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da Silva Falcão B, Giwelli A, Nogueira Kiewiet M, Banks S, Yabesh G, Esteban L, Kiewiet L, Yekeen N, Kovalyshen Y, Monmusson L, Al-Yaseri A, Keshavarz A, Iglauer S. Strain measurement with multiplexed FBG sensor arrays: An experimental investigation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18652. [PMID: 37560630 PMCID: PMC10407675 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In conventional rock mechanics testing, radial strain measuring devices are usually attached to the sample's surface at its mid-height. Although this procedure provides a realistic picture of the lateral deformation undergone by homogeneous samples, however, this assumption may not be accurate if the tested rock has significant heterogeneity. Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have recently been introduced to various rock testing applications due to their versatility over conventional strain gauges and radial cantilevers. FBG sensors have small size, multiplexing capability, and immunity to magnetic interference. The main objective of this study is to explore and understand the capabilities of FBG sensing for strain measurement during rock mechanics testing, including under confining. To do so, two limestone plugs (Savonnières limestone) and one acrylic Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) plug, all of 38 mm diameter, were prepared. The acrylic plug and one of the Savonnières samples plugs were subjected to Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests. The second Savonnières plug was subjected to a hydrostatic test up to 20 MPa confining at room temperature. FBG sensors of 125 μm cladding diameter with ceramics (Ormocer) coating were glued on the surface of each sample, spreading across the entire sample's height. Strain gauges and cantilever-type radial gauges were used on the samples submitted to UCS for comparison. Results show that radial strain measurements and calculated elastic properties derived from the FBG readings for samples are comparable to readings from the conventional strain gauges and cantilever-type devices. Apparent bulk moduli based on volumetric strain computed from FBG radial strain readings during the hydrostatic test on the Savonnières sample was consistent with benchtop measurements conducted on the Savonnières sample and another plug extracted from the same parental block, as well as published literature data. Moreover, variations in the calculated elastic properties are interpreted as evidence that the FBG sensors detected heterogeneities in the samples' inner structure, which can be seen in the density profiles computed from x-ray CT images. Such observation confirms the potential of the presented FBG sensors configuration for 3D strain mapping in rock mechanics tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno da Silva Falcão
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
- CSIRO Energy, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
- Currently at Fluid Science and Resources Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ausama Giwelli
- CSIRO Energy, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
- Currently at INPEX, Perth WA 6000, Australia
| | | | | | - George Yabesh
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
- CSIRO Energy, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
| | | | | | - Nurudeen Yekeen
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | | | | | - Ahmed Al-Yaseri
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
- Currently at Centre of Integrative Petroleum Research (CIPR), College of Petroleum Engineering and Geoscience, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alireza Keshavarz
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Stefan Iglauer
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
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Chaturvedi KR, Sharma T. Modified smart water flooding for promoting carbon dioxide utilization in shale enriched heterogeneous sandstone under surface conditions for oil recovery and storage prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41788-41803. [PMID: 35099700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern oil reservoirs exhibit high macro-scale heterogeneity, i.e., presence of shales and clays, which complicate the implementation of conventional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) practices. Hence, there is a need to investigate new class of EOR methods which not only improve recovery of oil from reservoir but also reduce formation damage. Thus, in this study, synthetic smart brines of varying salinity were formulated to investigate carbon utilization in shaly-sandstone for oil recovery and sequestration applications. To prepare shaly-sandstone samples, shale content in sand varied between 0 and 25 wt%. The addition of shale reduced porosity and permeability of sand-packs, and porosity ~ 25 and permeability < 10 md were measured for a combination of 75% sand + 25% shale which were originally 38% and 692 md for 100% sand + 0% shale. The oil recovery experiments were performed at temperature ≈ 40 °C and ambient pressure. The impact of shale content was insignificant on CO2-based oil recovery resulting its value remained nearly constant (5-7%). Smart saline water (SSW) solutions were prepared through the dilution of formation water (FW) of typical oilfield salinity and used these SSW solutions in investigating shale swelling and interfacial tension with CO2. Compared to other SSW solutions, SSW-2 (1 part FW/9 part water: 1/10th of FW) demonstrated superior control on mitigating shale swelling (by 67%) and reduce interfacial tension (by 30%) when compared to FW. Moreover, it helped to mobilize higher amount of oil (50% OOIP) from sand-pack (80% sand + 20% shale) in which conventional water flood failed to perform, indicating its viability for EOR from heterogeneous reservoir. In addition, SSW solutions promoted use of carbonated (CO2-enriched) water injection for oil recovery from sandstone exhibiting high shale content of 20% as over 5-8% higher oil recovery was obtained compared to conventional water flooding. Comparative performance of water flooding, salinity water-alternating CO2 flooding and carbonated smart water injection in heterogeneous sandstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Raghav Chaturvedi
- EOR Research Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, 229304, India
| | - Tushar Sharma
- EOR Research Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, 229304, India.
