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Váňová N, Múčková L, Kalíšková T, Lochman L, Bzonek P, Švec F. In Vitro Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Induced by Oxime Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase in HepG2 Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1912-1920. [PMID: 37950699 PMCID: PMC10731658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are used as causal antidotes for intended and unintended poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides. Despite all efforts to develop new AChE reactivators, none of these drug candidates replaced conventional clinically used oximes. In addition to the therapeutic efficacy, determining the safety profile is crucial in preclinical drug evaluation. The exact mechanism of oxime toxicity and the structure-toxicity relationship are subjects of ongoing research, with oxidative stress proposed as a possible mechanism. In the present study, we investigated four promising bispyridinium oxime AChE reactivators, K048, K074, K075, and K203, and their ability to induce oxidative stress in vitro. Cultured human hepatoma cells were exposed to oximes at concentrations corresponding to their IC50 values determined by the MTT assay after 24 h. Their potency to generate reactive oxygen species, interfere with the thiol antioxidant system, and induce lipid peroxidation was evaluated at 1, 4, and 24 h of exposure. Reactivators without a double bond in the four-carbon linker, K048 and K074, showed a greater potential to induce oxidative stress compared with K075 and K203, which contain a double bond. Unlike oximes with a three-carbon-long linker, the number of aldoxime groups attached to the pyridinium moieties does not determine the oxidative stress induction for K048, K074, K075, and K203 oximes. In conclusion, our results emphasize that the structure of oximes plays a critical role in inducing oxidative stress, and this relationship does not correlate with their cytotoxicity expressed as the IC50 value. However, it is important to note that oxidative stress cannot be disregarded as a potential contributor to the side effects associated with oximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Váňová
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of
Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 500 05, Czechia
| | - L’ubica Múčková
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, Hradec Králové 500 02, Czechia
| | - Tereza Kalíšková
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of
Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 500 05, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Lochman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of
Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 500 05, Czechia
| | - Petr Bzonek
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, Hradec Králové 500 02, Czechia
| | - František Švec
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 500 05, Czechia
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Jaćević V, Dumanović J, Grujić-Milanović J, Milovanović Z, Amidžić L, Vojinović N, Nežić L, Marković B, Dobričić V, Milosavljević P, Nepovimova E, Kuča K. Oxidative stress status assessment of rats' brains injury following subacute exposure to K-oximes. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110658. [PMID: 37572873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress status and morphological injuries in the brain of Wistar rats induced by repeated application of selected acetylcholinesterase reactivators - asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, K074, and K075 were evaluated. Each oxime in a dose of 0.1 of LD50/kg im was given 2x/week for 4 weeks. Markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), and protein oxidation (advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, glutathione reductase, GR, and glutathione peroxidase, GPx), were estimated in the brain tissue homogenates on day 35 of the study. Brain alterations were carefully quantified by semiquantitative grading scales - brain damage score (BDS). Oxidative stress parameters, MDA and AOPP were significantly highest in the asoxime-, obidoxime- and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). The activity of SOD and CAT was significantly elevated in the obidoxime-, K048-, and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). Besides, GR was markedly decreased in the obidoxime- and K074-treated groups (p < 0.01), while treatment with K048, K074 and K075 induced extremely high elevation in GPx levels (p < 0.001). In the same groups of rats, brain alterations associated with polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate were significantly more severe than those observed in animals receiving only asoxime or K027 (p < 0.001). The presented results confirmed that treatment with different oximes significantly improved the oxidative status and attenuated signs of inflammation in rats' brains. Presented results, together with our previously published data can help to predict likely adverse systemic toxic effects, and target organ systems, which are crucial for establishing risk categories, as well as in dose selection of K-oximes as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelena Dumanović
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry Studenski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Grujić-Milanović
- University of Belgrade - Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Cardiovascular Research, Dr Subotića 4, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Amidžić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nataša Vojinović
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojan Marković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar Milosavljević
