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Aherrera A, Lin JJ, Chen R, Tehrani M, Schultze A, Borole A, Tanda S, Goessler W, Rule AM. Metal Concentrations in E-Cigarette Aerosol Samples: A Comparison by Device Type and Flavor. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:127004. [PMID: 38048100 PMCID: PMC10695266 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid evolution of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products warrants surveillance of the differences in exposure across device types-modifiable devices (MODs), cartridge ("pod")-containing devices (PODs), disposable PODs (d-PODs)-and flavors of the products available on the market. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure and compare metal aerosol concentrations by device type and common flavors. METHODS We collected aerosol from 104 MODs, 67 PODs (four brands: JUUL, Bo, Suorin, PHIX), and 23 d-PODs (three brands: ZPOD, Bidi, Stig) via droplet deposition in a series of conical pipette tips. Metals and metalloids [aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn)] were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), results were log-transformed for statistical analysis, and concentrations are reported in aerosol units (mg / m 3 ). RESULTS Of the 12 elements analyzed, concentrations were statistically significantly higher in MOD devices, except for Co and Ni, which were higher in PODs and d-PODs. Of the POD brands analyzed, PHIX had the highest median concentrations among four metals (Al, Ni, Pb, and Sn) compared to the rest of the POD brands. According to POD flavor, seven metals were three to seven orders of magnitude higher in tobacco-flavored aerosol compared to those in mint and mango flavors. Among the d-POD brands, concentrations of four metals (Al, Cu, Ni, and Pb) were higher in the ZPOD brand than in Bidi Stick and Stig devices. According to d-POD flavor, only Cr concentrations were found to be statistically significantly higher in mint than tobacco-flavored d-PODs. DISCUSSION We observed wide variability in aerosol metal concentrations within and between the different e-cigarette device types, brands, and flavors. Overall, MOD devices generated aerosols with higher metal concentrations than PODs and d-PODs, and tobacco-flavored aerosols contained the highest metal concentrations. Continued research is needed to evaluate additional factors (i.e., nicotine type) that contribute to metal exposure from new and emerging e-cigarette devices in order to inform policy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11921.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Aherrera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce Jy Lin
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mina Tehrani
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Schultze
- Department of Biochemistry, Ithaca College School of Humanities and Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Aryan Borole
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan Tanda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ana M. Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Tian ZR, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Sharma S, Feng L, Zhang Z, Li C, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Sjöqvisst PO, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nicotine neurotoxicity exacerbation following engineered Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) nanoparticles intoxication. Neuroprotection with nanowired delivery of antioxidant compound H-290/51 together with serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 172:189-233. [PMID: 37833012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine abuse is frequent worldwide leading to about 8 millions people die every year due to tobacco related diseases. Military personnel often use nicotine smoking that is about 12.8% higher than civilian populations. Nicotine smoking triggers oxidative stress and are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine neurotoxicity induces significant depression and oxidative stress in the brain leading to neurovascular damages and brain pathology. Thus, details of nicotine neurotoxicity and factors influencing them require additional investigations. In this review, effects of engineered nanoparticles from metals Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) on nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed with regard to nicotine smoking. Military personnel often work in the environment where chances of nanoparticles exposure are quite common. In our earlier studies, we have shown that nanoparticles alone induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbates brain pathology in animal models. In present investigation, nicotine exposure in with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxicated group exacerbated BBB breakdown, induce oxidative stress and aggravate brain pathology. Treatment with nanowired H-290/51 a potent chain-breaking antioxidant together with nanowired ondansetron, a potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist significantly reduced oxidative stress, BBB breakdown and brain pathology in nicotine exposure associated with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxication. The functional significance of this findings and possible mechanisms of nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed based on current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ''RoNeuro'' Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Per-Ove Sjöqvisst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Talih S, Karaoghlanian N, Salman R, Fallah S, Helal A, El-Hage R, Saliba N, Breland A, Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Comparison of design characteristics and toxicant emissions from Vuse Solo and Alto electronic nicotine delivery systems. Tob Control 2023:tc-2022-057711. [PMID: 37072168 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vuse Solo is the first electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) authorised by the US Food and Drug Administration for marketing in the USA. Salient features of the Vuse Solo product such as nicotine form, draw resistance, power regulation and electrical characteristics have not been reported previously, and few studies have examined the nicotine and other toxicant emissions of this product. We investigated the design characteristics and toxicant emissions of the Solo as well as Alto, another Vuse product with a greater market share than Solo. METHODS Total/freebase nicotine, propylene glycol to vegetable glycerin ratio, carbonyl compounds (CC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified by gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence from aerosol emissions generated in 15 puffs of 4 s duration. The electric power control system was also analysed. RESULTS The average power delivered was 2.1 W and 3.9 W for Solo and Alto; neither system was temperature-controlled. Vuse Solo and Alto, respectively, emitted nicotine at a rate of 38 µg/s and 115 µg/s, predominantly in the protonated form (>90%). Alto's ROS yield was similar to a combustible cigarette and one order of magnitude greater than that of Solo. Total carbonyls from both products were two orders of magnitude lower than combustible cigarettes. CONCLUSION Vuse Solo is an above-Ohm ENDS that emits approximately one-third the nicotine flux of a Marlboro Red cigarette (129 µg/s) and considerably lower CC and ROS yields than a combustible cigarette. With its higher power, the nicotine flux and ROS yield from Alto are similar to Marlboro Red levels; Alto may thus present greater abuse liability than the lower sales-volume Solo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sacha Fallah
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alissa Helal
- Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Saliba
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alison Breland
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Stoltzfus AT, Campbell CJ, Worth MM, Hom K, Stemmler TL, Michel SLJ. Pb(II) coordination to the nonclassical zinc finger tristetraprolin: retained function with an altered fold. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:85-100. [PMID: 36478265 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a nonclassical CCCH zinc finger (ZF) that plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation. TTP regulates cytokine mRNAs by specific binding of its two conserved ZF domains (CysX8CysX5CysX3His) to adenylate-uridylate-rich sequences (AREs) at the 3'-untranslated region, leading to degradation of the RNA. Dysregulation of TTP in animal models has demonstrated several cytokine-related syndromes, including chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Exposure to Pb(II), a prevalent environmental toxin, is known to contribute to similar pathologies, in part by disruption of and/or competition with cysteine-rich metalloproteins. TTP's role during stress as a ubiquitous translational regulator of cell signaling (and dysfunction), which may underpin various phenotypes of Pb(II) toxicity, highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between TTP and Pb(II). The impact of Pb(II) binding on TTP's fold and RNA-binding function was analyzed via UV-Vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and fluorescence anisotropy. A construct containing the two ZF domains of TTP (TTP-2D) bound to Pb(II) with nanomolar affinity and exhibited a different geometry and fold in comparison to Zn2-TTP-2D. Despite the altered secondary structure, Pb(II)-substituted TTP-2D bound a canonical ARE sequence more selectively than Zn2-TTP-2D. Taken together, these data suggest that Pb(II) may interfere with proper TTP regulation and hinder the cell's ability to respond to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Stoltzfus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Courtney J Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Madison M Worth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kellie Hom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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