks requiring either the detection of disparity or the discrimination of the direction of disparity. In a cohort of 228 participants, we found that 98% were able to consistently perform the detection task. Of these, only 69% consistently performed the discrimination task. The 31% of participants who had difficulty with the discrimination task could further be divided into 17% who were consistently unable to perform the task and 14% who showed limited ability. This suggests that identification of the direction of disparity requires further processing beyond merely detecting its presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Baldwin
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Seung Hyun Min
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sara Alarcon Carrillo
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zili Wang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyun Cheng
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Robert F. Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Hoshikawa Y, Fujita K, Takashima K, Fjeld M, Kitamura Y. RedirectedDoors+: Door-Opening Redirection with Dynamic Haptics in Room-Scale VR. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2024; 30:2276-2286. [PMID: 38466596 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
RedirectedDoors is a visuo-haptic door-opening redirection technique in VR, and it has shown promise in its ability to efficiently compress the physical space required for a room-scale VR experience. However, its previous implementation has only supported laboratory experiments with a single door opening at a fixed location. To significantly expand this technique for room-scale VR, we have developed RedirectedDoors+, a robot-based system that permits consecutive door-opening redirection with haptics. Specifically, our system is mainly achieved with the use of three components: (1) door robots, a small number of wheeled robots equipped with a doorknob-like prop, (2) a robot-positioning algorithm that arbitrarily positions the door robots to provide the user with just-in-time haptic feedback during door opening, and (3) a user-steering algorithm that determines the redirection gain for every instance of door opening to keep the user away from the boundary of the play area. Results of simulated VR exploration in six virtual environments reveal our system's performance relative to user walking speed, paths, and number of door robots, from which we derive its usage guidelines. We then conduct a user study ($N=12$) in which participants experience a walkthrough application using the actual system. The results demonstrate that the system is able to provide haptic feedback while redirecting the user within a limited play area.
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Williams JG, Harrison WJ, Beale HA, Mattingley JB, Harris AM. Effects of neural oscillation power and phase on discrimination performance in a visual tilt illusion. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1801-1809.e4. [PMID: 38569544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Neural oscillations reflect fluctuations in the relative excitation/inhibition of neural systems1,2,3,4,5 and are theorized to play a critical role in canonical neural computations6,7,8,9 and cognitive processes.10,11,12,13,14 These theories have been supported by findings that detection of visual stimuli fluctuates with the phase of oscillations prior to stimulus onset.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 However, null results have emerged in studies seeking to demonstrate these effects in visual discrimination tasks,24,25,26,27 raising questions about the generalizability of these phenomena to wider neural processes. Recently, we suggested that methodological limitations may mask effects of phase in higher-level sensory processing.28 To test the generality of phasic influences on perception requires a task that involves stimulus discrimination while also depending on early sensory processing. Here, we examined the influence of oscillation phase on the visual tilt illusion, in which a center grating has its perceived orientation biased away from the orientation of a surround grating29 due to lateral inhibitory interactions in early visual processing.30,31,32 We presented center gratings at participants' subjective vertical angle and had participants report whether the grating appeared tilted clockwise or counterclockwise from vertical on each trial while measuring their brain activity with electroencephalography (EEG). In addition to effects of alpha power and aperiodic slope, we observed robust associations between orientation perception and alpha and theta phase, consistent with fluctuating illusion magnitude across the oscillatory cycle. These results confirm that oscillation phase affects the complex processing involved in stimulus discrimination, consistent with its purported role in canonical computations that underpin cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Williams
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - William J Harrison
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Henry A Beale
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Ave., Suite 505, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Anthony M Harris
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Lányi O, Kéri S, Pálffy Z, Polner B. Can you believe your eyes? Positive schizotypy is associated with increased susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:327-335. [PMID: 38215568 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Visual illusions provide a unique opportunity to understand cognitive and perceptual alterations in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. Schizophrenia patients often exhibit increased susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Here, we investigate susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer visual illusion in the general population with different levels of schizotypy. STUDY DESIGN We assessed a population-based convenience sample (N = 263) on an online platform. In addition to basic demographics, participants completed the Müller-Lyer illusion, the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS) to measure perceptual anomalies, and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale - Brief (MSS-B) for schizotypic traits. To evaluate what predicts susceptibility to the illusion, we fitted a large set of multilevel logistic regression models and performed model averaging over the coefficients. STUDY RESULTS We found support for increased illusion susceptibility among individuals with high positive schizotypy. However, we did not find a comparable effect for anomalous perceptions alone, or for negative or disorganized schizotypy. CONCLUSIONS The increased Müller-Lyer effect in positive schizotypy might be specific to delusion-like beliefs and magical ideation. Further research is needed to clarify how a hierarchical Bayesian formulation of brain function (e.g. imbalances between bottom-up perceptual processing and substantial reliance on prior expectations) can account for the Müller-Lyer effect in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Lányi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest 1082, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest 1111, Hungary; National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery - Nyírő Gyula Hospital, Lehel utca 59-61, Budapest 1135, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pálffy
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest 1111, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary
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Nunes A, Serranho P, Guimarães P, Ferreira J, Castelo-Branco M, Bernardes R. When Sex Matters: Differences in the Central Nervous System as Imaged by OCT through the Retina. J Imaging 2023; 10:6. [PMID: 38248991 PMCID: PMC10817590 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal texture has gained momentum as a source of biomarkers of neurodegeneration, as it is sensitive to subtle differences in the central nervous system from texture analysis of the neuroretina. Sex differences in the retina structure, as detected by layer thickness measurements from optical coherence tomography (OCT) data, have been discussed in the literature. However, the effect of sex on retinal interocular differences in healthy adults has been overlooked and remains largely unreported. METHODS We computed mean value fundus images for the neuroretina layers as imaged by OCT of healthy individuals. Texture metrics were obtained from these images to assess whether women and men have the same retina texture characteristics in both eyes. Texture features were tested for group mean differences between the right and left eye. RESULTS Corrected texture differences exist only in the female group. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates that the differences between the right and left eyes manifest differently in females and males. This further supports the need for tight control and minute analysis in studies where interocular asymmetry may be used as a disease biomarker, and the potential of texture analysis applied to OCT imaging to spot differences in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nunes
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.N.)
| | - Pedro Serranho
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.N.)
