1
|
Frankenstein D, Luu MS, Luna-Ayala J, Willett DS, Filgueiras CS. Soil moisture conditions alter behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:4383-4390. [PMID: 38323469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of environmental factors can disrupt biotic interactions between plants, insects and soil microorganisms with consequences for agricultural management and production. Many of these belowground interactions are mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which can be used for communication under appropriate environmental conditions. Behavioral responses to these compounds may likewise be dependent on varying soil conditions which are influenced by a changing climate. To determine how changing environmental conditions may affect VOC-mediated biotic interactions, we used a belowground system where entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) - tiny roundworm parasitoids of soil-borne insects - respond to VOCs by moving through the soil pore matrix. Specifically, we used two genera of EPNs - Heterorhabditis and Steinernema - that are known to respond to four specific terpenes - α-pinene, linalool, d-limonene and pregeijerene - released by the roots of plants in the presence of herbivores. We assessed the response of these nematodes to these terpenes under three moisture regimes to determine whether drier conditions or inundated conditions may influence the response behavior of these nematodes. RESULTS Our results illustrate that the recovery rate of EPNs is positively associated with soil moisture concentration. As soil moisture concentration increases from 6% to 18%, substantially more nematodes are recovered from bioassays. In addition, we find that soil moisture influences EPN preference for VOCs, as illustrated in the variable response rates. Certain compounds shifted from acting as a repellent to acting as an attractant and vice versa depending on the soil moisture concentration. CONCLUSION On a broad scale, we demonstrate that soil moisture has a significant effect on EPN host-seeking behavior. EPN efficacy as biological control agents could be affected by climate change projections that predict varying soil moisture concentrations. We recommend that maintaining nematodes as biological control agents is essential for sustainable agriculture development, as they significantly contribute not only to soil health but also to efficient pest management. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Frankenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Macawan S Luu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Luna-Ayala
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Denis S Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Camila S Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thakar SP, Dabhi RC, Rathod SL, Patel UP, Rana A, Shrivastav PS, George LB, Highland H. In situ chlorpyrifos (CPF) degradation by Acrobeloides maximus: Insights from chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464555. [PMID: 38091714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of nematodes in zooremediation of chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide. The nematode population Acrobeloides maximus (A. maximus) was employed for bioremediation, converting CPF into non-toxic residues. Optimal growth conditions for mass production of A. maximus were achieved by maintaining a temperature of 25 °C, pH 8, and supplementing the culture medium with plant nutrients. The nematodes were then immobilized within sodium alginate beads. The efficacy of the degradation process was assessed using various analytical techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, FTIR, and LC-MS, confirming the successful breakdown of CPF. The bioreactor demonstrated a complete degradation efficiency of CPF exceeding 99%. Additionally, LC-MS analysis was conducted to elucidate the degradation pathway based on the formation of intermediates. These results underscore the potential of A. maximus as a sustainable organism for addressing environmental contamination arising from CPF pesticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta P Thakar
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology, Human Genetics and Wildlife Conservation and Biology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
| | - Ranjitsinh C Dabhi
- Department of Chemistry, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Suryajit L Rathod
- Department of Chemistry, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Unnati P Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Aasha Rana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Madhav University, Pindwara, Sirohi, Rajasthan 307026, India
| | - Pranav S Shrivastav
- Department of Chemistry, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Linz-Buoy George
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology, Human Genetics and Wildlife Conservation and Biology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Hyacinth Highland
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology, Human Genetics and Wildlife Conservation and Biology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Ogaya C, Dörfler V, Barg M, Ehlers RU, Molina C. Pheno- and genotyping in vitro dauer juvenile recovery in the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7181-7196. [PMID: 37733051 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is an effective biological-control agent of insect pests. The dauer juveniles (DJs) seek for, infect insects, and release cells of the carried symbiotic bacterium of the genus Photorhabdus. Inside the host, the DJs perceive signals from the insect's haemolymph that trigger the exit from the arrested stage and the further development to mature adults. This developmental step is called DJ recovery. In commercial production, a high and synchronous DJ recovery determines the success of liquid-culture mass production. To enhance the understanding about genetic components regulating DJ recovery, more than 160 mutant- and 25 wild type inbred lines (WT ILs) were characterized for DJ recovery induced by cell-free bacterial supernatant. The mutant lines exhibited a broader DJ recovery range than WT ILs (4.6-67.2% vs 1.6-35.7%). A