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Wang Z, Lyu M, Zhang BW, Xiao M, Zhang C, Han EQ, Wang L. Thermally Evaporated Metal Halide Perovskites and Their Analogues: Film Fabrication, Applications and Beyond. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301633. [PMID: 38682581 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites emerge as promising semiconductors for optoelectronic devices due to ease of fabrication, attractive photophysical properties, their low cost, highly tunable material properties, and high performance. High-quality thin films of metal halide perovskites are the basis of most of these applications including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and electronic memristors. A typical fabrication method for perovskite thin films is the solution method, which has several limitations in device reproducibility, adverse environmental impact, and utilization of raw materials. Thermal evaporation holds great promise in addressing these bottlenecks in fabricating high-quality halide perovskite thin films. It also has high compatibility with mass-production platforms that are well-established in industries. This review first introduces the basics of the thermal evaporation method with a particular focus on the critical parameters influencing the thin film deposition. The research progress of the fabrication of metal halide perovskite thin films is further summarized by different thermal evaporation approaches and their applications in solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. Finally, research challenges and future opportunities for both fundamental research and commercialization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Miaoqiang Lyu
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bo Wei Zhang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mu Xiao
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Chengxi Zhang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - E Q Han
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Masawa SM, Zhao C, Liu J, Xu J, Yao J. Fabrication and Characterization of a Lead-Free Cesium Bismuth Iodide Perovskite through Antisolvent-Assisted Crystallization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:626. [PMID: 38607160 PMCID: PMC11013909 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Cesium bismuth iodide perovskite material offers good stability toward ambient conditions and has potential optoelectronic characteristics. However, wide bandgap, absorber surface roughness, and poor surface coverage with pinholes are among the key impediments to its adoption as a photovoltaic absorber material. Herein, bandgap modification and the tailoring of surface morphology have been performed through molar ratio variation and antisolvent treatment, whereby type III antisolvent (toluene) based on Hansen space has been utilized. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirm the formation of a 0D/2D mixed dimensional structure with improved optoelectronic properties when the molar ratio of CsI/BiI3 was adjusted from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5. The absorption results and Tauc plot determination show that the fabricated film has a lower bandgap of 1.80 eV. TRPL analysis reveals that the film possesses a very low charge carrier lifetime of 0.94 ns, suggesting deep defects. Toluene improves the charge carrier lifetime to 1.89 ns. The average grain size also increases from 323.26 nm to 444.3 nm upon toluene addition. Additionally, the inclusion of toluene results in a modest improvement in PCE, from 0.23% to 0.33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Maneno Masawa
- Beijing Laboratory of Energy and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- Department of Petroleum and Energy Engineering, College of Earth Sciences and Engineering, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma 41218, Tanzania
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Energy and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Laboratory of Energy and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Energy and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianxi Yao
- Beijing Laboratory of Energy and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.L.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Elattar A, Duclos C, Bellevu F, Dickens T, Okoli O. Synthesis of different organic ammonium-based bismuth iodide perovskites for photodetection application. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10113-10119. [PMID: 38533102 PMCID: PMC10964312 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00173g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bismuth-based perovskites are promising candidates for highly stable halide perovskites with low toxicity. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of bismuth iodide-based perovskites with different primary, secondary, and tertiary ammonium cations and study their structural, thermal, and optical properties, and the likelihood of photodetection. Interestingly, the variation of A-site organic ammonium cations, with different interlayer spacings between adjacent bismuth iodide monolayers, has exotic effects on the diffraction patterns and morphological structures of the perovskite crystals. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals the highest thermal stability of tertiary ammonium-based bismuth perovskite with a decomposition temperature of 385 °C. The branched primary ammonium-based photodetector has photo-responsivity roughly two and four times faster than that of secondary and tertiary ammonium-based devices, respectively. These findings provide insight into the importance of A-site cation engineering for structural modulation and tailoring the optoelectronic properties of bismuth-based perovskites for emerging optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Elattar
- Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee Florida 32310 USA
| | - Cassie Duclos
- Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee Florida 32310 USA
| | - Franchesca Bellevu
- Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee Florida 32310 USA
| | - Tarik Dickens
- Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee Florida 32310 USA
| | - Okenwa Okoli
- Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee Florida 32310 USA
- Herff College of Engineering, University of Memphis Memphis TN 38111 USA
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Geng X, Chen Y, Li Y, Ren J, Dun G, Qin K, Lin Z, Peng J, Tian H, Yang Y, Xie D, Ren T. Lead-Free Halide Perovskites for Direct X-Ray Detectors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300256. [PMID: 37232232 PMCID: PMC10427383 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have made remarkable progress in the field of radiation detection owing to the excellent and unique optoelectronic properties. However, the instability and the toxicity of lead-based perovskites have greatly hindered its practical applications. Alternatively, lead-free perovskites with high stability and environmental friendliness thus have fascinated significant research attention for direct X-ray detection. In this review, the current research progress of X-ray detectors based on lead-free halide perovskites is focused. First, the synthesis methods of lead-free perovskites including single crystals and films are discussed. In addition, the properties of these materials and the detectors, which can provide a better understanding and designing satisfactory devices are also presented. Finally, the challenge and outlook for developing high-performance lead-free perovskite X-ray detectors are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshun Geng
