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Hauw JJ, Hausser-Hauw C, Barthélémy C. Synapse and primary cilia dysfunctions in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Avenues to normalize these functions. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024:S0035-3787(24)00555-1. [PMID: 38925998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM An update on the plasticity of the brain networks involved in autism (autism spectrum disorders [ASD]), and the increasing role of their synapses and primary non-motile cilia. METHODS Data from PubMed and Google on this subject, published until February 2024, were analyzed. RESULTS Structural and functional brain characteristics and genetic particularities involving synapses and cilia that modify neuronal circuits are observed in ASD, such as reduced pruning of dendrites, minicolumnar pathology, or persistence of connections usually doomed to disappear. Proteins involved in synapse functions (such as neuroligins and neurexins), in the postsynaptic architectural scaffolding (such as Shank proteins) or in cilia functions (such as IFT-independent kinesins) are often abnormal. There is an increase in glutaminergic transmission and a decrease in GABA inhibition. ASD may occur in genetic ciliopathies. The means of modulating these specificities, when deemed useful, are described. INTERPRETATION The wide range of clinical manifestations of ASD is strongly associated with abnormalities in the morphology, functions, and plasticity of brain networks, involving their synapses and non-motile cilia. Their modulation offers important research perspectives on treatments when needed, especially since brain plasticity persists much later than previously thought. Improved early detection of ASD and additional studies on synapses and primary cilia are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Hauw
- Académie nationale de médecine, 16, rue Bonaparte, 75272 Paris cedex 06, France; Laboratoire de neuropathologie Raymond-Escourolle, hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | | | - C Barthélémy
- Académie nationale de médecine, 16, rue Bonaparte, 75272 Paris cedex 06, France; Faculté de médecine, université de Tours, Tours, France; GIS Autisme et troubles du neurodéveloppement, Paris, France
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Vinçon-Leite A, Saitovitch A, Lemaître H, Rechtman E, Boisgontier J, Fillon L, Philippe A, Rio M, Desguerre I, Fabre A, Aljabali K, Boddaert N, Zilbovicius M. Identifying interindividual variability of social perception and associated brain anatomical correlations in children with autism spectrum disorder using eye-tracking and diffusion tensor imaging MRI (DTI-MRI). Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad434. [PMID: 38037470 PMCID: PMC10793563 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though deficits in social cognition constitute a core characteristic of autism spectrum disorders, a large heterogeneity exists regarding individual social performances and its neural basis remains poorly investigated. Here, we used eye-tracking to objectively measure interindividual variability in social perception and its correlation with white matter microstructure, measured with diffusion tensor imaging MRI, in 25 children with autism spectrum disorder (8.5 ± 3.8 years). Beyond confirming deficits in social perception in participants with autism spectrum disorder compared 24 typically developing controls (10.5 ± 2.9 years), results revealed a large interindividual variability of such behavior among individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Whole-brain analysis showed in both autism spectrum disorder and typically developing groups a positive correlation between number of fixations to the eyes and fractional anisotropy values mainly in right and left superior longitudinal tracts. In children with autism spectrum disorder a correlation was also observed in right and left inferior longitudinal tracts. Importantly, a significant interaction between group and number of fixations to the eyes was observed within the anterior portion of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, mainly in the right anterior temporal region. This additional correlation in a supplementary region suggests the existence of a compensatory brain mechanism, which may support enhanced performance in social perception among children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Vinçon-Leite
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Department for Autism, SATORI, Henri Guérin Hospital, Pierrefeu du Var 83390, France
| | - Ana Saitovitch
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Herve Lemaître
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Université de bordeaux, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elza Rechtman
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medecine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jennifer Boisgontier
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Fillon
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Philippe
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP-Centre, Paris, France. Laboratoire de génétique des troubles du neurodéveloppement, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Khawla Aljabali
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Monica Zilbovicius
- Institut Imagine, UMR 1163, INSERM U1299, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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Brecht AK, Medawar E, Thieleking R, Sacher J, Beyer F, Villringer A, Witte AV. Dietary and serum tyrosine, white matter microstructure and inter-individual variability in executive functions in overweight adults: Relation to sex/gender and age. Appetite 2022; 178:106093. [PMID: 35738483 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (tyr), the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is known to modulate cognitive functions including executive attention. Tyr supplementation is suggested to influence dopamine-modulated cognitive performance. However, results are inconclusive regarding the presence or strength and also the direction of the association between tyr and cognitive function. This pre-registered cross-sectional analysis investigates whether diet-associated serum tyr relates to executive attention performance, and whether this relationship is moderated by differences in white matter microstructure. 59 healthy, overweight, young to middle-aged adults (20 female, 28.3 ± 6.6 years, BMI: 27.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2) drawn from a longitudinal study reported dietary habits, donated blood and completed diffusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging and the attention network test. Main analyses were performed using linear regressions and non-parametric voxel-wise inference testing. Confirmatory analyses did neither support an association between dietary and serum tyr nor a relationship between relative serum tyr/large neutral amino acids (LNAA) levels or white matter microstructure and executive attention performance. However, exploratory analyses revealed higher tyr intake, higher serum tyr and better executive attention performance in the male sex/gender group. In addition, older age was associated with higher dietary tyr intake and lower fractional anisotropy in a widespread cluster across the brain. Finally, a positive association between relative serum tyr/LNAA and executive attention performance was found in the male sex/gender group when accounting for age effects. Our analysis advances the field of dopamine-modulated cognitive functions by revealing sex/gender and age differences which might be diet-related. Longitudinal or intervention studies and larger sample sizes are needed to provide more reliable evidence for links between tyr and executive attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Brecht
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Medawar
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Thieleking
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Sacher
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany
| | - A V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany.
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