subset of mutant lines presented high variability of virulence against mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) (from 22 to 78% mortality) and mean time survival under oxidative stress (70 mM H2O2; from 10 to 151 h). Genotyping by sequencing of 96 mutant lines resulted in more than 150 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which four results are strongly associated with the DJ recovery trait. The present results are the basis for future approaches in improving DJ recovery by breeding under in vitro liquid-culture mass production in H. bacteriophora. This generated platform of EMS-mutants is as well a versatile tool for the investigation of many further traits of interest in EPNs. KEYPOINTS: • Exposure to bacterial supernatants of Photorhabdus laumondii induces the recovery of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora dauer juveniles (DJs). Both, the bacteria and the nematode partner, influence this response. However, the complete identity of its regulators is not known. • We dissected the genetic component of DJ recovery regulation in H. bacteriophora nematodes by generating a large array of EMS mutant lines and characterizing their recovery pheno- and genotypes. • We determined sets of mutants with contrasting DJ recovery and genotyped a subset of the EMS-mutant lines via genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and identified SNPs with significant correlation to the recovery trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- , e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223, Schwentinental, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher Ogaya
- , e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223, Schwentinental, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Verena Dörfler
- , e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223, Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Mike Barg
- , e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223, Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- , e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223, Schwentinental, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Biology, Ghent University-Campus Ledeganck, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos Molina
- , e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223, Schwentinental, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rae R, Sheehy L, McDonald-Howard K. Thirty years of slug control using the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and beyond. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:3408-3424. [PMID: 37394691 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Several slug species are highly pestiferous and threaten global sustainable agriculture. Current control methods rely heavily on metaldehyde pellets, which are often ineffective, harm nontarget organisms and have been banned in some countries. A viable alternative is the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (and recently P. californica), which has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug®) to control slugs across northern Europe. Nematodes are mixed with water and applied to soil where they seek out slugs, penetrate behind the mantle and kill them in 4-21 days. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita has been on the market since 1994 and since then there has been ample research on its use. Here we review the research carried out on P. hermaphrodita over the last 30 years since its development and release as a commercial product. We provide information on life cycle, worldwide distribution, history of commercialisation, gastropod immunity, host range, ecological and environmental factors that affect its success in the field, bacterial relationships, and summarise results of field trials. Finally, we suggest future directions for P. hermaphrodita research (and other Phasmarhabditis species) to enhance its use as a biological control agent to control slugs for the next 30 years. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Rae
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Sheehy
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kerry McDonald-Howard
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abd-Elgawad MMM. Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests. Horticulturae 2023; 9:865. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can kill and recycle in their host populations, which bodes well for EPNs’ exploitation in long-term and safe pest management. However, EPNs’ cost and efficacy need transformational technology to supplant less expensive and more effective but toxic/unhealthy pesticides. A technology that allows for the significant uptake of commercial EPNs should both boost their market suitability and provide genetic improvements. This review provides brief overviews of EPNs’ biology and ecology from the standpoint of pest/pathogen management as a prerequisite for EPN improvements. Understanding the biology and ecology of EPNs, particularly their symbiotic relationships with bacteria, is crucial to their effective use in pest management. This review provides relevant insights into EPN-symbiotic bacteria and the EPN–symbiont complex. The symbiotic relationship between EPNs and bacteria plays a key role in IPM, providing unique advantages. Either of them can be included in mechanisms underlying the various positive sides of plant–insect interactions in emerging integrated pest management (IPM) systems. Recent approaches, in which EPNs can act additively or synergistically with other production inputs in IPM programs, are discussed for further expansion. The simultaneous favorable effects of EPNs and/or their mutualistic bacteria on several pest/pathogen species of crops should be identified. Merits, such as the rapid killing of insect pests, ease of EPN/the symbiont’s mass production and a broad host range, are presented in order to widely disseminate the conditions under which EPN usage can offer a cost-effective and/or value-added technique for IPM. To maximize the effectiveness of EPNs in IPM, various genetic improvement techniques are being explored. Such techniques, along with their merits/demerits and related tools, are reviewed to optimize the common biocontrol usage of EPNs. Examples of genetic improvements to EPNs that allow for their use in transformational technology, such as a cost-effective application technique, increased infectivity, and toleration of unfavorable settings, are given. Proper production practices and genetic techniques should be applied carefully to avoid undesirable results; it is suggested that these are considered on a case-by-case basis. This will enable us to optimize EPN performance based on the given variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
- Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maushe D, Ogi V, Divakaran K, Verdecia Mogena AM, Himmighofen PA, Machado RAR, Towbin BD, Ehlers RU, Molina C, Parisod C, Maud Robert CA. Stress tolerance in entomopathogenic nematodes: Engineering superior nematodes for precision agriculture. J Invertebr Pathol 2023:107953. [PMID: 37336478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are soil-dwelling parasitic roundworms commonly used as biocontrol agents of insect pests in agriculture. EPN dauer juveniles locate and infect a host in which they will grow and multiply until resource depletion. During their free-living stage, EPNs face a series of internal and environmental stresses. Their ability to overcome these challenges is crucial to determine their infection success and survival. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of EPN response to stresses associated with starvation, low/elevated temperatures, desiccation, osmotic stress, hypoxia, and ultra-violet light. We further report EPN defense strategies to cope with biotic stressors such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and predatory insects. By comparing the genetic and biochemical basis of these strategies to the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans, we provide new avenues and targets to select and engineer precision nematodes adapted to specific field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Maushe
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Ogi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Keerthi Divakaran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Anton Himmighofen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Daniel Towbin
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e- nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, DE-24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Carlos Molina
- e- nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, DE-24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Christian Parisod
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matuska-Łyżwa J, Wodecka B, Kaca W. Characterization of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Isolates in Terms of Efficacy against Cereal Ground Beetle Zabrus tenebrioides (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Morphometry and Principal Component Analysis. Insects 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 36835719 PMCID: PMC9965863 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the most dangerous pests of cereals is Zabrus tenebrioides and, in Poland, it is becoming a serious pest. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) seem to be a very promising, biological control agent for this pest. Native EPN populations are well adapted to local environmental conditions. The current study characterized three Polish isolates of the EPN Steinernema feltiae, which differed in their effectiveness against Z. tenebrioides. In the field, isolate iso1Lon reduced the pest population by 37%, compared with 30% by isolate iso1Dan and 0% by the iso1Obl isolate; the number of plants damaged by Z. tenebrioides in the presence of the different isolates reflected the results in terms of the decrease in pest population size. After incubation in the soil for 60 days, recovered EPN juveniles of all three isolates were able to infect 93-100% of the test insects, with isolate iso1Obl again showing the lowest effectiveness. The juveniles of isolate iso1Obl were also morphometrically distinct from the other two isolates, as revealed by principal component analysis (PCA), which helped to distinguish the EPN isolates. These findings showed the value of using locally adapted isolates of EPNs; two of the three isolates randomly selected from Polish soil outperformed a commercial population of S. feltiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Matuska-Łyżwa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 7 Uniwersytecka St, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Barbara Wodecka
- Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Uniwersytecka St, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Wiesław Kaca
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 7 Uniwersytecka St, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mastore M, Quadroni S, Rezzonico A, Brivio MF. The Influence of Daily Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficacy of Bioinsecticides on Spotted Wing Drosophila Larvae. Insects 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 36661971 PMCID: PMC9866168 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is allowing the invasion of insect pests into new areas without natural competitors and/or predators. The dipteran Drosophila suzukii has invaded both the Americas and Europe, becoming a serious problem for fruit crops. Control methods for this pest are still based on the use of pesticides, but less invasive and more sustainable methods, such as biocontrol, are needed. Variations in environmental conditions can affect the efficacy of bioinsecticides influencing their behavior and physiology besides that of the target insects. In this work, we developed a system that simulates the daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs) detected in the environment, with the aim of studying the influence of temperature on biocontrol processes. We investigated the effects of DTFs on the efficacy of four bioinsecticides. Results showed that DTFs modify the efficacy of some entomopathogens while they are ineffective on others. Specifically, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective bioinsecticide under all conditions tested, i.e., low DTF (11−22 °C) and high DTF (17−33 °C) compared to constant temperature (25 °C). In contrast, nematodes are more sensitive to changes in temperature: Steinernema carpocapsae loses efficacy at low DTF, while Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are not effective in controlling the target dipteran. This work provides a basis for reviewing biological control methods against invasive species in the current context of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Rezzonico