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Impacts of Limestone Vertical Permeability Heterogeneity on Fluid–Rock Interaction During CCS. Transp Porous Media 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-022-01751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kuang H, Ye X, Qing Z. Porosity of the porous carbonate rocks in the Jingfengqiao-Baidiao area based on finite automata. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211844. [PMID: 35242356 PMCID: PMC8753174 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study is based on the processing of computed microtomography images of rock samples. In this study, a finite automation is constructed using the grey value, red-green-blue (RGB) value and Euler number of polarized images of carbonate rocks from the Jingfengqiao-Baidiao area. The finite automaton is used to perform black and white binary processing of the polarized images of the carbonate rocks. The porosity of the carbonate rock is calculated based on the black and white binarization processing results of the polarized images of the carbonate rocks. The obtained porosity is compared with the carbonate porosity obtained by use of the traditional carbonate research method. When the two porosities are close, the image processing threshold of the finite automata is considered to be credible. Based on the finite automata established using the image processing threshold, the black and white binary images of the polarized images of the carbonate rocks are used to establish a rock pore image using ImageJ2X. The polarized images of the carbonate rocks are classified according to their RGB values using the finite automata for the porosity classification, and the obtained images are used as textures to paste onto a cube to construct a three-dimensional data model of the carbonate rocks. This study also uses 16S rDNA analysis to verify the formation mechanism of the carbonate pores in the Jingfengqiao-Baidiao area. The results of the 16S rDNA analysis show that the pores in the carbonate rocks in the Jingfengqiao-Baidiao area are closely related to microorganisms, represented by denitrifying bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Kuang
- School of Geographic Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Ye
- School of Geographic Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Qing
- School of Geographic Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Micro CT and Experimental Study of Carbonate Precipitation from CO2 and Produced Water Co-Injection into Sandstone. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14216998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide geological storage involves injecting captured CO2 streams into a suitable reservoir. Subsequent mineral trapping of the CO2 as carbonate minerals is one of the most secure forms of trapping. Injection of CO2 dissolved in water or co-injection of CO2 with water may enhance trapping mechanisms. Produced waters are already re-injected into reservoirs worldwide, and their co-injection with CO2 could enhance mineral trapping in low reactivity rock by providing a source of cations. Sandstone drill core from a reservoir proposed for CO2 storage was experimentally reacted with supercritical CO2 and a synthetic produced water. Micro computed tomography (CT), QEMSCAN, and SEM were performed before and after the reaction. The sandstone sample was predominantly quartz with minor illite/muscovite and kaolinite. The sandstone sub-plug micro-CT porosity was 11.1% and 11.4% after the reaction. Dissolved Ca, Mg, and Sr decreased during the reaction. After the reaction with CO2 and synthetic produced water, precipitation of crystalline carbonate minerals calcite and dolomite was observed in the pore space and on the rock surface. In addition, the movement of pore filling and bridging clays, as well as grains was observed. Co-injection of CO2 with produced waters into suitable reservoirs has the potential to encourage CO2 mineral trapping.
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Umeobi HI, Li Q, Xu L, Tan Y, Onyekwena CC. Flow and structural analysis of sedimentary rocks by core flooding and nuclear magnetic resonance: A review. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:071501. [PMID: 34340457 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow analyses and investigations of associated structural variations in rock formations are important due to the complex nature of rocks and the high heterogeneity that exists within fluid-rock systems. Variations in fluid-rock parameters need to be ascertained over time with continuous or cyclic fluid injection into subsurface rocks for enhanced oil recovery and other subsurface applications. This Review introduces the use of the core flooding-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique for analysis of combined fluid flow and structural features in subsurface fluid-rock systems. It presents a summary of the results realized by various researchers in this area of study. The influence of several conditions, such as geochemical interactions, wettability, inherent heterogeneities in fluid flow and rock properties, and variations in these parameters, is analyzed. We investigate NMR measurements for both single fluid phase saturation and multiphase saturation. Additionally, the processes for identifying and distinguishing different fluid phases are emphasized in this study. Furthermore, capillary pressure and its influence on fluid-rock parameters are also discussed. Although this study emphasizes subsurface rocks and enhanced oil recovery, the experimental combination is also extended to core flooding using several other injection fluids and porous media. Finally, research gaps pertaining to core flooding-NMR systems regarding fluid flow, structural changes, fluid-rock systems, and instrumentation are pointed out. Transient flow analysis involving structural variations is suggested for future work in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happiness Ijeoma Umeobi
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yongsheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chikezie Chimere Onyekwena
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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