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Jasiecki J, Targońska M, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Kalinowski L, Waleron K, Wasąg B. Butyrylcholinesterase signal sequence self-aggregates and enhances amyloid fibril formation in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110783. [PMID: 37884182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been attributed to extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the human brain. It has been reported that butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) also accumulates in the brain Aβ plaques in AD. We have previously found that the BChE substitution in 5'UTR caused an in-frame N-terminal extension of 41 amino acids of the BChE signal peptide. The resultant variant with a 69 amino acid signal peptide, designated N-BChE, could play a role in AD development. Here, we report that the signal sequence of the BChE, if produced in an extended 69 aa version, can self-aggregate and could form seeds that enhance amyloid fibril formation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and create larger co-aggregates. Similar phenomena could have been observed in the human brain if such an extended form of the signal sequence had been, in some circumstances, translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jasiecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Monika Targońska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
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Chen J, Bai X, Wu Q, Chen L, Wang H, Zhang J. Exercise Protects Against Cognitive Injury and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease Through Elevating miR-148a-3p. Neuroscience 2023; 513:126-133. [PMID: 36681141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological disorder with high morbidity. Exercise is one of the effective ways to ameliorate AD. In this study, we assessed the effects of exercise on cognition and inflammation and studied the role of miR-148a-3p in AD. In 88 patients with AD, the expression of miR-148a-3p was studied using qRT-PCR. ROC curve and Pearson analysis were utilized to evaluate the roles of miR-148a-3p in AD. MWM test was conducted to investigate the effects of miR-148a-3p and exercise on cognition and memory. Moreover, inflammatory indicators were identified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative luciferase levels reflected whether miR-148a-3p targeted SYNJ1. miR-148a-3p levels declined in patients with AD, indicating its potential as a biomarker. Interestingly, miR-148a-3p levels were elevated in patients with AD after exercise. MiR-148a-3p levels correlated with cognitive scores and proinflammatory levels. The cognitive situation and pro-inflammatory state were partly recovered in the mice after exercise. MiR-148a-3p silencing reversed these abovementioned tendencies. Patients with AD exhibited a low level of miR-148a-3p, which was increased after exercise. Therefore, exercise might improve the cognitive function and memory of mice with AD by upregulating miR-148a-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tinglin Hospital of Jinshan District, Shanghai 201505, China
| | - Xiaojing Bai
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Quan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tinglin Hospital of Jinshan District, Shanghai 201505, China
| | - Lilong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tinglin Hospital of Jinshan District, Shanghai 201505, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tinglin Hospital of Jinshan District, Shanghai 201505, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
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Yang X, Dang P, Liu W, Ma W, Ge X, Zhu K, Wang M, Huang X, Ding X, Wang X. The role of butyrylcholinesterase in the regulation of cognitive dysfunction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A potential blood marker of disease evolution. Front Neurol 2022; 13:900997. [PMID: 36341087 PMCID: PMC9635509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.900997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Patients with cirrhosis commonly experience minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), and alterations in neurotransmitters have been thought to be related to cognitive function. However, the relationship between alterations in peripheral and central butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with MHE disease progression remains unknown. As such, this study was designed to investigate potential changes in peripheral and central BuChE activity and their effects on cognitive function in the context of MHE. Materials and methods We enrolled 43 patients with cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B, 20 without MHE and 23 with MHE, and 25 with healthy controls (HC). All the selected subjects underwent resting-state functional MRI, and the original images were processed to obtain the regional homogeneity (ReHo) brain maps. Thereafter, the correlation of BuChE activity with ReHo, number connection test of type A (NCT-A), and digital symbol test (DST) scores with MHE patients were analyzed using Person correlation analysis. Meanwhile, we purchased 12 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and divided them into an experimental group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The rats in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with thioacetamide (TAA) to prepare MHE model rats. After modeling, we used the Morris water maze (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) to assess the cognition function and exploratory behavior of all rats. The activity of serum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe tissue BuChE was detected by ELISA. Results BuChE activity gradually decreased among the HC, patients with cirrhosis, and MHE groups (all P < 0.01). We observed a linear correlation between serum BuChE and NCT-A and DST scores in MHE patients (all P < 0.01). We noted that BuChE activity can negatively correlate with ReHo values in the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus, and positively correlate with ReHo values in the right inferior frontal gyrus, and also found that the peripheral BuChE activity of MHE rats was significantly lower than their control counterparts, and the BuChE activity in frontal lobe extracts was significantly higher than the control rats (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The altered activity of BuChE may contribute to cognitive impairment in MHE patients, which may be a potential biomarker of disease evolution in the context of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pei Dang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenxiao Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wanlong Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin Ge