- Veterinary Services Center, Military Health Department, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Amelioration of Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Alveolar Epithelial Cells Apoptosis by Simvastatin Is Associated with Up-Regulation of Survivin/NF-kB/p65 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052596. [PMID: 35269738 PMCID: PMC8910433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the alveolar−endothelial barrier caused by inflammation leads to the progression of septic acute lung injury (ALI). In the present study, we investigated the beneficial effects of simvastatin on the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and its related mechanisms. A model of ALI was induced within experimental sepsis developed by intraperitoneal injection of a single non-lethal LPS dose after short-term simvastatin pretreatment (10−40 mg/kg orally). The severity of the lung tissue inflammatory injury was expressed as pulmonary damage scores (PDS). Alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay (DNA fragmentation) and expressed as an apoptotic index (AI), and immunohistochemically for cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome C, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin, and transcriptional factor, NF-kB/p65. Severe inflammatory injury of pulmonary parenchyma (PDS 3.33 ± 0.48) was developed after the LPS challenge, whereas simvastatin significantly and dose-dependently protected lung histology after LPS (p < 0.01). Simvastatin in a dose of 40 mg/kg showed the most significant effects in amelioration alveolar epithelial cells apoptosis, demonstrating this as a marked decrease of AI (p < 0.01 vs. LPS), cytochrome C, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly enhanced the expression of Bcl-xL and survivin. Finally, the expression of survivin and its regulator NF-kB/p65 in the alveolar epithelium was in strong positive correlation across the groups. Simvastatin could play a protective role against LPS-induced ALI and apoptosis of the alveolar−endothelial barrier. Taken together, these effects were seemingly mediated by inhibition of caspase 3 and cytochrome C, a finding that might be associated with the up-regulation of cell-survival survivin/NF-kB/p65 pathway and Bcl-xL.
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Kalász H, Tekes K, Bátor G, Adeghate J, Adeghate E, Darvas F, Fűrész J, Karvaly G. Investigation of the Experimental Pharmacokinetics of the Bis-Chlorinated Bis-pyridinium Mono-aldoxime Cholinesterase Reactivator K-868 in Rats. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104502015010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The widespread use of organophosphorus compounds in agriculture and their existence in some military arsenals present continuous threats. Quaternary bis-pyridinium aldoximes are potent, highly polar cholinesterase reactivators and the most intensively studied candidate antidotes against poisoning with organophosphorus compounds.
Objective:
The in vivo experimental pharmacokinetic properties of K-868, a novel bis-chlorinated, bis-pyridinium mono-aldoxime are detailed and put in context with regard to similar compounds described earlier.
Methods:
Rats received 30 µmol K-868 i.m. and were sacrificed at various time points following treatment. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid and tear were collected, while the brains, eyes, kidneys, livers, lungs and testes were removed, dissected and homogenized. K-868 concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorption detection.
Results:
K-868 was detected in the eyes, kidneys, lungs and tear within 5 minutes in maximal serum concentrations attained 15 minutes following administration. Elimination was slow for K-868 which remained detectable at 120 minutes in the blood and the kidneys, and at 60 minutes in the eyes, lungs and tear following its administration. Nevertheless, its distribution was overall poor with areas under the 120-minute concentration curves (AUC120) showing close similarity in the blood and the kidneys, while reaching just approximately 5% of serum AUC120 in the eyes and lungs.
Conclusion:
K-868 is a potent candidate antidote against organophosphate poisoining with a prolonged presence in the circulation.
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Antidotal Potency of the Novel, Structurally Different Adsorbents in Rats Acutely Intoxicated with the T-2 Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100643. [PMID: 33028026 PMCID: PMC7600379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the potential antidote efficacy of commercially available formulations of various feed additives such as Minazel-Plus®, Mycosorb®, and Mycofix® was considered by recording their incidence on general health, body weight, and food and water intake, as well as through histopathology and semiquantitative analysis of gastric alterations in Wistar rats treated with the T-2 toxin in a single-dose regimen of 1.67 mg/kg p.o. (1 LD50) for 4 weeks. As an organic adsorbent, Mycosorb® successfully antagonized acute lethal incidence of the T-2 toxin (protective index (PI) = 2.25; p < 0.05 vs. T-2 toxin), and had adverse effects on body weight gain as well as food and water intake during the research (p < 0.001). However, the protective efficacy of the other two food additives was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Treatment with Mycosorb® significantly reduced the severity of gastric damage, which was not the case when the other two adsorbents were used. Our results suggest that Mycosorb® is a much better adsorbent for preventing the adverse impact of the T-2 toxin as well as its toxic metabolites compared with Minazel-plus® or Mycofix-plus®, and it almost completely suppresses its acute toxic effects and cytotoxic potential on the gastric epithelial, glandular, and vascular endothelial cells.