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Aberta, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Guimarães
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.N.)
| | - João Ferreira
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-201 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.N.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Bernardes
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.N.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Liu Y, Ren X, Wan Y, Yang L, Zhang R, Li X. Evaluation of visual performance and eye movements in patients with blue light-filtering intraocular lenses versus ultraviolet light-filtering intraocular lenses. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1207853. [PMID: 38178836 PMCID: PMC10764626 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1207853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Eye movement plays an important role in visual perception and provides essential visual information for everyday tasks. Our previous study indicated that the visual performance and eye movement pattern were impaired in age-related cataract patients and could be improved after cataract surgery, but the impact of different intraocular lens (IOL) types was obscure. Previous studies found that blue light might affect the eye movement pattern and cognitive function. In this study, we explored the visual performance and eye movement pattern in post-cataract surgery patients implanted with blue light-filtering IOLs or ultraviolet (UV) light-filtering IOLs to further understand the impact of different types of IOLs on and daily visual performance and eye movement pattern and to help ophthalmologists and patients make the personalized option of IOL types in future. Methods Patients after both-eye cataract surgeries were included in this study. Eye movement behaviors were automatically recorded by an eye tracker while performing three performance-based everyday tasks (non-social object search, face recognition, and reading). Visual performance and eye movement parameters were compared between participants with blue light-filtering IOLs and UV light-filtering IOLs. The correlation between visual performance and eye movement parameters was explored to determine which eye movement parameters had a significant influence on visual performance outcomes. Results A total of 30 patients (16 with blue light-filtering IOLs and 14 with UV light-filtering IOLs) were included. In this study, we found that the eye movement pattern was slightly different with these two IOLs: during non-social object visual search task, time to first fixation and fixation counts before first fixation were notably increased in yellow-tinted blue light-filtering IOL patients. During reading task, a higher total fixation count was also found in blue light-filtering IOL patients. However, the visual performance of these two IOLs was close, except for a quicker search of the target object with clear UV light-filtering IOLs. Conclusion Both blue light-filtering and UV light-filtering IOLs were able to successfully restore visual function and yield satisfactory outcomes after cataract surgery. Although subtle, yellow-tinted IOLs did have a slight but significant impact on visual performance and the eye movement pattern of elderly patients when handling everyday tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luling Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Atanasiu V, Fornaro P. On the utility of Colour in shape analysis: An introduction to Colour science via palaeographical case studies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20698. [PMID: 37867829 PMCID: PMC10587495 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we explore the use of colour for the analysis of shapes in digital images. We argue that colour can provide unique information that is not available from shape alone, and that familiarity with the interdisciplinary field of colour science is essential for unlocking the potential of colour. Within this perspective, we offer an illustrated overview of the colour-related aspects of image management and processing, perceptual psychology, and cultural studies, using for exemplary purposes case studies focused on computational palaeography. We also discuss the changing roles of colour in society and the sciences, and provide technical solutions for using digital colour effectively, highlighting the impact of human factors. The article concludes with an annotated bibliography. This work is a primer, and its intended readership are scholars and computer scientists unfamiliar with colour science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Atanasiu
- Department of Informatics, University of Fribourg, Boulevard de Pérolles 90, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fornaro
- Digital Humanities Lab, University of Basel, Spalenberg 65, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Champagne-Hamel M, Monfort C, Chevrier C, Saint-Amour D. Screen Time at 6 Years Old and Visual Function in Early Adolescence. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:63. [PMID: 37873891 PMCID: PMC10594439 DOI: 10.3390/vision7040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive screen time has been linked to adverse health outcomes in children, including vision-related problems such as myopia. However, very few studies have evaluated the effect of moderate screen exposure on the development of visual functions. This study aimed to examine the association between screen time during middle childhood and color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, and short-range visual acuity in 12-year-old children (n = 305) from the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France) for the whole sample and for boys and girls separately. Visual functions were assessed using the Freiburg Acuity and Contrast Test and an adapted version of the Cambridge Color Test. Screen exposure was documented using a parent self-report questionnaire. Regression models showed that screen exposure at 6 years of age was significantly associated with higher contrast sensitivity across the entire sample at 12 years of age. However, when controlling for covariates, this association remained statistically significant in girls only. Sex-stratified analyses also showed that moderate screen exposure was linked to improved tritan-axis color vision in boys only. These findings suggest that moderate screen exposure in middle childhood is not harmful to visual function development and as such, provide new insights into the impact of digital technology on children's visual health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Monfort
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset—UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset—UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada;
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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9
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Guénot J, Trotter Y, Delaval A, Baurès R, Soler V, Cottereau BR. Processing of translational, radial and rotational optic flow in older adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15312. [PMID: 37714896 PMCID: PMC10504320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging impacts human observer's performance in a wide range of visual tasks and notably in motion discrimination. Despite numerous studies, we still poorly understand how optic flow processing is impacted in healthy older adults. Here, we estimated motion coherence thresholds in two groups of younger (age: 18-30, n = 42) and older (70-90, n = 42) adult participants for the three components of optic flow (translational, radial and rotational patterns). Stimuli were dynamic random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) projected on a large screen. Participants had to report their perceived direction of motion (leftward versus rightward for translational, inward versus outward for radial and clockwise versus anti-clockwise for rotational patterns). Stimuli had an average speed of 7°/s (additional recordings were performed at 14°/s) and were either presented full-field or in peripheral vision. Statistical analyses showed that thresholds in older adults were similar to those measured in younger participants for translational patterns, thresholds for radial patterns were significantly increased in our slowest condition and thresholds for rotational patterns were significantly decreased. Altogether, these findings support the idea that aging does not lead to a general decline in visual perception but rather has specific effects on the processing of each optic flow component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Guénot
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France.
| | - Yves Trotter
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Angélique Delaval
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Robin Baurès
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Soler
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
- Hôpital Purpan, Unité de Rétine - CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit R Cottereau
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France.
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Lin HY, Chiu EC, Hsieh HC, Wang PJ. Gender Differences in Auditory and Visual Attentional Performance in Children with and without ADHD. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 38:891-903. [PMID: 36796801 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the relatively high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the impairment of ADHD in women is underestimated due to the different ways the phenomenon manifests compared to traditional male symptoms. In order to close the gender gap in diagnosis and treatment, this study aims to explore the impact of gender on auditory and visual attention in children with and without ADHD. METHOD A total of 220 children with and without ADHD participated in this study. Their auditory and visual attention performances were analyzed by comparative computerized auditory and visual subtests. RESULTS Auditory and visual attention performance in children with and without ADHD did affect by gender, including typically developing (TD) boys are better than TD girls at distinguishing visual targets from non-target stimuli. When performing attention tasks, TD girls generally maintained a cautious response, which was different from TD boys, who generally adopted positive response methods. ADHD girls suffered from more serious auditory inattention problems than ADHD boys; however, ADHD boys suffered from more auditory and visual impulsive problems than ADHD girls. The internal attention problems of female ADHD children were broader than that of their male ADHD peers and were also more severe, especially in problems of auditory omission and auditory response acuity. CONCLUSIONS ADHD children had a significant gap in auditory and visual attention performance compared to TD children. The research results support the impact of gender on the performance of auditory and visual attention in children with and without ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Chiu
- Department of Long-Term Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Special Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Cavanagh N, Shrubsole K, Alsop T, Williams K. Exploring impairments and allied health professional utilisation in people with myasthenia gravis: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 114:9-16. [PMID: 37276742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore how people with myasthenia gravis experience impairments in vision, dizziness, hearing, and fatigue, and how these relate to balance confidence, community participation, and health-related quality of life. Additionally, this study investigated the utilisation and perception of the allied health role in managing these impairments in the Australian context. Visual and hearing impairments, along with fatigue, were found to be correlated with health-related quality of life and community participation to varying degrees, while visual impairment and dizziness were correlated with balance confidence. Perception and utilisation of allied health professionals was variable; common barriers to better utilisation included participant perception of clinicians having poor knowledge around myasthenia gravis, previous poor experiences with clinicians, uncertainty about the clinicians' role, and lack of awareness that symptoms were associated with myasthenia gravis. Further research exploring clinicians' knowledge of myasthenia gravis is recommended, along with education for people with the disease about symptoms associated and how to appropriately access care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neve Cavanagh
