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Roth A, Schill WP. Geographical balancing of wind power decreases storage needs in a 100% renewable European power sector. iScience 2023; 26:107074. [PMID: 37408684 PMCID: PMC10318522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries plan to massively expand wind power and solar photovoltaic capacities. These variable renewable energy sources require additional flexibility in the power sector. Both geographical balancing enabled by interconnection and electricity storage can provide such flexibility. In a 100% renewable energy scenario of 12 central European countries, we investigate how geographical balancing between countries reduces the need for electricity storage. Our principal contribution is to separate and quantify the different factors at play. Applying a capacity expansion model and a factorization method, we disentangle the effect of interconnection on optimal storage capacities through distinct factors: differences in countries' solar PV and wind power availability patterns, load profiles, as well as hydropower and bioenergy capacity portfolios. Results indicate that interconnection reduces storage needs by around 30% in contrast to a scenario without interconnection. Differences in wind power profiles between countries explain around 80% of that effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Roth
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Peter Schill
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Matuszek K, Kar M, Pringle JM, MacFarlane DR. Phase Change Materials for Renewable Energy Storage at Intermediate Temperatures. Chem Rev 2023; 123:491-514. [PMID: 36417460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermal energy storage technologies utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) that melt in the intermediate temperature range, between 100 and 220 °C, have the potential to mitigate the intermittency issues of wind and solar energy. This technology can take thermal or electrical energy from renewable sources and store it in the form of heat. This is of particular utility when the end use of the energy is also as heat. For this purpose, the material should have a phase change between 100 and 220 °C with a high latent heat of fusion. Although a range of PCMs are known for this temperature range, many of these materials are not practically viable for stability and safety reasons, a perspective not often clear in the primary literature. This review examines the recent development of thermal energy storage materials for application with renewables, the different material classes, their physicochemical properties, and the chemical structural origins of their advantageous thermal properties. Perspectives on further research directions needed to reach the goal of large scale, highly efficient, inexpensive, and reliable intermediate temperature thermal energy storage technologies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Matuszek
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Mega Kar
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Pringle
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Burwood, Burwood, Victoria3125, Australia
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Dos Santos MAF, Nobre FD, Curado EMF. Entropic form emergent from superstatistics. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014132. [PMID: 36797946 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Beck-Cohen superstatistics became an important theory in the scenario of complex systems because it generates distributions representing regions of a nonequilibrium system, characterized by different temperatures T≡β^{-1}, leading to a probability distribution f(β). In superstatistics, some classes have been most frequently considered for f(β), like χ^{2}, χ^{2} inverse, and log-normal ones. Herein we investigate the superstatistics resulting from a χ_{η}^{2} distribution through a modification of the usual χ^{2} by introducing a real index η (0<η≤1). In this way, one covers two common and relevant distributions as particular cases, proportional to the q-exponential (e_{q}^{-βx}=[1-(1-q)βx]^{1/1-q}) and the stretched exponential (e^{-(βx)^{η}}). Furthermore, an associated generalized entropic form is found. Since these two particular-case distributions have been frequently found in the literature, we expect that the present results should be applicable to a wide range of classes of complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike A F Dos Santos
- Department of Physics, PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Fernando D Nobre
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Complex Systems Rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Evaldo M F Curado
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Complex Systems Rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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Spatial energy density of large-scale electricity generation from power sources worldwide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21280. [PMID: 36481808 PMCID: PMC9732281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces the annual energy density concept for electric power generation, which is proposed as an informative metric to capture the impacts on the environmental footprint. Our investigation covers a wide range of sources classified by rated power and compares different regions to establish typical spatial flows of energy and evaluate the corresponding scalability to meet future net-zero emission (NZE) goals. Our analysis is conducted based on publicly available information pertaining to different regions and remote satellite image data. The results of our systematic analysis indicate that the spatial extent of electric power generation toward 2050 will increase approximately sixfold, from approximately 0.5% to nearly 3.0% of the world's land area, based on International Energy Agency (IEA) NZE 2050 targets. We investigate the worldwide energy density for ten types of power generation facilities, two involving nonrenewable sources (i.e., nuclear power and natural gas) and eight involving renewable sources (i.e., hydropower, concentrated solar power (CSP), solar photovoltaic (PV) power, onshore wind power, geothermal power, offshore wind power, tidal power, and wave power). In total, our study covers 870 electric power plants worldwide, where not only the energy density but also the resulting land or sea area requirements to power the world are estimated. Based on the provided meta-analysis results, this paper challenges the common notion that solar power is the most energy-dense renewable fuel source by demonstrating that hydropower supersedes solar power in terms of land use in certain regions of the world, depending on the topography.