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Minglei Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiangchun Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Xiangchun Ding
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Wang
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Gok M, Madrer N, Zorbaz T, Bennett ER, Greenberg D, Bennett DA, Soreq H. Altered levels of variant cholinesterase transcripts contribute to the imbalanced cholinergic signaling in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:941467. [PMID: 36117917 PMCID: PMC9479005 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.941467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE) are involved in modulating cholinergic signaling, but their roles in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD) remain unclear. We identified a higher frequency of the functionally impaired BCHE-K variant (rs1803274) in AD and PD compared to controls and lower than in the GTEx dataset of healthy individuals (n = 651); in comparison, the prevalence of the 5'-UTR (rs1126680) and intron 2 (rs55781031) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BCHE and ACHE's 3'-UTR (rs17228616) which disrupt AChE mRNA targeting by miR-608 remained unchanged. qPCR validations confirmed lower levels of the dominant splice variant encoding the "synaptic" membrane-bound ACHE-S in human post-mortem superior temporal gyrus samples from AD and in substantia nigra (but not amygdala) samples from PD patients (n = 79, n = 67) compared to controls, potentially reflecting region-specific loss of cholinergic neurons. In contradistinction, the non-dominant "readthrough" AChE-R mRNA variant encoding for soluble AChE was elevated (p < 0.05) in the AD superior temporal gyrus and the PD amygdala, but not in the neuron-deprived substantia nigra. Elevated levels of BChE (p < 0.001) were seen in AD superior temporal gyrus. Finally, all three ACHE splice variants, AChE-S, AChE-R, and N-extended AChE, were elevated in cholinergic-differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, with exposure to the oxidative stress agent paraquat strongly downregulating AChE-S and BChE, inverse to their upregulation under exposure to the antioxidant simvastatin. The multi-leveled changes in cholinesterase balance highlight the role of post-transcriptional regulation in neurodegeneration. (235).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Gok
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Madrer
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Estelle R. Bennett
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Greenberg
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David A. Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Teitsdottir UD, Darreh-Shori T, Lund SH, Jonsdottir MK, Snaedal J, Petersen PH. Phenotypic Displays of Cholinergic Enzymes Associate With Markers of Inflammation, Neurofibrillary Tangles, and Neurodegeneration in Pre- and Early Symptomatic Dementia Subjects. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:876019. [PMID: 35693340 PMCID: PMC9178195 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.876019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholinergic drugs are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, a better understanding of the cholinergic system and its relation to both AD-related biomarkers and cognitive functions is of high importance. Objectives To evaluate the relationships of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cholinergic enzymes with markers of amyloidosis, neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation and performance on verbal episodic memory in a memory clinic cohort. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 46 cholinergic drug-free subjects (median age = 71, 54% female, median MMSE = 28) were recruited from an Icelandic memory clinic cohort targeting early stages of cognitive impairment. Enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was measured in CSF as well as levels of amyloid-β1–42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), total-tau (T-tau), neurofilament light (NFL), YKL-40, S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Verbal episodic memory was assessed with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (RAVLT) and Story tests. Results No significant relationships were found between CSF Aβ42 levels and AChE or BuChE activity (p > 0.05). In contrast, T-tau (r = 0.46, p = 0.001) and P-tau (r = 0.45, p = 0.002) levels correlated significantly with AChE activity. Although neurodegeneration markers T-tau and NFL did correlate with each other (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), NFL did not correlate with AChE (r = 0.25, p = 0.09) or BuChE (r = 0.27, p = 0.06). Inflammation markers S100B and YKL-40 both correlated significantly with AChE (S100B: r = 0.43, p = 0.003; YKL-40: r = 0.32, p = 0.03) and BuChE (S100B: r = 0.47, p < 0.001; YKL-40: r = 0.38, p = 0.009) activity. A weak correlation was detected between AChE activity and the composite score reflecting verbal episodic memory (r = −0.34, p = 0.02). LASSO regression analyses with a stability approach were performed for the selection of a set of measures best predicting cholinergic activity and verbal episodic memory score. S100B was the predictor with the highest model selection frequency for both AChE (68%) and BuChE (73%) activity. Age (91%) was the most reliable predictor for verbal episodic memory, with selection frequency of both cholinergic enzymes below 10%. Conclusions Results indicate a relationship between higher activity of the ACh-degrading cholinergic enzymes with increased neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation in the stages of pre- and early symptomatic dementia, independent of CSF Aβ42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnur D. Teitsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- *Correspondence: Unnur D. Teitsdottir