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kirstine Shrubsole
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Tahlia Alsop
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Katrina Williams
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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12
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Zwierko M, Jedziniak W, Popowczak M, Rokita A. Effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in youth volleyball players. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15213. [PMID: 37250711 PMCID: PMC10211363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroboscopic training is based on an exercise with intermittent visual stimuli that force a greater demand on the visuomotor processing for improving performance under normal vision. While the stroboscopic effect is used as an effective tool to improve information processing in general perceptual-cognitive tasks, there is still a lack of research focused on identifying training protocols for sport-specific settings. Therefore, we aimed at assessing the effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in young volleyball players. Methods Fifty young volleyball athletes (26 males and 24 females; mean age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study and were each divided randomly into an experimental group and a control group, who then both performed identical volleyball-specific tasks, with the experimental group under stroboscopic influence. The participants were evaluated three times using laboratory based tests for simple and complex reaction speed, sensory sensitivity and saccade dynamics; before the after the 6-week-long training (short-term effect) and 4 weeks later (long-term effect). In addition, a field test investigated the effects of the training on reactive agility. Results A significant TIME vs GROUP effect was observed for (1) simple motor time (p = 0.020, ηp2 = 0.08), with improvement in the stroboscopic group in the post-test and retention test (p = 0.003, d = 0.42 and p = 0.027, d = 0.35, respectively); (2) complex reaction speed (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.22), with a large post-test effect in the stroboscopic group (p < 0.001, d = 0.87) and a small effect in the non-stroboscopic group (p = 0.010, d = 0.31); (3) saccade dynamics (p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.09), with post-hoc tests in the stroboscopic group not reaching significance (p = 0.083, d = 0.54); and (4) reactive agility (p = 0.039, ηp2 = 0.07), with a post-test improvement in the stroboscopic group (p = 0.017, d = 0.49). Neither sensory sensitivity nor simple reaction time was statistically significantly affected as a result of the training (p > 0.05). A significant TIME vs GENDER effect was observed for saccadic dynamics (p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.226) and reactive agility (p = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.213), with stronger performance gains in the females. Conclusions There was a larger effectiveness from the 6-week volleyball-specific training in the stroboscopic group compared to the non-stroboscopic group. The stroboscopic training resulted in significant improvements on most measures (three of five) of visual and visuomotor function with more marked enhancement in visuomotor than in sensory processing. Also, the stroboscopic intervention improved reactive agility, with more pronounced performance gains for short-term compared to the long-term changes. Gender differences in response to the stroboscopic training are inconclusive, therefore our findings do not offer a clear consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zwierko
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jedziniak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Hao J, High R, Siu KC. Gender-specific visual perturbation effects on muscle activation during incline treadmill walking: a virtual reality study. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:704-715. [PMID: 35965444 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different visual rotation speeds and types of visual perturbation in virtual reality (VR) on lower extremity muscle activation during incline treadmill walking. Twenty healthy young adults walked on an incline treadmill with six different visual perturbation paradigms in VR (normal VR, 10°/s rotation, 20°/s rotation, 30°/s rotation, 60°/s rotation, and random speed rotation). Muscle activation of the lower extremity was measured by surface electromyography. Results showed an increased visual rotation speed induced higher vastus lateralis and lateral gastrocnemius activation. Females and males had different responses to increased visual rotation speed in vastus lateralis. Random speed rotation induced higher medial hamstring activation than constant speed rotation, in which was more pronounced in females. In conclusion, the amount of visual perturbation should be taken into consideration when developing future VR training for astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Robin High
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ka-Chun Siu
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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14
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Association between ADHD and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:410-422. [PMID: 35931758 PMCID: PMC9812778 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis assessing whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with disorders of the eye, and/or altered measures of visual function. METHOD Based on a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42021256352), we searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge/Science, Ovid Medline, Embase and APA PsycINFO up to 16th November 2021, with no language/type of document restrictions. We included observational studies reporting at least one measure of vision in people of any age meeting DSM/ICD criteria for ADHD and in people without ADHD; or the prevalence of ADHD in people with and without vision disorders. Study quality was assessed with the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). Random effects meta-analyses were used for data synthesis. RESULTS We included 42 studies in the narrative synthesis and 35 studies in the meta-analyses (3,250,905 participants). We found meta-analytic evidence of increased risk of astigmatism (OR = 1.79 [CI: 1.50, 2.14]), hyperopia and hypermetropia (OR = 1.79 [CI: 1.66, 1.94]), strabismus (OR = 1.93 [CI: 1.75, 2.12]), unspecified vision problems (OR = 1.94 [CI: 1.38, 2.73]) and reduced near point of convergence (OR = 5.02 [CI: 1.78, 14.11]); increased lag (Hedge's g = 0.63 [CI: 0.30, 0.96]) and variability (Hedge's g = 0.40 [CI: 0.17, 0.64]) of the accommodative response; and increased self-reported vision problems (Hedge's g = 0.63 [CI: 0.44, 0.82]) in people with ADHD compared to those without ADHD (with no significant heterogeneity). We also found meta-analytic evidence of no differences between people with and without ADHD on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (Hedge's g = -0.19 [CI: -0.41, 0.02]) and refractive error (Hedge's g = 0.08 [CI: -0.26, 0.42]) (with no significant heterogeneity). DISCUSSION ADHD is associated with some self-reported and objectively ascertained functional vision problems, but not with structural alterations of the eye. Further studies should clarify the causal relationship, if any, between ADHD and problems of vision. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration: CRD42021256352.
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15
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Zurek G, Lenart D, Lachowicz M, Zebrowski K, Jamro D. Factors Influencing the Executive Functions of Male and Female Cadets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17043. [PMID: 36554935 PMCID: PMC9779467 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are related to human abilities that allow individuals to achieve planned goals, contribute to creativity and the analysis of new ideas, and allow for adaptation to new situations in daily life. Thorough analyses of the factors affecting EFs can aid in the development of appropriate training programs for various social and professional groups, including the military. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the EFs of cadets (18 women and 108 men) studying at a military academy in Poland after the first and second terms of military training, and to investigate gender differences in the level of EFs, shooting performance (SP), and components of physical fitness (PF). The Neuropsychological Color Trails Test (CTT-2) was used to determine some of the EFs of the test subjects. Meanwhile, the level of SP was represented by the score achieved during marksmanship training implemented during military training. Assessment of the subjects' PF was guided by the principles of the Health-Related Fitness assessment concept, i.e., health-related fitness. Differences between men and women in specific variables were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples, whilst the relationship between variables was analyzed using the best subset regression method. The results revealed that cadets' EFs were influenced by their SP and their level of strength. However, there were no significant differences between male and female cadets in the levels of EFs or SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Zurek
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lenart
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Lachowicz
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zebrowski
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jamro
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Abbott E, Campbell A, Wise E, Tidman SJ, Lay BS, Kent P. Physiotherapists could detect changes of 12 degrees or more in single-plane movement when observing forward bending, squat or hand-over-head: A cross-sectional experiment. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 61:102594. [PMID: 35667319 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The visual accuracy of physiotherapists to detect changes in dynamic joint angles is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate (i) the smallest detectable change in movement that physiotherapists could visually observe, and (ii) whether visual accuracy was associated with the functional activity observed or characteristics of the physiotherapist. METHODS Thirty-four physiotherapists viewed and rated videos of squat, hand-over-head, forward bend functional activities and an artificial test condition (a reference movement followed by subsequent movements showing random differences in peak angle from 0° to 15°, so 18 sets of paired videos per functional activity). They rated each range of movement (same/more/less) relative to the reference movement, while their visual tracking was continuously monitored. Accuracy was calculated (multilevel regression) using two thresholds - two correct out of three viewings (2/3) and three correct out of three viewings (3/3). RESULTS More than 80% of physiotherapists were able to detect 9° difference using the 2/3 threshold and 12° using the 3/3 threshold. There was no association (p > 0.05) between visual accuracy and experience, sex, or movement type, except when viewing shoulder abduction compared with knee flexion using the 3/3 threshold. The only association between accuracy and visual tracking characteristics was for assessing lumbar flexion, where use of more visual fixation areas and a shorter fixation time per area were more accurate. CONCLUSION Physiotherapists were consistently accurate at detecting changes of ≥12° in single-plane, low-speed functional activities. Visual accuracy was not explained by experience or sex, and rarely associated with functional activity type or visual fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Abbott
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Perth, Australia.