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Schäfer B, Heppell CM, Rhys H, Beck C. Fluctuations of water quality time series in rivers follow superstatistics. iScience 2021; 24:102881. [PMID: 34401665 PMCID: PMC8348929 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Superstatistics is a general method from nonequilibrium statistical physics which has been applied to a variety of complex systems, ranging from hydrodynamic turbulence to traffic delays and air pollution dynamics. Here, we investigate water quality time series (such as dissolved oxygen concentrations and electrical conductivity) as measured in rivers and provide evidence that they exhibit superstatistical behavior. Our main example is time series as recorded in the River Chess in South East England. Specifically, we use seasonal detrending and empirical mode decomposition to separate trends from fluctuations for the measured data. With either detrending method, we observe heavy-tailed fluctuation distributions, which are well described by log-normal superstatistics for dissolved oxygen. Contrarily, we find a double peaked non-standard superstatistics for the electrical conductivity data, which we model using two combinedχ 2 -distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schäfer
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Catherine M. Heppell
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christian Beck
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Rinaldi KZ, Dowling JA, Ruggles TH, Caldeira K, Lewis NS. Wind and Solar Resource Droughts in California Highlight the Benefits of Long-Term Storage and Integration with the Western Interconnect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6214-6226. [PMID: 33822592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As reliance on wind and solar power for electricity generation increases, so does the importance of understanding how variability in these resources affects the feasible, cost-effective ways of supplying energy services. We use hourly weather data over multiple decades and historical electricity demand data to analyze the gaps between wind and solar supply and electricity demand for California (CA) and the Western Interconnect (WECC). We quantify the occurrence of resource droughts when the daily power from each resource was less than half of the 39-year daily mean for that day of the year. Averaged over 39 years, CA experienced 6.6 days of solar and 48 days of wind drought per year, compared to 0.41 and 19 for WECC. Using a macro-scale electricity model, we evaluate the potential for both long-term storage and more geographically diverse generation resources to minimize system costs. For wind-solar-battery electricity systems, meeting California demand with WECC generation resources reduces the cost by 9% compared to constraining resources entirely to California. Adding long-duration storage lowers system costs by 21% when treating California as an island. This data-driven analysis quantifies rare weather-related events and provides an understanding that can be used to inform stakeholders in future electricity systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Rinaldi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jacqueline A Dowling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tyler H Ruggles
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ken Caldeira
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Breakthrough Energy, Kirkland, Washington 98033, United States
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Mitsokapas E, Schäfer B, Harris RJ, Beck C. Statistical characterization of airplane delays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7855. [PMID: 33846509 PMCID: PMC8041857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aviation industry is of great importance for a globally connected economy. Customer satisfaction with airlines and airport performance is considerably influenced by how much flights are delayed. But how should the delay be quantified with thousands of flights for each airport and airline? Here, we present a statistical analysis of arrival delays at several UK airports between 2018 and 2020. We establish a procedure to compare both mean delay and extreme events among airlines and airports, identifying a power-law decay of large delays. Furthermore, we note drastic changes in plane delay statistics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we find that delays are described by a superposition of simple distributions, leading to a superstatistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Mitsokapas
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Benjamin Schäfer
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Rosemary J Harris
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christian Beck
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
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