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Ang Chen
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Li
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Guan‐Hua Dun
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Ken Qin
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Zhu Lin
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Dan Xie
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Tian‐Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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Podapangi SK, Jafarzadeh F, Mattiello S, Korukonda TB, Singh A, Beverina L, Brown TM. Green solvents, materials, and lead-free semiconductors for sustainable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18165-18206. [PMID: 37333793 PMCID: PMC10269851 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Perovskite materials research has received unprecedented recognition due to its applications in photovoltaics, LEDs, and other large area low-cost electronics. The exceptional improvement in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved over the last decade has prompted efforts to develop and optimize device fabrication technologies for the industrial and commercial space. However, unstable operation in outdoor environments and toxicity of the employed materials and solvents have hindered this proposition. While their optoelectronic properties are extensively studied, the environmental impacts of the materials and manufacturing methods require further attention. This review summarizes and discusses green and environment-friendly methods for fabricating PSCs, particularly non-toxic solvents, and lead-free alternatives. Greener solvent choices are surveyed for all the solar cell films, (i.e. electron and hole transport, semiconductor, and electrode layers) and their impact on thin film quality, morphology and device performance is explored. We also discuss lead content in perovskites, its environmental impact and sequestration routes, and progress in replacing lead with greener alternatives. This review provides an analysis of sustainable green routes in perovskite solar cell fabrication, discussing the impact of each layer in the device stack, via life cycle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Podapangi
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Farshad Jafarzadeh
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 I-20126 Milano Italy
| | - Tulja Bhavani Korukonda
- Department of Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi-110016 India
| | - Akash Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 I-20126 Milano Italy
| | - Thomas M Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
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Tang H, Yuan K, Zheng P, Xiao T, Zhang H, Zhao X, Zhou W, Wang S, Liu W. Synthesis, crystal structure and optical properties of the quasi-0D lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid crystal (C6H14N)3Bi2I9·H2O. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2023.124011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Wu MC, Ho CM, Hsiao KC, Chen SH, Chang YH, Jao MH. Antisolvent Engineering to Enhance Photovoltaic Performance of Methylammonium Bismuth Iodide Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:59. [PMID: 36615969 PMCID: PMC9824484 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High absorption ability and direct bandgap makes lead-based perovskite to acquire high photovoltaic performance. However, lead content in perovskite becomes a double-blade for counterbalancing photovoltaic performance and sustainability. Herein, we develop a methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI), a perovskite-derivative, to serve as a lead-free light absorber layer. Owing to the short carrier diffusion length of MBI, its film quality is a predominant factor to photovoltaic performance. Several candidates of non-polar solvent are discussed in aspect of their dipole moment and boiling point to reveal the effects of anti-solvent assisted crystallization. Through anti-solvent engineering of toluene, the morphology, crystallinity, and element distribution of MBI films are improved compared with those without toluene treatment. The improved morphology and crystallinity of MBI films promote photovoltaic performance over 3.2 times compared with the one without toluene treatment. The photovoltaic device can achieve 0.26% with minor hysteresis effect, whose hysteresis index reduces from 0.374 to 0.169. This study guides a feasible path for developing MBI photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Huan Jao
- Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Soft X-ray characterization of halide perovskite film by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4520. [PMID: 35296696 PMCID: PMC8927596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have recently been receiving a lot of attention due to their newfound application in optoelectronic devices, including perovskite solar cells (PSCs) which have reached power conversion efficiencies as high as 25.5%. However, the fundamental mechanisms in PSCs, including the correlation of degradation with the excellent optoelectrical properties of the perovskite absorbers, are poorly understood. In this paper, we have explored synchrotron-based soft X-ray characterization as an effective technique for the compositional analysis of MHP thin films. Most synchrotron-based studies used for investigating MHPs so far are based on hard X-rays (5–10 keV) which include various absorption edges (Pb L-edge, I L-edge, Br K-edge, etc.) but are not suited for the analysis of the organic component in these materials. In order to be sensitive to a maximum number of elements, we have employed soft X-ray-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) as a spectro-microscopy technique for the characterization of MHPs. We examined its sensitivity to iodine and organic components, aging, or oxidation by-products in MHPs to make sure that our suggested method is suitable for studying MHPs. Furthermore, methylammonium triiodide with different deposition ratios of PbI2 and CH3NH3I (MAI), and different thicknesses, were characterized for chemical inhomogeneity at the nanoscale by STXM. Through these measurements, we demonstrate that STXM is very sensitive to chemical composition and homogeneity in MHPs. Thus, we highlight the utility of STXM for an in-depth analysis of physical and chemical phenomena in PSCs.