| | - Amity Campbell
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Perth, Australia.
| | - Emma Wise
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Perth, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Tidman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Perth, Australia.
| | - Brendan S Lay
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Perth, Australia.
| | - Peter Kent
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Perth, Australia.
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17
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McAnany JJ, Park JC, Fishman GA, Hyde RA. Spatial and Temporal Integration Abnormalities in X-Linked Retinoschisis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:22. [PMID: 35984651 PMCID: PMC9419457 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.9.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate spatial and temporal integration across the visual field in individuals with juvenile X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). Methods Nine subjects with XLRS and 10 visually normal individuals participated. Luminance thresholds were measured at 15 locations along the horizontal visual field meridian. Locations were grouped into four regions for analysis: foveal, parafoveal (2°), perifoveal (5°-10°), and peripheral (10°-60°). For spatial integration measurements, stimulus duration was 100 ms, and size ranged from 0.01 to 2.32 deg2 (Goldmann I-V). For temporal integration measurements, stimulus size was 0.15 deg2 (Goldmann III), and duration ranged from 12 to 800 ms. The effect of stimulus size and duration on the subjects' threshold was described using integration models. Results Luminance thresholds for the XLRS group were more elevated for small targets (2.0×-12.6×) than for large targets (1.25×-3.2×) compared to controls for all locations. Likewise, thresholds for the XLRS group were more elevated for short durations (6.3×) than for long durations (4.0×) in the fovea and parafovea but were similarly elevated at all durations (2.0×-2.5×) in the perifovea and periphery. For both the size and duration experiments, thresholds measured in the fovea, parafovea, and perifovea of XLRS subjects were highly similar to those measured from the peripheral field of the controls. Conclusions Spatial and temporal integration characteristics of the XLRS fovea, parafovea, and perifovea are similar to those of the normal periphery. The results also indicate that scaling stimulus size equates thresholds for the XLRS and control subjects throughout the visual field, but scaling duration does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,The Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Robert A Hyde
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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18
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Zhaoping L, Liu Y. The central-peripheral dichotomy and metacontrast masking. Perception 2022; 51:549-564. [PMID: 35850564 PMCID: PMC9346193 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the central-peripheral dichotomy (CPD), feedback from higher to
lower cortical areas along the visual pathway to aid recognition is weaker in
the more peripheral visual field. Metacontrast masking is predominantly a
reduced visibility of a brief target by a brief and spatially adjacent mask when
the mask succeeds rather than precedes or coincides with the target. If this
masking works mainly by interfering with the feedback mechanisms for target
recognition, then, by the CPD, this masking should be weaker at more peripheral
visual locations. We extended the metacontrast masking at fovea by Enns and Di Lollo to
visual field eccentricities 1∘, 3∘, and 9∘. Relative to the target’s onset, the mask appeared at a
stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of −50, 0, 50, 92, or 142 milliseconds (ms). Enlarged stimuli were
used for larger eccentricities to equalize target discrimination performance
across eccentricities as best as possible for zero SOA and when SOA was too long
for substantial masking. At each eccentricity, the masking was weakest at 0 or −50 ms SOA, strongest at 50 ms SOA, and weakened with larger
(positive) SOAs. Consistent with the CPD, larger eccentricities presented weaker
maskings at all nonzero, and particularly the positive, SOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhaoping
- 234487University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,28328Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübinge, Germany
| | - Yushi Liu
- 234487University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Mulindwa J, Sseremba G, Bbosa T, Nakanwagi JM, Musubire BJ, Gerard BJ, Kabod PN, Balyejusa EK. Trader acceptability of African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum Shum) genotypes and effect of bio‐control treatments on consumer sensory acceptability. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mulindwa
- Makerere University Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala Uganda
- National Agricultural Research Organization National Coffee Research Institute, P.O. Box 185, Kituza‐ Mukono Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Sseremba
- Uganda Christian University Department of Agriculture and Biological Sciences P.O. Box 4 Mukono Uganda
- National Agricultural Research Organization National Coffee Research Institute, P.O. Box 185, Kituza‐ Mukono Uganda
| | - Tom Bbosa
- Makerere University Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala Uganda
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Geel. Kleinhoefstraat 2, 2440 Geel Belgium
| | - Julian Mildred Nakanwagi
- Uganda Christian University Department of Agriculture and Biological Sciences P.O. Box 4 Mukono Uganda
| | - Brian Justus Musubire
- National Agricultural Research Organization National Coffee Research Institute, P.O. Box 185, Kituza‐ Mukono Uganda
| | | | - Pamela Nahamya Kabod
- Uganda Christian University Department of Agriculture and Biological Sciences P.O. Box 4 Mukono Uganda
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20
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Favrod O, Brand A, Berdzenishvili E, Chkonia E, Akselrod M, Wagemans J, Herzog MH, Roinishvili M. Embedded figures in schizophrenia: A main deficit but no specificity. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 28:100227. [PMID: 34976748 PMCID: PMC8683755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual deficits are core deficits of schizophrenia. Classically, deficits are determined with demanding psychophysical tasks requiring fine-grained spatial or temporal resolution. Less is known about holistic processing. Here, we employed the Leuven Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT) measuring classic aspects of Gestalt processing. A target shape is embedded in a context and observers have to detect as quickly as possible in which display the target is embedded. Targets vary in closure, symmetry, complexity, and good continuation. In all conditions, schizophrenia patients had longer RTs compared to controls and depressive patients and to a lesser extent compared to their siblings. There was no interaction suggesting that, once the main deficit of schizophrenia patients is discarded, there are no further deficits in Gestalt perception between the groups. This result is in line with a growing line of research showing that when schizophrenia patients are given sufficient time to accomplish the task, they perform as well as controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Eka Berdzenishvili
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michel Akselrod
- MySpace Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Belgium
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
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21
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Structure of visual biases revealed by individual differences. Vision Res 2022; 195:108014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Kunimune S, Okada S. Sex Differences in the Visuomotor Control of Obstacle Crossing When Walking are not Age-Related. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:362-377. [DOI: 10.1177/00315125221077566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To ensure stable obstacle crossing when walking, visual information is required two steps before reaching the obstacle. As possible age-related sex differences in visuomotor control have not been investigated, we assessed sex differences in obstacle crossing while walking, as examined by toe clearance (TC) and postural stability. Participants were 14 younger and 14 older adults (equal numbers of men and women) who wore goggles for visual field adjustment while obstacle crossing during gait. We manipulated three visual field occlusion conditions (total, lower, and no visual field occlusions) two steps before the obstacle and analyzed the TC of the lead limb, and the participants’ step width and root mean square of trunk acceleration as indices of postural stability. We found a significant interaction between sex and visual condition in step width, with men showing larger step width values than women in all visual field conditions. Moreover, while women showed no step-width differences across visual field conditions, men had a larger step width with the lower visual field occluded than in the other visual conditions. We found no other significant sex differences. Our results suggest that men may be more dependent than women on the upper visual field for postural stability during obstacle crossing. Sex differences in visuomotor control were not affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kunimune
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Okada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
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23
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A Methodological Approach to the Teaching STEM Skills in Latin America through Educational Robotics for School Teachers. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to design a methodological approach that allows educational robotics to develop STEM competences for schoolteachers, but with a gender focus. The phases within consist of designing a set of workshops with a gender approach, making use of Arduino, as it allows for introducing concepts in electronics and programming. For this, a mixed research method was applied, where quantitative and qualitative information was collected. The study was carried out with teachers from Latin American schools, where teachers from Chile and Colombia participated the most, and was conducted in virtual mode through the Zoom platform. As a result, it was found that Arduino and its components can be used to build projects that can be related in a real context, which further motivates students. It was also found that the levels of creativity, attitude, and motivation of the students increased with the workshops that were carried out.