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramakrishnan J, Salame L, Nasser A, Glazer I, Ment D. Survival and efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes on exposed surfaces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4629. [PMID: 35301390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species differ in their capability to withstand rapid desiccation (RD). Infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae are a better adaptable and tolerant than Steinernema feltiae or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora as, an optimal RH of > 90% is required by S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora while maintaining RH equivalent to 74% could sustain survival of S. carpocapsae under RD. Our findings from infectivity suggest that following application, shrunk IJs are acquired passively by the larvae, probably rehydrate and resume infection within the insect gut. Water loss rate is a key factor affecting survival of S. carpocapsae on exposed surfaces. The present study provides the foundation for characterizing mechanism of rapid rate of water loss in EPN. ATR-FTIR is a rapid and reliable method for analysis of water loss. Changes in peak intensity was observed at 3100–3600 cm−1 (OH bonds of water), 2854 cm−1 (CH stretching of symmetric CH2, acyl chains), 2924 cm−1 (CH stretching of anti-symmetric CH2, lipid packing heterogeneity), 1634 cm−1 (amide I bonds) indicate major regions for hydration dependent changes in all EPN species. FTIR data also indicates that, S. carpocapsae contains strong water interacting regions in their biochemical profile, which could be an influencing factor in their water holding capacity under RD. ATR-FTIR were correlated to water content determined gravimetrically by using Partial Least square –Regression and FTIR multivariate method, which could be used to screen a formulation’s potential to maintain or delay the rate of water loss in a rapid and efficient manner.
Collapse
|
10
|
Campos-Herrera R, Vicente-Díez I, Galeano M, Chelkha M, Del Mar González-Trujillo M, Puelles M, Labarga D, Pou A, Calvo J, Belda JE. Intraspecific virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against the pests Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-102. [PMID: 34957410 PMCID: PMC8672422 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are excellent biocontrol agents against various insect pests. Novel biotechnological approaches can enhance their utility against insects above-ground, opening a new venue for selecting superior EPN against certain insects. We hypothesize that different populations of the same species but from different origins (habitat, ecoregion) will differ in their virulence. This study aimed to evaluate the virulence of various EPN populations against two pests of worldwide incidence and damage to high value crops: Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). We tested 10 EPN populations belonging to three EPN species: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Koppert, MG-618b, AM-203, RM-102), Steinernema feltiae (Koppert, RS-5, AM-25, RM-107), and Steinernema carpocapsae (Koppert, MG-596a). Each EPN population was tested at two concentrations. Frankliniella occidentalis was tested at 160 and 80 IJs/cm2 and T. absoluta at 21 and 4 IJs/cm2. Control treatments followed the same experimental procedure but only adding distilled water. Overall, whenever different, higher IJs concentration resulted in lower adult emergence, higher larval mortality, and shorter time to kill the insects. Considering the low concentration, S. feltiae provided the best results for both insects and instars investigated, while H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae required a high concentration to reach similar or slightly better results. Differences among populations of each of the species were detected, but only the native populations of H. bacteriophora populations showed consistently higher control values against both insects/instar compared with the commercial one. Differences among S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae populations depended on the IJs concentration, insect, and instar. We consider S. feltiae a very promising species for their application against F. occidentalis and T. absoluta, with the Koppert population as the most consistent among the populations tested. Specific EPN-populations of S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora were good candidates against certain instar/insects at high concentrations. This study emphasized the importance of intraspecific variability for EPN virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Ignacio Vicente-Díez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Magda Galeano
- R&D Department of Koppert España, S.L. Paraje Piedra Rodada, 470, Vícar, Almería 04738, Spain
| | - Maryam Chelkha
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain.,Research Team "Lombricidae, Improving Soil Productivity and Environment" (LAPSE), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.), Centre Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, BP: 5118, Takaddoum - Rabat, Morocco
| | - María Del Mar González-Trujillo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Miguel Puelles
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - David Labarga
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Alicia Pou
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja) Finca La Grajera Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Javier Calvo
- R&D Department of Koppert España, S.L. Paraje Piedra Rodada, 470, Vícar, Almería 04738, Spain
| | - José Eduardo Belda
- R&D Department of Koppert España, S.L. Paraje Piedra Rodada, 470, Vícar, Almería 04738, Spain
| |
Collapse
|