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria K. Jonsdottir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jon Snaedal
- Memory Clinic, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Petur H. Petersen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Butyrylcholinesterase-Protein Interactions in Human Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910662. [PMID: 34639003 PMCID: PMC8508650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring various biochemical and cellular components in the blood is a routine procedure in clinical practice. Human serum contains hundreds of diverse proteins secreted from all cells and tissues in healthy and diseased states. Moreover, some serum proteins have specific strong interactions with other blood components, but most interactions are probably weak and transient. One of the serum proteins is butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme existing mainly as a glycosylated soluble tetramer that plays an important role in the metabolism of many drugs. Our results suggest that BChE interacts with plasma proteins and forms much larger complexes than predicted from the molecular weight of the BChE tetramer. To investigate and isolate such complexes, we developed a two-step strategy to find specific protein–protein interactions by combining native size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with affinity chromatography with the resin that specifically binds BChE. Second, to confirm protein complexes′ specificity, we fractionated blood serum proteins by density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-BChE monoclonal antibodies. The proteins coisolated in complexes with BChE were identified by mass spectroscopy. These binding studies revealed that BChE interacts with a number of proteins in the human serum. Some of these interactions seem to be more stable than transient. BChE copurification with ApoA-I and the density of some fractions containing BChE corresponding to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) during ultracentrifugation suggest its interactions with HDL. Moreover, we observed lower BChE plasma activity in individuals with severely reduced HDL levels (≤20 mg/dL). The presented two-step methodology for determination of the BChE interactions can facilitate further analysis of such complexes, especially from the brain tissue, where BChE could be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
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Reale M, Costantini E. Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020029. [PMID: 33921376 PMCID: PMC8167596 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), elicit a neuroinflammatory response that contributes to the neurodegenerative disease process itself. The immune and nervous systems use the same mediators, receptors, and cells to regulate the immune and nervous systems as well as neuro-immune interactions. In various neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral inflammatory mediators and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery cause exacerbation to current injury in the brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in the peripheral and central nervous systems, in fact, other than cells of the CNS, the peripheral immune cells also possess a cholinergic system. The findings on peripheral cholinergic signaling, and the activation of the “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway” mediated by ACh binding to α7 nAChR as one of the possible mechanisms for controlling inflammation, have restarted interest in cholinergic-mediated pathological processes and in the new potential therapeutic target for neuro-inflammatory-degenerative diseases. Herein, we focus on recent progress in the modulatory mechanisms of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G.d’Annunzio”, 65122 Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University “G.d’Annunzio”, 65122 Chieti-Pescara, Italy;
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The Role of Butyrylcholinesterase and Iron in the Regulation of Cholinergic Network and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042033. [PMID: 33670778 PMCID: PMC7922581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals, is marked by progressive neuron loss. Despite more than 100 years of research on AD, there is still no treatment to cure or prevent the disease. High levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, based on postmortem analyses, up to 44% of individuals have been shown to have high Aβ deposits with no clinical signs, due to having a “cognitive reserve”. The biochemical mechanism explaining the prevention of cognitive impairment in the presence of Aβ plaques is still unknown. It seems that in addition to protein aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes associated with aging are present in AD brains that are correlated with a higher level of brain iron and oxidative stress. It has been shown that iron accumulates around amyloid plaques in AD mouse models and postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Iron is required for essential brain functions, including oxidative metabolism, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. However, an imbalance in brain iron homeostasis caused by aging underlies many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proposed that high iron levels trigger an avalanche of events that push the progress of the disease, accelerating cognitive decline. Patients with increased amyloid plaques and iron are highly likely to develop dementia. Our observations indicate that the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) level seems to be iron-dependent, and reports show that BChE produced by reactive astrocytes can make cognitive functions worse by accelerating the decay of acetylcholine in aging brains. Why, even when there is a genetic risk, do symptoms of the disease appear after many years? Here, we discuss the relationship between genetic factors, age-dependent iron tissue accumulation, and inflammation, focusing on AD.
