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Martins AC, Virgolini MB, Ávila DS, Scharf P, Li J, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Bowman AB, Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Mitochondria in the Spotlight: C. elegans as a Model Organism to Evaluate Xenobiotic-Induced Dysfunction. Cells 2023; 12:2124. [PMID: 37681856 PMCID: PMC10486742 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular respiration, ATP production, and the regulation of various cellular processes. Mitochondrial dysfunctions have been directly linked to pathophysiological conditions, making them a significant target of interest in toxicological research. In recent years, there has been a growing need to understand the intricate effects of xenobiotics on human health, necessitating the use of effective scientific research tools. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a nonpathogenic nematode, has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating toxic mechanisms and mitochondrial dysfunction. With remarkable genetic homology to mammals, C. elegans has been used in studies to elucidate the impact of contaminants and drugs on mitochondrial function. This review focuses on the effects of several toxic metals and metalloids, drugs of abuse and pesticides on mitochondria, highlighting the utility of C. elegans as a model organism to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction induced by xenobiotics. Mitochondrial structure, function, and dynamics are discussed, emphasizing their essential role in cellular viability and the regulation of processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, and calcium homeostasis. Additionally, specific toxins and toxicants, such as arsenic, cadmium, and manganese are examined in the context of their impact on mitochondrial function and the utility of C. elegans in elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utilization of C. elegans as an experimental model providing a promising platform for investigating the intricate relationships between xenobiotics and mitochondrial dysfunction. This knowledge could contribute to the development of strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of contaminants and drugs of abuse, ultimately enhancing our understanding of these complex processes and promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton C. Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Miriam B. Virgolini
- Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis Elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 592, Uruguaiana 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Scharf
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Jung Li
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl 150003, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Skalny
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl 150003, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119435, Russia
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA
| | - João B. T. Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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Omond SET, Lesku JA. Why study sleep in flatworms? J Comp Physiol B 2023. [PMID: 36899149 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The behaviors that characterize sleep have been observed across a broad range of different species. While much attention has been placed on vertebrates (mostly mammals and birds), the grand diversity of invertebrates has gone largely unexplored. Here, we introduce the intrigue and special value in the study of sleeping platyhelminth flatworms. Flatworms are closely related to annelids and mollusks, and yet are comparatively simple. They lack a circulatory system, respiratory system, endocrine glands, a coelom, and an anus. They retain a central and peripheral nervous system, various sensory systems, and an ability to learn. Flatworms sleep, like other animals, a state which is regulated by prior sleep/wake history and by the neurotransmitter GABA. Furthermore, they possess a remarkable ability to regenerate from a mere fragment of the original animal. The regenerative capabilities of flatworms make them a unique bilaterally symmetric animal to study a link between sleep and neurodevelopment. Lastly, the recent applications of tools for probing the flatworm genome, metabolism, and brain activity make their entrance into the field of sleep research all the more timely.