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Nežić L, Škrbić R, Amidžić L, Gajanin R, Milovanović Z, Nepovimova E, Kuča K, Jaćević V. Protective Effects of Simvastatin on Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury through Activation of Tubular Epithelial Cells' Survival and Hindering Cytochrome C-Mediated Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197236. [PMID: 33008033 PMCID: PMC7583796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that apoptosis of tubular cells and renal inflammation mainly determine the outcome of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). The study aim was to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in the renoprotective effects of simvastatin in endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LSP)-induced AKI. A sepsis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of a single non-lethal LPS dose after short-term simvastatin pretreatment. The severity of the inflammatory injury was expressed as renal damage scores (RDS). Apoptosis of tubular cells was detected by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL assay) (apoptotic DNA fragmentation, expressed as an apoptotic index, AI) and immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome C, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and survivin. We found that endotoxin induced severe renal inflammatory injury (RDS = 3.58 ± 0.50), whereas simvastatin dose-dependently prevented structural changes induced by LPS. Furthermore, simvastatin 40 mg/kg most profoundly attenuated tubular apoptosis, determined as a decrease of cytochrome C, caspase-3 expression, and AIs (p < 0.01 vs. LPS). Conversely, simvastatin induced a significant increase of Bcl-XL and survivin, both in the strong inverse correlations with cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome C. Our study indicates that simvastatin has cytoprotective effects against LPS-induced tubular apoptosis, seemingly mediated by upregulation of cell-survival molecules, such as Bcl-XL and survivin, and inhibition of the mitochondrial cytochrome C and downstream caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 14 Save Mrkalja St, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (K.K.); Tel.: +387-66-125222 (L.N.); +420-603289 (K.K.)
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 14 Save Mrkalja St, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ljiljana Amidžić
- Center for Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 14 Save Mrkalja St, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Radoslav Gajanin
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinical Center of Republic of Srpska, School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 12 Beba St, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Police Department of the City of Belgrade, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (V.J.)
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (V.J.)
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 02 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (K.K.); Tel.: +387-66-125222 (L.N.); +420-603289 (K.K.)
| | - Vesna Jaćević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (V.J.)
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, 11 Crnotravska St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, the University of Defence in Belgrade, 17 Crnotravska St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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de Castro AA, Assis LC, Soares FV, Kuca K, Polisel DA, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Trends in the Recent Patent Literature on Cholinesterase Reactivators (2016-2019). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030436. [PMID: 32178264 PMCID: PMC7175240 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the key enzyme responsible for deactivating the ACh neurotransmitter. Irreversible or prolonged inhibition of AChE, therefore, elevates synaptic ACh leading to serious central and peripheral adverse effects which fall under the cholinergic syndrome spectra. To combat the toxic effects of some AChEI, such as organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents, many compounds with reactivator effects have been developed. Within the most outstanding reactivators, the substances denominated oximes stand out, showing good performance for reactivating AChE and restoring the normal synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) levels. This review was developed with the purpose of covering the new advances in AChE reactivation. Over the past years, researchers worldwide have made efforts to identify and develop novel active molecules. These researches have been moving farther into the search for novel agents that possess better effectiveness of reactivation and broad-spectrum reactivation against diverse OP agents. In addition, the discovery of ways to restore AChE in the aged form is also of great importance. This review will allow us to evaluate the major advances made in the discovery of new acetylcholinesterase reactivators by reviewing all patents published between 2016 and 2019. This is an important step in continuing this remarkable research so that new studies can begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Letícia C. Assis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
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