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Gatta V, Mengod G, Reale M, Tata AM. Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E153. [PMID: 32521719 PMCID: PMC7345633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Acetylcholine participates in the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. The cells of the immune system, as well as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes express cholinergic markers and receptors of muscarinic and nicotinic type. The role played by acetylcholine in MS has been recently investigated. In the present review, we summarize the evidence indicating the cholinergic dysfunction in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients and in the brains of the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The correlation between the increased activity of the cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, the reduced levels of acetylcholine and the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines production were recently described in immune cells of MS patients. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms for both hydrolyzing enzymes and the possible correlation with the altered levels of their enzymatic activity have been also reported. Finally, the changes in cholinergic markers expression in the central nervous system of EAE mice in peak and chronic phases suggest the involvement of the acetylcholine also in neuro-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | | | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies C. Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Chuang YF, Varma V, An Y, Tanaka T, Davatzikos C, Resnick SM, Thambisetty M. Interaction between Apolipoprotein E and Butyrylcholinesterase Genes on Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in a Prospective Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:417-427. [PMID: 32250307 PMCID: PMC10845166 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An epistatic interaction between the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOEɛ4) gene and the K-variant of butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE-K) genes has been previously reported to increase risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these observations were largely from case-control studies with small sample sizes. OBJECTIVE To examine the interaction between APOEɛ4 and BCHE-K on: 1) the risk of incident AD and 2) rates of change in brain volumes and cognitive performance during the preclinical stages of AD in a prospective cohort study. METHODS The study sample for survival analysis included 691 Caucasian participants (age at baseline, 58.4±9.9 years; follow-up time,16.9±9.7 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The neuroimaging sample included 302 participants with 1,388 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Cognitive performance was assessed in 703 participants over 4,908 visits. RESULTS A total of 122 diagnoses (79 AD, 43 mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) were identified. Participants with both APOEɛ4 and BCHE-K variants had a 3.7-fold greater risk of AD (Hazard ratio [HR] 95% CI=1.99-6.89, p < 0.001) compared to non-carriers of both genes (APOE ɛ4 x BCHE-K interaction p = 0.025). There was no APOE ɛ4-BCHE-K interaction effect on rate of cognitive decline and brain atrophy. CONCLUSION The APOE and BCHE genes interact to influence risk of incident AD/MCI but not rates of brain atrophy and decline in cognitive performance before onset of cognitive impairment. This may suggest the epistatic interaction between APOE ɛ4 and BCHE-K on AD risk is disease stage-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Chuang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vijay Varma
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jasiecki J, Wasąg B. Butyrylcholinesterase Protein Ends in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease-Could BCHE Genotyping Be Helpful in Alzheimer's Therapy? Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100592. [PMID: 31601022 PMCID: PMC6843418 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is clinically characterized by a progressive decline of memory and other cognitive functions leading to the loss of the ability to perform everyday activities. Only a few drugs have been approved to treat AD dementia over the past century since the first AD patient was diagnosed. Drugs increasing the availability of neurotransmitters at synapses in the brain are used clinically in the treatment of AD dementia, and cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the mainstay of the therapy. A detrimental effect on cognitive function has been reported in patients with pharmacological inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by ChEIs and reduced butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity due to the single nucleotide polymorphisms. The BChE K-variant (rs1803274), the most common genetic variant of the BCHE gene, was thought to reduce enzyme activity reflecting the lower clinical response to rivastigmine in AD patients. During ChEIs therapy, patients carrying reduced-activity BChE do not present such improved attention like patients with the wild-type enzyme. On the other hand, alterations in the BCHE gene causing enzyme activity reduction may delay AD onset in patients at risk by preserving the level of cortical acetylcholine (ACh). Based on our previous results, we conclude that SNPs localized outside of the coding sequence, in 5’UTR (rs1126680) and/or intron 2 (rs55781031) of the BCHE gene, but not solely K-variant alteration (p.A539T) itself, are responsible for reduced enzyme activity. Therefore, we suspect that not BChE-K itself, but these coexisting SNPs (rs1126680 and rs55781031), could be associated with deleterious changes in cognitive decline in patients treated with ChEIs. Based on the results, we suggest that SNPs (rs1126680) and/or (rs55781031) genotyping should be performed to identify subjects at risk for lowered efficacy ChEIs therapy, and such patients should be treated with a lower rivastigmine dosage. Finally, our sequence analysis of the N-terminal end of N-BChE revealed evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues that can be involved in disulfide bond formation and anchoring of N-BChE in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jasiecki
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491972
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Jasiecki J, Żuk M, Krawczyńska N, Jońca J, Szczoczarz A, Lewandowski K, Waleron K, Wasąg B. Haplotypes of butyrylcholinesterase K-variant and their influence on the enzyme activity. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:154-157. [PMID: 31071335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a serine hydrolase widely distributed throughout the body. It provides protection against administrated or inhaled poisons by hydrolyzing or sequestering the toxic compounds. The most frequent genetic variant of BCHE gene - K variant (p.A539T) is located in the C-terminal tetramerization domain, outside of the catalytic center. Many studies tried to reveal the nature of the lower activity of BChE K-variant but results and conclusions were often contradictory. The aim of this study is to estimate K allele frequency and its coexisting alterations in BCHE gene in a population of 162 individuals, as well as, assess influence on the enzyme activity in serum. We present three haplotypes of BChE-K variant, two of them coexist in strong linkage disequilibrium with alterations in 5'UTR (rs1126680), intron 2 (rs55781031) or in exon 2 (rs1799807). We demonstrate a negative role of these alterations on enzyme activity. By oneself BCHE-K (with no other alterations in BCHE gene) haplotype exhibits wild type enzyme activity. Based on our previous and presented results we conclude that SNPs localized outside the coding sequence, in 5'UTR or/and in intron 2 of BCHE gene, but not solely in K-variant alteration (p.A539T) itself, are responsible for reduced enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jasiecki
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Monika Żuk
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Krawczyńska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Jońca
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Szczoczarz
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
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