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Chen Y, Chen X, Zhou Q. Different effects of a perioperative single dose of dexamethasone on wound healing in mice with or without sepsis. Front Surg 2023; 10:927168. [PMID: 37114154 PMCID: PMC10126451 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.927168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sepsis delays wound healing owing to uncontrolled inflammation. A single perioperative dose of dexamethasone is widely used because of its anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of dexamethasone on wound healing in sepsis remain unclear. Methods We discuss the methods to obtain dose curves and explore the safe dosage range for wound healing in mice with or without sepsis. A saline or LPS intraperitoneal injection was applied to C57BL/6 mice. After 24 hours, the mice received a saline or DEX intraperitoneal injection and full-thickness, dorsal wounding operation. Wound healing was observed by image record, immunofluorescence and histological staining. Inflammatory cytokines and M1/M2 macrophages in wounds were determined by ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results Dose-response curves reflected the safe dosage range of DEX in mice with or without sepsis, from 0.121 to 2.03 mg/kg and from 0 to 0.633 mg/kg, respectively. we found that a single dose of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) promoted wound healing in septic mice, but delayed wound healing in normal mice. In normal mice, dexamethasone delays inflammation, resulting in an insufficient number of macrophages during the healing process. In septic mice, dexamethasone alleviated excessive inflammation and maintained the balance of M1/M2 macrophages in the early and late healing process. Discussion In summary, the safe dosage range of dexamethasone in septic mice is wider than that in normal mice. A single dose of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) increased wound healing in septic mice, but delayed it in normal mice. Our findings provide helpful suggestions for the rational use of dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanhong Zhou
- Department of ICU, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Quanhong Zhou
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Jo Y, Woo JS, Lee AR, Lee SY, Shin Y, Lee LP, Cho ML, Kang T. Inner-Membrane-Bound Gold Nanoparticles as Efficient Electron Transfer Mediators for Enhanced Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Activity. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7927-7935. [PMID: 36137175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer through the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) can be critically blocked by the dysfunction of protein complexes. Redox-active molecules have been used to mediate the electron transfer in place of the dysfunctional complexes; however, they are limited to replacing complex I and are known to be toxic. Here we report artificial mitochondrial electron transfer pathways that enhance ETC activity by exploiting inner-membrane-bound gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as efficient electron transfer mediators. The hybridization of mitochondria with GNPs, driven by electrostatic interaction, is successfully visualized in real time at the level of a single mitochondrion. By observing quantized quenching dips via plasmon resonance energy transfer, we reveal that the hybridized GNPs are bound to the inner membrane of mitochondria irrespective of the presence of the outer membrane. The ETC activity of mitochondria with GNPs such as membrane potential, oxygen consumption, and ATP production is remarkably increased in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuseung Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Woo
- Rheumatism Research Center, College of Medicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - A Ram Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, College of Medicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, College of Medicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yonghee Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Medical Life Scieneces, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
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Zhang CS, Li M, Wang Y, Li X, Zong Y, Long S, Zhang M, Feng JW, Wei X, Liu YH, Zhang B, Wu J, Zhang C, Lian W, Ma T, Tian X, Qu Q, Yu Y, Xiong J, Liu DT, Wu Z, Zhu M, Xie C, Wu Y, Xu Z, Yang C, Chen J, Huang G, He Q, Huang X, Zhang L, Sun X, Liu Q, Ghafoor A, Gui F, Zheng K, Wang W, Wang ZC, Yu Y, Zhao Q, Lin SY, Wang ZX, Piao HL, Deng X, Lin SC. The aldolase inhibitor aldometanib mimics glucose starvation to activate lysosomal AMPK. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1369-1401. [PMID: 36217034 PMCID: PMC9584815 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The activity of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is inversely correlated with the cellular availability of glucose. When glucose levels are low, the glycolytic enzyme aldolase is not bound to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and, instead, signals to activate lysosomal AMPK. Here, we show that blocking FBP binding to aldolase with the small molecule aldometanib selectively activates the lysosomal pool of AMPK and has beneficial metabolic effects in rodents. We identify aldometanib in a screen for aldolase inhibitors and show that it prevents FBP from binding to v-ATPase-associated aldolase and activates lysosomal AMPK, thereby mimicking a cellular state of glucose starvation. In male mice, aldometanib elicits an insulin-independent glucose-lowering effect, without causing hypoglycaemia. Aldometanib also alleviates fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese male rodents. Moreover, aldometanib extends lifespan and healthspan in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mice. Taken together, aldometanib mimics and adopts the lysosomal AMPK activation pathway associated with glucose starvation to exert physiological roles, and might have potential as a therapeutic for metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Shating Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Wei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Baoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Cixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Wenhua Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Teng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yaxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Jinye Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-Tai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yaying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Zheni Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Analysis and Measurement Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Guohong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Qingxia He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiufeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Abdul Ghafoor
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Fu Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Kaili Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, China
| | - Yong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China.
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China.