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Tsantilas KA, Cleghorn WM, Bisbach CM, Whitson JA, Hass DT, Robbings BM, Sadilek M, Linton JD, Rountree AM, Valencia AP, Sweetwyne MT, Campbell MD, Zhang H, Jankowski CSR, Sweet IR, Marcinek DJ, Rabinovitch PS, Hurley JB. An Analysis of Metabolic Changes in the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium of Aging Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:20. [PMID: 34797906 PMCID: PMC8606884 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to present our hypothesis that aging alters metabolic function in ocular tissues. We tested the hypothesis by measuring metabolism in aged murine tissues alongside retinal responses to light. Methods Scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses in young (3–6 months) and aged (23–26 months) C57Bl/6J mice were recorded. Metabolic flux in retina and eyecup explants was quantified using U-13C-glucose or U-13C-glutamine with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), O2 consumption rate (OCR) in a perifusion apparatus, and quantifying adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) with a bioluminescence assay. Results Scotopic and photopic ERG responses were reduced in aged mice. Glucose metabolism, glutamine metabolism, OCR, and ATP pools in retinal explants were mostly unaffected in aged mice. In eyecups, glutamine usage in the Krebs Cycle decreased while glucose metabolism, OCR, and ATP pools remained stable. Conclusions Our examination of metabolism showed negligible impact of age on retina and an impairment of glutamine anaplerosis in eyecups. The metabolic stability of these tissues ex vivo suggests age-related metabolic alterations may not be intrinsic. Future experiments should focus on determining whether external factors including nutrient supply, oxygen availability, or structural changes influence ocular metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Tsantilas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Whitney M Cleghorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Celia M Bisbach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jeremy A Whitson
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, United States
| | - Daniel T Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Brian M Robbings
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Martin Sadilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jonathan D Linton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Austin M Rountree
- UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ana P Valencia
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Mariya T Sweetwyne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Connor S R Jankowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| | - Ian R Sweet
- UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - James B Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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25
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Lacroix A, Nalborczyk L, Dutheil F, Kovarski K, Chokron S, Garrido M, Gomot M, Mermillod M. High spatial frequency filtered primes hastens happy faces categorization in autistic adults. Brain Cogn 2021; 155:105811. [PMID: 34737127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coarse information of a visual stimulus is conveyed by Low Spatial Frequencies (LSF) and is thought to be rapidly extracted to generate predictions. This may guide fast recognition with the subsequent integration of fine information, conveyed by High Spatial Frequencies (HSF). In autism, emotional face recognition is challenging, and might be related to alterations in LSF predictive processes. We analyzed the data of 27 autistic and 34 non autistic (NA) adults on an emotional Stroop task (i.e., emotional face with congruent or incongruent emotional word) with spatially filtered primes (HSF vs.LSF). We hypothesized that LSF primes would generate predictions leading to faster categorization of the target face compared to HSF primes, in the NA group but not in autism. Surprisingly, HSF primes led to faster categorization than LSF primes in both groups. Moreover, the advantage of HSF vs.LSF primes was stronger for angry than happy faces in NA, but was stronger for happy than angry faces in autistic participants. Drift diffusion modelling confirmed HSF advantage and showed a longer non-decision time (e.g., encoding) in autism. Despite LSF predictive impairments in autism was not corroborated, our analyses suggest low level processing specificities in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Lacroix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Ladislas Nalborczyk
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPC, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, WittyFit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Klara Kovarski
- Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France; Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Chokron
- Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France; Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marta Garrido
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Computational Psychiatry Lab, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
| | - Marie Gomot
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Martial Mermillod
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000 Grenoble, France
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26
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Baig A, Buckley D, Codina C. Behavioural Adaptation to Hereditary Macular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review on the Effect of Early Onset Central Field Loss on Peripheral Visual Abilities. Br Ir Orthopt J 2021; 17:104-118. [PMID: 34278226 PMCID: PMC8269784 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hereditary macular dystrophies (HMD) result in early onset central field loss. Evidence for cortical plasticity has been found in HMD, which may enhance peripheral visual abilities to meet the increased demands and reliance on the peripheral field, as has been found in congenitally deaf adults and habitual action video-game players. This is a qualitative synthesis of the literature on the effect of early onset central field loss on peripheral visual abilities. The knowledge gained may help in developing rehabilitative strategies that enable optimisation of remaining peripheral vision. Methods: A systematic search performed on the Web of Science and PubMED databases yielded 728 records published between 1809 to 2020, of which seven case-control studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis. Results: The search highlighted an overall paucity of literature, which lacked validity due to small heterogeneous samples and deficiencies in reporting of methods and population characteristics. A range of peripheral visual abilities at different eccentricities were studied. Superior performance of HMD observers in the peripheral field or similarities between the preferred retinal loci (PRL) and normal fovea were observed in four of seven studies. Findings were often based on studies including a single observer. Further larger rigorous studies are required in this area. Conclusions: Spontaneous perceptual learning through reliance on and repeated use of the peripheral field and PRL may result in some specific superior peripheral visual abilities. However, worse performance in some tasks could reflect unexpected rod disease, lack of intensive training, or persistent limitations due to the need for cones for specific tasks. Perceptual learning through training regimes could enable patients to optimise use of the PRL and remaining peripheral vision. However, further studies are needed to design optimal training regimes.
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27
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Abstract
A recent meta-analysis found no support for the popular theory that superior visuospatial ability in males is attributable to their relatively greater hemispheric asymmetry of neural functions. However, the issue of whether differences in hemispheric laterality could account for differences in visual perception between the sexes has not been systematically investigated. Visual search is an ideal task for such an investigation, as target-position can be systematically varied across the visual field allowing for a detailed analysis of how performance varies with visual field and eccentricity. We recruited 539 undergraduate participants (150 male) and administered a visual search task that required them to identify the presence of a uniquely-oriented triangle amongst distractors. Crucially, target location was systematically varied over the visual field across trials. Males displayed both superior accuracy and shorter reaction time when targets were presented in the left visual field, whilst sex differences systematically diminished when the target was located further rightward. These behavioural results are in line with the notion that greater hemispheric asymmetry in males influences task performance to a varying extent across the visual field, and illustrates the importance of considering task parameters and the influence of sex in behavioural research.
