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Apodaca Michel B, Navarro M, Pritsch M, Du Plessis JD, Shock J, Schwienhorst-Stich EM, Zirkel J, Schrader H, Saavedra Irala C, Rubilar G, Gunesch C, Kasang C, Zoller T, Gagyor I, Parisi S. Understanding the widespread use of veterinary ivermectin for Chagas disease, underlying factors and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic: a convergent mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058572. [PMID: 36115669 PMCID: PMC9485649 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Veterinary ivermectin (vet-IVM) has been used widely in Latin America against COVID-19, despite the lack of scientific evidence and potential risks. Widespread vet-IVM intake was also discovered against Chagas disease during a study in Bolivia prior to the pandemic. All vet-IVM-related data were extracted to understand this phenomenon, its extent and underlying factors and to discuss potential implications for the current pandemic. DESIGN A convergent mixed-methods study design including a survey, qualitative in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD). SETTING A cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 covering the geographic area of Monteagudo, an endemic municipality for Chagas disease. PARTICIPANTS A total of 669 adult household representatives from 26 communities participated in the survey, supplemented by 14 IDI and 2 FGD among patients, relatives and key informants. RESULTS 9 IDI and 2 FGD contained narratives on vet-IVM use against Chagas disease. Five main themes emerged: (1) the extent of the vet-IVM phenomenon, (2) the perception of vet-IVM as a treatment for Chagas disease, (3) the vet-IVM market and the controversial role of stakeholders, (4) concerns about potential adverse events and (5) underlying factors of vet-IVM use against Chagas disease.In quantitative analysis, 28% of participants seropositive for Chagas disease had taken vet-IVM. Factors associated with multivariate analysis were advanced age (OR 17.01, 95 CI 1.24 to 36.55, p=0.027 for age above 60 years), the experience of someone close as information source (OR 3.13, 95 CI 1.62 to 5.02, p<0.001), seropositivity for Chagas disease (OR 3.89, 95 CI 1.39 to 6.20, p=0.005) and citing the unavailability of benznidazole as perceived healthcare barrier (OR 2.3, 95 CI 1.45 to 5.18, p=0.002). Participants with an academic education were less likely to report vet-IVM intake (OR 0.12, 95 CI 0.01 to 0.78, p=0.029). CONCLUSIONS Social determinants of health, the unavailability of treatment and a wonder drug image might contribute to the phenomenon of vet-IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Apodaca Michel
- Department of Medical and Social Projects, DAHW, Würzburg, Germany
- Medical Department, Centro Integral Dermatológico, Monteagudo, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Miriam Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Science History and Gynecology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeremy Douglas Du Plessis
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Shock
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Eva-Maria Schwienhorst-Stich
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janina Zirkel
- Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Schrader
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Saavedra Irala
- Department of Medical and Social Projects, DAHW, Würzburg, Germany
- Medical Department, Centro Integral Dermatológico, Monteagudo, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Gonzalo Rubilar
- Department of Medical and Social Projects, DAHW, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Gunesch
- Department of Medical and Social Projects, DAHW, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christa Kasang
- Department of Medical and Social Projects, DAHW, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Zoller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko Gagyor
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Parisi
- Department of Medical and Social Projects, DAHW, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Domingo-Echaburu S, Dávalos LM, Orive G, Lertxundi U. Drug pollution & Sustainable Development Goals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149412. [PMID: 34391154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations set "The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," which includes the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a collection of 17 global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Although only mentioned in one of the seventeen goals (goal 3), we argue that drugs in general, and growing drug pollution in particular, affects the SDGs in deeper, not readily apparent ways. So far, the emerging problem of drug pollution has not been sufficiently addressed. Here, we outline and discuss how drug pollution can affect SDGs and even threaten their achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Domingo-Echaburu
- Pharmacy Service, Alto Deba-Integrated Health Care Organization, Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - L M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 626 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 129 Dana Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - G Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - U Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
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Jiang DL, Ding JH, Liu ZX, Shao ZM, Liang XH, Wang J, Wu FA, Sheng S. A role of peptidoglycan recognition protein in mediating insecticide detoxification in Glyphodes pyloalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21842. [PMID: 34499777 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker has become one of the most significant mulberry pests, and it has caused serious economic losses in major mulberry growing regions in China. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are responsible for initiating and regulating immune signalling pathways in insects. However, their roles responding to chemical pesticides is still less known. This study aimed to investigate the possible detoxication function of GpPGRP-S2 and GpPGRP-S3 in G. pyloalis in response to chlorfenapyr and phoxim. The chlorfenapyr and phoxim treatment significantly induced the expression level of GpPGRP-S3 at 48 h. In addition, the expression levels of GpPGRP-S2 and GpPGRP-S3 in the chlorfenapyr/phoxim treatment group were significantly higher in midgut than those in the control group at 48 h. The results of the survival experiment showed that silencing either GpPGRP-S2 or GpPGRP-S3 would not influence the survival rate of G. pyloalis which treated with phoxim, however, silencing GpPGRP-S2 or GpPGRP-S3 would cause G. pyloalis to be more easily killed by chlorfenapyr. The expression of carboxylesterase GpCXE1 was significantly induced by chlorfenapyr/phoxim treatment, while it was suppressed once silenced GpPGRP-S2 followed with chlorfenapyr treatment or silenced GpPGRP-S3 followed with phoxim treatment. These results might suggest that under the chlorfenapyr/phoxim treatment condition, the connection between GpPGRPs and detoxification genes in insect was induced to maintain physiological homeostasis; and these results may further enrich the mechanisms of insects challenged by insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Lei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian-Hao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zuo-Ming Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin-Hao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, China
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Argaluza J, Domingo-Echaburu S, Orive G, Medrano J, Hernandez R, Lertxundi U. Environmental pollution with psychiatric drugs. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:791-804. [PMID: 34733642 PMCID: PMC8546762 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all contaminants of emerging interest, drugs are the ones that give rise to the greatest concern. Any of the multiple stages of the drug's life cycle (production, consumption and waste management) is a possible entry point to the different environmental matrices. Psychiatric drugs have received special attention because of two reasons. First, their use is increasing. Second, many of them act on phylogenetically highly conserved neuroendocrine systems, so they have the potential to affect many non-target organisms. Currently, wastewater is considered the most important source of drugs to the environment. Furthermore, the currently available wastewater treatment plants are not specifically prepared to remove drugs, so they reach practically all environmental matrices, even tap water. As drugs are designed to produce pharmacological effects at low concentrations, they are capable of producing ecotoxicological effects on microorganisms, flora and fauna, even on human health. It has also been observed that certain antidepressants and antipsychotics can bioaccumulate along the food chain. Drug pollution is a complicated and diffuse problem characterized by scientific uncertainties, a large number of stakeholders with different values and interests, and enormous complexity. Possible solutions consist on acting at source, using medicines more rationally, eco-prescribing or prescribing greener drugs, designing pharmaceuticals that are more readily biodegraded, educating both health professionals and citizens, and improving coordination and collaboration between environmental and healthcare sciences. Besides, end of pipe measures like improving or developing new purification systems (biological, physical, chemical, combination) that eliminate these residues efficiently and at a sustainable cost should be a priority. Here, we describe and discuss the main aspects of drug pollution, highlighting the specific issues of psychiatric drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julene Argaluza
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01002, Spain
| | - Saioa Domingo-Echaburu
- Department of Pharmacy, Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organization, Arrasate 20500, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Discovery Tower, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Juan Medrano
- Department of Psychiatry, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Mental Health Network Research Group, Osakidetza, Portugalete 48920, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Araba Mental Health Network, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Alava, Spain
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