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Khabib MNH, Sivasanku Y, Lee HB, Kumar S, Kue CS. Alternative animal models in predictive toxicology. Toxicology 2022; 465:153053. [PMID: 34838596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity testing relies heavily on animals, especially rodents as part of the non-clinical laboratory testing of substances. However, the use of mammalians and the number of animals employed in research has become a concern for institutional ethics committees. Toxicity testing involving rodents and other mammals is laborious and costly. Alternatively, non-rodent models are used as replacement, as they have less ethical considerations and are cost-effective. Of the many alternative models that can be used as replacement models, which ones can be used in predictive toxicology? What is the correlation between these models and rodents? Are there standardized protocols governing the toxicity testing of these commonly used predictive models? This review outlines the common alternative animal models for predictive toxicology to address the importance of these models, the challenges, and their standard testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nur Hamizan Khabib
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yogeethaa Sivasanku
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakesike Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Hyun M, Rathor L, Kim HJ, McElroy T, Hwang KH, Wohlgemuth S, Curry S, Xiao R, Leeuwenburgh C, Heo JD, Han SM. Comparative toxicities of BPA, BPS, BPF, and TMBPF in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian fibroblast cells. Toxicology 2021; 461:152924. [PMID: 34474090 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound commonly used in the production of plastics for daily lives and industry. As BPA is well known for its adverse health effects, several alternative materials have been developed. This study comprehensively analyzed the toxicity of BPA and its three substitutes including bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF) on aging, healthspan, and mitochondria using an in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model animal and cultured mammalian fibroblast cells. C. elegans treated with 1 mM BPA exhibited abnormalities in the four tested parameters related to development and growth, including delayed development, decreased body growth, reduced reproduction, and abnormal tissue morphology. Exposure to the same concentration of each alternative including TMBPF, which has been proposed as a relatively safe BPA alternative, detrimentally affected at least three of these events. Moreover, all bisphenols (except BPS) remarkably shortened the organismal lifespan and increased age-related changes in neurons. Exposure to BPA and BPF resulted in mitochondrial abnormalities, such as reduced oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, the ATP levels were noticeably higher after treatment with all bisphenols. In mammalian fibroblast cells, exposure to increasing concentrations of all bisphenols (ranging from 50 μM to 500 μM) caused a severe decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. BPA increased ATP levels and decreased ROS but did not affect mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP). Notably, TMBPF was the only bisphenol that caused a significant increase in mitochondrial ROS and mPTP opening. These results suggest that the potentially harmful physiological effects of BPA alternatives should be considered.
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Santos CS, Macedo F, Kowaltowski AJ, Bertotti M, Unwin PR, Marques da Cunha F, Meloni GN. Unveiling the contribution of the reproductive system of individual Caenorhabditis elegans on oxygen consumption by single-point scanning electrochemical microscopy measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1146:88-97. [PMID: 33461723 PMCID: PMC7836392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic analysis in animals is usually either evaluated as whole-body measurements or in isolated tissue samples. To reveal tissue specificities in vivo, this study uses scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to provide localized oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in different regions of single adult Caenorhabditis elegans individuals. This is achieved by measuring the oxygen reduction current at the SECM tip electrode and using a finite element method model of the experiment that defines oxygen concentration and flux at the surface of the organism. SECM mapping measurements uncover a marked heterogeneity of OCR along the worm, with high respiration rates at the reproductive system region. To enable sensitive and quantitative measurements, a self-referencing approach is adopted, whereby the oxygen reduction current at the SECM tip is measured at a selected point on the worm and in bulk solution (calibration). Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, our SECM measurements indicate that viable eggs in the reproductive system are the main contributors in the total oxygen consumption of adult Caenorhabditis elegans. The finding that large regional differences in OCR exist within the animal provides a new understanding of oxygen consumption and metabolic measurements, paving the way for tissue-specific metabolic analyses and toxicity evaluation within single organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Santos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Marques da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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