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28
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Fung MH, Taylor BK, Lew BJ, Frenzel MR, Eastman JA, Wang YP, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW. Sexually dimorphic development in the cortical oscillatory dynamics serving early visual processing. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 50:100968. [PMID: 34102602 PMCID: PMC8187257 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual processing dynamics continue to develop throughout childhood and adolescence. Visual alpha response power differed between males and females. Sex and age interacted to modulate visual gamma responses. Peak frequency predicted response power above and beyond the effects of age and sex.
Successful interaction with one’s visual environment is paramount to developing and performing many basic and complex mental functions. Although major aspects of visual development are completed at an early age, other structural and functional components of visual processing appear to be dynamically changing across a much more protracted period extending into late childhood and adolescence. However, the underlying neurophysiological changes and cortical oscillatory dynamics that support maturation of the visual system during this developmental period remain poorly understood. The present study utilized magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate maturational changes in the neural dynamics serving basic visual processing during childhood and adolescence (ages 9–15, n = 69). Our key results included robust sex differences in alpha oscillatory activity within the left posterior parietal cortex, and sex-by-age interactions in gamma activity in the right lingual gyrus and superior parietal lobule. Hierarchical regression revealed that the peak frequency of both the alpha and gamma responses predicted response power in parietal regions above and beyond the noted effects of age and sex. These findings affirm the view that neural oscillations supporting visual processing develop over a much more protracted period, and illustrate that these maturational trajectories are influenced by numerous elements, including age, sex, and individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison H Fung
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brandon J Lew
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA; College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michaela R Frenzel
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jacob A Eastman
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) [Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University], Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA.
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29
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Kasai T. Effects of irrelevant object structure on early attention deployment. Conscious Cogn 2021; 92:103141. [PMID: 34000637 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies have suggested that Gestalt principles or grouping factors in a visual scene modulate attention deployment in early visual processing. The present study examined the effects of an extrinsic grouping factor, region commonality, on early ERP spatial attention. Effects of sex were also explored, since the processing of task-irrelvant objects may differ between the sexes. Twenty-four participants were required to discriminate one side of rapidly-presented bilateral letters, and attention effects were indexed by hemispheric lateralization accroding to attended visual fields. In results, an early P1 attention effect (70-110 ms) increased when the letters were surrounded by an object, compared to the control stimulus without a complete object, and this result was more prominent in women than in men. The present study demonstrates that visual object and sex differences play a novel role at very early cortical stages of processing in attention deployment to a task-irrelevant visual structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuko Kasai
- Research Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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30
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Hägg S, Jylhävä J. Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies. eLife 2021; 10:e63425. [PMID: 33982659 PMCID: PMC8118651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process characterized by hallmark features accumulating over the life course, shaping the individual's aging trajectory and subsequent disease risks. There is substantial individual variability in the aging process between men and women. In general, women live longer than men, consistent with lower biological ages as assessed by molecular biomarkers, but there is a paradox. Women are frailer and have worse health at the end of life, while men still perform better in physical function examinations. Moreover, many age-related diseases show sex-specific patterns. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on sexual dimorphism in human studies, with support from animal research, on biological aging and illnesses. We also attempt to place it in the context of the theories of aging, as well as discuss the explanations for the sex differences, for example, the sex-chromosome linked mechanisms and hormonally driven differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Juulia Jylhävä
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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31
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Soroor G, Mokhtari S, Pouretemad H. Priming Global Processing Strategy Improves the Perceptual Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1019-1029. [PMID: 33851317 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated (1) if the perceptual integration performance is different in children with ASD in comparison with their typically developed (TD) counterparts; and (2) if activating- priming- the global processing strategy, could benefit the integration performance of children with ASD in the subsequent task. We observed that in comparison with the TD group, children with ASD had lower performance in an information integration task that required identification of illusory shapes. Additionally, we observed that priming the global processing strategy increased the correct identification of the illusory shapes in the subsequent task. We suggested that studies on priming effect shed light on the different aspects of perceptual properties of ASD, and could also be used in developing new rehabilitation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoosh Soroor
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mokhtari
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Pouretemad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Bair H, Kung WH, Lai CT, Lin CJ, Chen HS, Chang CH, Lin JM, Hsia NY, Chen WL, Tien PT, Wu WC, Tsai YY. Preoperative Vision, Gender, and Operation Time Predict Visual Improvement After Epiretinal Membrane Vitrectomy: A Retrospective Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:807-814. [PMID: 33658756 PMCID: PMC7917339 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s294690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the efficacy of micro-incision vitrectomy surgery using a non-contact wide-angle viewing system for fovea-attached type epiretinal membrane, and to report the factors influencing the outcome. Methods A retrospective, comparative case series that included 50 patients with fovea-attached type epiretinal membrane who received micro-incision vitrectomy surgery using a non-contact wide-angle viewing system. Results All patients were followed-up for a minimum of 12 months. Seven cases were classified as group 1A (mainly outer retinal thickening), 17 were group 1B (more tenting of outer retina and distorted inner retina), and 26 were group 1C (prominent inner retina thickening and inward tenting of outer retina). Outcome measures included operation time, recurrent rate, postoperative BCVA, and CRT. The mean operative time was 26.2 minutes. The mean change of BCVA (LogMAR) was −0.43 (p< 0.001). The mean change of CRT was 135.3 μm (p< 0.001). The mean change of CRT was significantly higher in group 1C. Worse preoperative BCVA, male gender, and longer operative time can predict better postoperative BCVA found by multivariate logistic regression and multiple regression models. Conclusion Significant improvement in BCVA and CRT is noted after micro-incision vitrectomy surgery to operate fovea-attached type epiretinal membranes. Worse preoperative BCVA, male, and longer operation time could predict better improvement. These findings may assist surgeons in better evaluating the potential of this method to help their patients with epiretinal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Bair
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Hsun Kung
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Sheng Chen
- An-Shin Dialysis Center, NephroCare Ltd., Fresenius Medical Care, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jane-Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Yi Hsia
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Tai Tien
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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33
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Garobbio S, Roinishvili M, Favrod O, da Cruz JR, Chkonia E, Brand A, Herzog MH. Electrophysiological correlates of visual backward masking in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111206. [PMID: 33092939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In visual backward masking (VBM), a target is followed by a mask that decreases target discriminability. Schizophrenia patients (SZ) show strong and reproducible masking impairments, which are associated with reduced EEG amplitudes. Patients with bipolar disorder (BP) show masking deficits, too. Here, we investigated the neural EEG correlates of VBM in BP. 122 SZ, 94 unaffected controls, and 38 BP joined a standard VBM experiment. 123 SZ, 94 unaffected controls and 16 BP joined a corresponding EEG experiment, analyzed in terms of global field power. As in previous studies, SZ and BP show strong masking deficits. Importantly and similarly to SZ, BP show decreased global field power amplitudes at approximately 200 ms after the target onset, compared to controls. These results suggest that VBM deficits are not specific for schizophrenia but for a broader range of functional psychoses. Potentially, both SZ and BP show deficient target enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Garobbio