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Sultana A, Zare M, Luo H, Ramakrishna S. Surface Engineering Strategies to Enhance the In Situ Performance of Medical Devices Including Atomic Scale Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11788. [PMID: 34769219 PMCID: PMC8583812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of intense scientific research investigations clearly suggest that only a subset of a large number of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and nanomaterials are suitable as biomaterials for a growing number of biomedical devices and biomedical uses. However, biomaterials are prone to microbial infection due to Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), hepatitis, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and many more. Hence, a range of surface engineering strategies are devised in order to achieve desired biocompatibility and antimicrobial performance in situ. Surface engineering strategies are a group of techniques that alter or modify the surface properties of the material in order to obtain a product with desired functionalities. There are two categories of surface engineering methods: conventional surface engineering methods (such as coating, bioactive coating, plasma spray coating, hydrothermal, lithography, shot peening, and electrophoretic deposition) and emerging surface engineering methods (laser treatment, robot laser treatment, electrospinning, electrospray, additive manufacturing, and radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique). Atomic-scale engineering, such as chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer etching, plasma immersion ion deposition, and atomic layer deposition, is a subsection of emerging technology that has demonstrated improved control and flexibility at finer length scales than compared to the conventional methods. With the advancements in technologies and the demand for even better control of biomaterial surfaces, research efforts in recent years are aimed at the atomic scale and molecular scale while incorporating functional agents in order to elicit optimal in situ performance. The functional agents include synthetic materials (monolithic ZnO, quaternary ammonium salts, silver nano-clusters, titanium dioxide, and graphene) and natural materials (chitosan, totarol, botanical extracts, and nisin). This review highlights the various strategies of surface engineering of biomaterial including their functional mechanism, applications, and shortcomings. Additionally, this review article emphasizes atomic scale engineering of biomaterials for fabricating antimicrobial biomaterials and explores their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Sultana
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mina Zare
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (A.S.); (S.R.)
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Jayalakshmi R, Jeyanthi J. Spectroscopic investigation of carbon nanotube as nano-filler entrapped in chitosan hydrogel beads. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ashurbekova K, Ashurbekova K, Botta G, Yurkevich O, Knez M. Vapor phase processing: a novel approach for fabricating functional hybrid materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:342001. [PMID: 32353844 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8edb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Materials science is nowadays facing challenges in optimizing properties of materials which are needed for numerous technological applications and include, but are not limited to, mechanics, electronics, optics, etc. The key issue is that for emerging applications materials are needed which incorporate certain properties from polymers or biopolymers and metals or ceramics at the same time, thus fabrication of functional hybrid materials becomes inevitable. Routes for the synthesis of functional hybrid materials can be manifold. Among the explored routes vapor phase processing is a rather novel approach which opts for compatibility with many existing industrial processes. This topical review summarizes the most important approaches and achievements in the synthesis of functional hybrid materials through vapor phase routes with the goal to fabricate suitable hybrid materials for future mechanical, electronic, optical or biomedical applications. Most of the approaches rely on atomic layer deposition (ALD) and techniques related to this process, including molecular layer deposition (MLD) and vapor phase infiltration (VPI), or variations of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The thus fabricated hybrid materials or nanocomposites often show exceptional physical or chemical properties, which result from synergies of the hybridized materials families. Even though the research in this field is still in its infancy, the initial results encourage further development and promise great application potential in a large variety of applications fields such as flexible electronics, energy conversion or storage, functional textile, and many more.
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First-Principles Investigation of the Structural, Elastic, Electronic, and Optical Properties of α- and β-SrZrS 3: Implications for Photovoltaic Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040978. [PMID: 32098231 PMCID: PMC7079647 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal perovskite chalcogenides are attractive solar absorber materials for renewable energy applications. Herein, we present the first–principles screened hybrid density functional theory analyses of the structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of the two structure modifications of strontium zirconium sulfide (needle–like α–SrZrS3 and distorted β–SrZrS3 phases). Through the analysis of the predicted electronic structures, we show that both α– and β–SrZrS3 materials are direct band gaps absorbers, with calculated band gaps of 1.38, and 1.95 eV, respectively, in close agreement with estimates from diffuse–reflectance measurements. A strong light absorption in the visible region is predicted for the α– and β–SrZrS3, as reflected in their high optical absorbance (in the order of 105 cm−1), with the β–SrZrS3 phase showing stronger absorption than the α–SrZrS3 phase. We also report the first theoretical prediction of effective masses of photo-generated charge carriers in α– and β–SrZrS3 materials. Predicted small effective masses of holes and electrons at the valence, and conduction bands, respectively, point to high mobility (high conductivity) and low recombination rate of photo-generated charge carriers in α– and β–SrZrS3 materials, which are necessary for efficient photovoltaic conversion.
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