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Janir Ramos da Cruz
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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34
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Wu W, Howard D, Sibille E, French L. Differential and spatial expression meta-analysis of genes identified in genome-wide association studies of depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:8. [PMID: 33414381 PMCID: PMC7791035 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder worldwide and affects individuals of all ages. It causes significant psychosocial impairments and is a major cause of disability. A recent consortium study identified 102 genetic variants and 269 genes associated with depression. To provide targets for future depression research, we prioritized these recently identified genes using expression data. We examined the differential expression of these genes in three studies that profiled gene expression of MDD cases and controls across multiple brain regions. In addition, we integrated anatomical expression information to determine which brain regions and transcriptomic cell types highly express the candidate genes. We highlight 12 of the 269 genes with the most consistent differential expression: MANEA, UBE2M, CKB, ITPR3, SPRY2, SAMD5, TMEM106B, ZC3H7B, LST1, ASXL3, ZNF184 and HSPA1A. The majority of these top genes were found to have sex-specific differential expression. We place greater emphasis on ZNF184 as it is the top gene in a more conservative analysis of the 269. Specifically, the differential expression of ZNF184 was strongest in subcortical regions in males and females. Anatomically, our results suggest the importance of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, cholinergic, monoaminergic and enteric neurons. These findings provide a guide for targeted experiments to advance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennie Wu
- Institute for Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Howard
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Institute for Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leon French
- Institute for Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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35
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Zajitschek SR, Zajitschek F, Bonduriansky R, Brooks RC, Cornwell W, Falster DS, Lagisz M, Mason J, Senior AM, Noble DW, Nakagawa S. Sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications. eLife 2020; 9:63170. [PMID: 33198888 PMCID: PMC7704105 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical and clinical sciences are experiencing a renewed interest in the fact that males and females differ in many anatomic, physiological, and behavioural traits. Sex differences in trait variability, however, are yet to receive similar recognition. In medical science, mammalian females are assumed to have higher trait variability due to estrous cycles (the ‘estrus-mediated variability hypothesis’); historically in biomedical research, females have been excluded for this reason. Contrastingly, evolutionary theory and associated data support the ‘greater male variability hypothesis’. Here, we test these competing hypotheses in 218 traits measured in >26,900 mice, using meta-analysis methods. Neither hypothesis could universally explain patterns in trait variability. Sex bias in variability was trait-dependent. While greater male variability was found in morphological traits, females were much more variable in immunological traits. Sex-specific variability has eco-evolutionary ramifications, including sex-dependent responses to climate change, as well as statistical implications including power analysis considering sex difference in variance. Males and females differ in appearance, physiology and behavior. But we do not fully understand the health and evolutionary consequences of these differences. One reason for this is that, until recently, females were often excluded from medical studies. This made it difficult to know if a treatment would perform as well in females as males. To correct this, organizations that fund research now require scientists to include both sexes in studies. This has led to some questions about how to account for sex differences in studies. One reason females have historically been excluded from medical studies is that some scientists assumed that they would have more variable responses to a particular treatment based on their estrous cycles. Other scientists, however, believe that males of a given species might be more variable because of the evolutionary pressures they face in competing for mates. Better understanding how males and females vary would help scientists better design studies to ensure they provide accurate answers. Now, Zajitschek et al. debunk both the idea that males are more variable and the idea that females are more variable. To do this, Zajitschek et al. analyzed differences in 218 traits, like body size or certain behaviors, among nearly 27,000 male and female mice. This showed that neither male mice nor female mice were universally more different from other mice of their sex across all features. Instead, sex differences in how much variation existed in male or female mice depended on the individual trait. For example, males varied more in physical features like size, while females showed more differences in their immune systems. The results suggest it is particularly important to consider sex-specific variability in both medical and other types of studies. To help other researchers better design experiments to factor in such variability, Zajitschek et al. created an interactive tool that will allow scientists to look at sex-based differences in individual features among male or female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rk Zajitschek
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Liverpool John Moores University, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Zajitschek
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Will Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel S Falster
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair M Senior
- University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Wa Noble
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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36
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Hoshi H, Shigihara Y. Age- and gender-specific characteristics of the resting-state brain activity: a magnetoencephalography study. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21613-21637. [PMID: 33147568 PMCID: PMC7695396 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging and gender influence regional brain activities. Although these biases should be considered during the clinical examinations using magnetoencephalography, they have yet to be standardized. In the present study, resting-state magnetoencephalography data were recorded from 54 healthy females and 48 males aged 22 to 75 years, who were controlled for cognitive performance. The regional oscillatory power was estimated for each frequency band (delta, theta, alpha, beta, low-gamma, and high-gamma) using the sLORETA-like algorithm and the biases of age and gender were evaluated, respectively. The results showed that faster oscillatory powers increased with age in the rostral regions and decreased in the caudal regions, while few slower oscillatory powers changed with age. Gender differences in oscillatory powers were found in a broad frequency range, mostly in the caudal brain regions. The present study characterized the effects of healthy aging and gender asymmetricity on the regional resting-state brain activity, with the aim to facilitate the accurate and efficient use of magnetoencephalography in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hoshi
- Precision Medicine Centre, Hokuto Hospital, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
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37
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Li Y, Wang Y, Jin X, Niu D, Zhang L, Jiang SY, Ruan HD, Ho GW. Sex differences in hemispheric lateralization of attentional networks. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2697-2709. [PMID: 33026540 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Males and females differ in various abilities. However, sex differences in hemispheric lateralization of attentional processing are still not well-understood. Using a lateralized version of the attentional network test that combines the Posner cueing paradigm and visual field methodology, we aimed to examine sex differences in the lateralization of several attentional processes including alerting, executive control, orienting benefit, reorienting, and orienting cost. Fifty-six females and 59 males participated in this study. We found a left visual field (right hemisphere) advantage for alerting defined by the differences between no-cue and center-cue conditions in the male group, but it was mainly attributed to the left visual field advantage in the no-cue condition. In contrast, the female group exhibited a left visual field advantage in the center-cue condition. Both groups showed preferences to the left visual field for reorienting and orienting cost, but females exhibited larger effects. This indicates that the two sexes exhibit similarities in terms of the lateralization of these two attentional processes. Furthermore, the interactions between executive control and reorienting/orienting cost were more efficient in males than in females. The current study highlights sex differences in the hemispheric lateralization of attentional networks and possible underlying neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC), 2000 Jintong Road, Zhuhai, 519087, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Jin
- Student Affairs Office, Wuhan Polytechnic College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dun Niu
- College of Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Linjun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Language Resources and College of Advanced Chinese Training, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China
| | - Sabrina Yanan Jiang
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC), 2000 Jintong Road, Zhuhai, 519087, Guangdong, China
| | - Huada Daniel Ruan
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC), 2000 Jintong Road, Zhuhai, 519087, Guangdong, China
| | - Ghee Wee Ho
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC), 2000 Jintong Road, Zhuhai, 519087, Guangdong, China.
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38
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Sexual dimorphism of the adult human retina assessed by optical coherence tomography. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-020-00428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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39
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Cheng N, Pagtalunan E, Abushaibah A, Naidu J, Stell WK, Rho JM, Sauvé Y. Atypical visual processing in a mouse model of autism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12390. [PMID: 32709898 PMCID: PMC7381655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human social cognition relies heavily on the processing of various visual cues, such as eye contact and facial expressions. Atypical visual perception and integration have been recognized as key phenotypes in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and may potentially contribute to impediments in normal social development, a hallmark of ASD. Meanwhile, increasing studies on visual function in ASD have pointed to detail-oriented perception, which has been hypothesized to result from heightened response to information of high spatial frequency. However, mixed results of human studies have led to much debate, and investigations using animal models have been limited. Here, using BTBR mice as a model of idiopathic ASD, we assessed retinal stimulus processing by full-field electroretinogram and found impaired photoreceptor function and retina-based alterations mostly in the cone pathway. Using the optokinetic reflex to evaluate visual function, we observed robustly enhanced visual response to finer spatial details and more subtle contrasts at only higher spatial frequencies in the BTBR mice, under both photopic and scotopic conditions. These behavioral results, which are similar to findings in a subset of ASD patients, indicate a bias toward processing information of high spatial frequencies. Together, these findings also suggest that, while enhancement of visual behaviors under both photopic and scotopic conditions might be due to alterations in visual processing common to both rod and cone pathways, these mechanisms are probably downstream of photoreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cheng
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Eden Pagtalunan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,O'Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Abushaibah
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,O'Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Naidu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,O'Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William K Stell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yves Sauvé
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Rodríguez-Aranda C, Castro-Chavira SA, Espenes R, Barrios FA, Waterloo K, Vangberg TR. The Role of Moderating Variables on BOLD fMRI Response During Semantic Verbal Fluency and Finger Tapping in Active and Educated Healthy Seniors. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:203. [PMID: 32581748 PMCID: PMC7290010 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic verbal fluency is among the most employed tasks in cognitive aging research and substantial work is devoted to understanding the underlying mechanisms behind age-related differences at the neural and behavioral levels. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the role of moderating variables, such as age, sex, MMSE, and proxies of cognitive reserve (CR) on the hemodynamic response evoked by semantic verbal fluency in healthy young and healthy older adults. So far, no study has been conducted to this end. To elucidate the exclusive effect of the mentioned variables on brain activation during semantic fluency, finger tapping was included as a control task. Results showed that disregarding adjustments for age, older adults displayed important parietal activations during semantic fluency as well as during finger-tapping. Specifically, the anterior intra-parietal sulcus (IPS) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) were areas activated in both tasks in the older group. Younger adults, only displayed parietal activations related to age and sex when these demographics were employed as predictors. Concerning proxies of CR in semantic fluency, the only vocabulary was an important moderator in both age groups. Higher vocabulary scores were associated with lesser activation in occipital areas. Education did not show significant correlations with brain activity during semantic fluency in any of the groups. However, both CR proxies were significantly correlated to brain activations of older adults during finger tapping. Specifically, vocabulary was associated with frontal regions, while education correlated with parietal lobe and cingulate gyrus. Finally, the effects of MMSE were mostly observed on brain activation of older adults in both tasks. These findings demonstrate that the effects of moderating variables on shaping brain activation are intricate and not exclusive of complex verbal tasks. Thus, before adjusting for “nuisance variables,” their importance needs to be established. This is especially true for samples including older adults for whom a motor task may be a demanding operation due to normal age-related processes of dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rodríguez-Aranda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susana A Castro-Chavira
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragna Espenes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgil R Vangberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Are Your Eyes "on the Road"? Findings from the 2019 National Study on Vision and Driving Safety in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093195. [PMID: 32375356 PMCID: PMC7246664 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vision is an undisputable contributor to the explanation of many human-factor related traffic crashes happening every day. The Inland Transport Committee (ITC), the United Nations regulatory platform, included on 1st April 2020 special action on the vision of road users inside the ITC Recommendations for Enhancing Road Safety Systems. The results of this wide-scale study on drivers’ vision health conducted in Spain perfectly illustrates the need of global action and its potential impact on the public health figures and the burden of potentially preventable traffic causalities. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess three key visual health issues (i.e., visual acuity, visual field campimetry and glare recovery) among Spanish drivers, in order to formulate implications and possible guidelines to enhance road safety. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the visual health of a representative sample of 3249 drivers (70% females and 30% males) with a mean age of 41 (SD = 13) years, gathered from all the 17 autonomous communities of Spain. Results: The tests performed allowed to determine that 15% of Spanish drivers have a poor photopic vision, while 38% of them present an inadequate mesopic vision. Further, 23% of drivers have deficiencies in peripheric visual field campimetry, and the average time for full-vision recovery after a 10-s glare was 27 s. Sex, age and driver type (professional vs. non-professional) differences were found for the study variables. Conclusions: The findings of this study support the idea that certain demographic-based population groups of drivers present several unaddressed deficiencies and impairments in visual health. Overall an estimated 29.5% of Spanish drivers present visual issues, that need to be attended in order to enhance the prevention of driving crashes and the road safety of all road users.
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Favrod O, da Cruz JR, Roinishvili M, Berdzenishvili E, Brand A, Figueiredo P, Herzog MH, Chkonia E. Electrophysiological correlates of visual backward masking in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 294:111004. [PMID: 31704371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression and schizophrenia are two psychiatric diseases with high co-morbidity. For this reason, it is important to find sensitive endophenotypes, which may disentangle the two disorders. The Shine-Through paradigm, a visual backward masking task, is a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia. Masking is strongly deteriorated in schizophrenia patients, which is reflected in reduced EEG amplitudes. Here, we tested whether masking deficits and associated EEG changes are also found in patients with major depressive disorder. First, we replicated previous findings showing that depressive patients exhibit, at most, only weak masking deficits. Second, we found that the EEG amplitudes of depressive patients were reduced compared to controls and slightly increased compared to schizophrenia patients. As a secondary analysis, we compared the performance in the masking paradigm with three cognitive tasks, namely: the Wisconsin card sorting test, a verbal fluency test and a degraded continuous performance test. Performance in all but the verbal fluency test could discriminate schizophrenia from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
| | - Janir R da Cruz
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland; Institute for Systems and Robotics - Lisboa, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Institute for Systems and Robotics - Lisboa, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Fernandes TP, Shaqiri A, Brand A, Nogueira RL, Herzog MH, Roinishvili M, Santos NA, Chkonia E. Schizophrenia patients using atypical medication perform better in visual tasks than patients using typical medication. Psychiatry Res 2019; 275:31-38. [PMID: 30878854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) patients show deficits in many domains, including cognition and perception. However, results are often mixed. One reason for mixed results may be differences in medication. Very little is known about the role of medication in visual processing. Here, we investigated the effects of typical vs. atypical medication on contrast sensitivity (spatial frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 20 cycles per degree), vernier acuity, and visual backward masking. From a large pool of patients, we selected 50 patients (Study 1, conducted in Brazil) and 97 patients (Study 2, conducted in Georgia) taking either only typical or atypical medication. Patients with atypical medication performed significantly better than patients with typical medication for contrast sensitivity, vernier duration, and backward masking. As a secondary result, we found similar, but not significant, trends for the cognitive tasks (Stroop, Flanker, Trail-Making Test-B, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Continuous Performance Test) in the same patients. No correlations were found between demographics, psychopathology, chlorpromazine equivalents and visual processing. A conclusion of our study is that one needs to be careful comparing studies when medication is not comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P Fernandes
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Brand
- Institute for Psychology and Cognition Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Behaviour and Cognitive Functions, I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Natanael A Santos
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Billino
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karin S. Pilz
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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