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Xue R, Pan Y, Xia L, Li J. Non-viral vectors combined delivery of siRNA and anti-cancer drugs to reverse tumor multidrug resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117119. [PMID: 39142247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumors is one of the main reasons for the failure of chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance refers to the cross-resistance of tumor cells to multiple antitumor drugs with different structures and mechanisms of action. Current strategies to reverse multidrug resistance in tumors include MDR inhibitors and RNAi technology. siRNA is a small molecule RNA that is widely used in RNAi technology and has the characteristics of being prepared in large quantities and chemically modified. However, siRNA is susceptible to degradation in vivo. The effect of siRNA therapy alone is not ideal, so siRNA and anticancer drugs are administered in combination to reverse the MDR of tumors. Non-viral vectors are now commonly used to deliver siRNA and anticancer drugs to tumor sites. This article will review the progress of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems and their mechanisms for reversing multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Xue
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yanzhu Pan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Lijie Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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2
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Xu H, Fu J, Tu Q, Shuai Q, Chen Y, Wu F, Cao Z. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin attenuates atherosclerosis progression by inducing autophagy. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:27-39. [PMID: 37792168 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide; however, the underlying mechanism has yet to be defined. The sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin is a new type of hypoglycemic drug. Recent studies have shown that empagliflozin not only reduces high glucose levels but also exerts cardiovascular-protective effects and slows the process of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which empagliflozin ameliorates atherosclerosis. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were fed a high-fat Western diet to establish an atherosclerosis model. The area and size of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice were then assessed by performing hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining after empagliflozin treatment. Concurrently, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) was used to mimic atherosclerosis in three different types of cells. Then, following empagliflozin treatment of macrophage cells (RAW264.7), human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), western blotting was applied to measure the levels of autophagy-related proteins and proinflammatory cytokines, and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-light chain 3 (LC3) puncta were detected using confocal microscopy to confirm autophagosome formation. Oil Red O staining was performed to detect the foaming of macrophages and HASMCs, and flow cytometry was used for the cell cycle analysis. 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and scratch assays were also performed to examine the proliferation and migration of HASMCs. Empagliflozin suppressed the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice. Empagliflozin also induced autophagy in RAW246.7 cells, HASMCs, and HUVECs via the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, and it significantly increased the levels of the Beclin1 protein, the LC3B-II/I ratio, and p-AMPK protein. In addition, empagliflozin decreased the expression of P62 and the protein levels of inflammatory cytokines, and it inhibited the foaming of RAW246.7 cells and HASMCs, as well as the expression of inflammatory factors by inducing autophagy. Empagliflozin activated autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway to delay the progression of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the results of flow cytometry, EdU assays, CCK-8 cell viability assays, and scratch assays indicated that empagliflozin blocked HASMCs proliferation and migration. Empagliflozin activates autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway to delay the evolution of atherosclerosis, indicating that it may represent a new and effective drug for the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xu
- Postgraduate Training Basement of Jinzhou Medical University, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Qingyun Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yizhi Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Fuyun Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Zheng Cao
- Postgraduate Training Basement of Jinzhou Medical University, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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Chen J, Liang Y, Hu S, Jiang J, Zeng M, Luo M. Role of ATG7-dependent non-autophagic pathway in angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1266311. [PMID: 38269279 PMCID: PMC10806190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1266311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
ATG7, one of the core proteins of autophagy, plays an important role in various biological processes, including the regulation of autophagy. While clear that autophagy drives angiogenesis, the role of ATG7 in angiogenesis remains less defined. Several studies have linked ATG7 with angiogenesis, which has long been underappreciated. The knockdown of ATG7 gene in cerebrovascular development leads to angiogenesis defects. In addition, specific knockout of ATG7 in endothelial cells results in abnormal development of neovascularization. Notably, the autophagy pathway is not necessary for ATG7 regulation of angiogenesis, while the ATG7-dependent non-autophagic pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of neovascularization. In order to gain a better understanding of the non-autophagic pathway-mediated biological functions of the autophagy-associated protein ATG7 and to bring attention to this expanding but understudied research area, this article reviews recent developments in the ATG7-dependent non-autophagic pathways regulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Chen
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaorun Hu
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mao Luo
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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4
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Feng Y, Zhang H, Han J, Cui B, Qin L, Zhang L, Li Q, Wu X, Xiao N, Zhang Y, Lin T, Liu H, Sun T. HSF4/COIL complex-dependent R-loop mediates ultraviolet-induced inflammatory skin injury. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1336. [PMID: 37461263 PMCID: PMC10352565 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense ultraviolet (UV) exposure can cause phototoxic reactions, such as skin inflammation, resulting in injury. UV is a direct cause of DNA damage, but the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation within cells after DNA damage are unclear. The bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome sequencing data from UV-irradiated and non-UV-irradiated skin showed that transcription-related proteins, such as HSF4 and COIL, mediate cellular response to UV irradiation. HSF4 and COIL can form a complex under UV irradiation, and the preference for binding target genes changed because of the presence of a large number of R-loops in cells under UV irradiation and the ability of COIL to recognize R-loops. The regulation of target genes was altered by the HSF4-COIL complex, and the expression of inflammation and ageing-related genes, such as Atg7, Tfpi, and Lims1, was enhanced. A drug screen was performed for the recognition sites of COIL and R-loop. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine can competitively bind COIL and inhibit the binding of COIL to the R-loop. Thus, the activation of downstream inflammation-related genes and inflammatory skin injury was inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐qian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchTianjin International Joint Academy of BiomedicineTianjinChina
| | - Jing‐xia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchTianjin International Joint Academy of BiomedicineTianjinChina
| | - Bi‐jia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lu‐ning Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qing‐qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xin‐ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Nan‐nan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ting‐ting Lin
- Medical Plastic and Cosmetic CentreTianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseaseTianjin Medical University Eye HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Hui‐juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchTianjin International Joint Academy of BiomedicineTianjinChina
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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Salemkour Y, Lenoir O. Endothelial Autophagy Dysregulation in Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:947. [PMID: 36980288 PMCID: PMC10047205 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue that affected 537 million people worldwide in 2021, a number that is only expected to increase in the upcoming decade. Diabetes is a systemic metabolic disease with devastating macro- and microvascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction is a key determinant in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Dysfunctional endothelium leads to vasoconstriction by decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and increased expression of vasoconstrictor factors, vascular inflammation through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a loss of microvascular density leading to low organ perfusion, procoagulopathy, and/or arterial stiffening. Autophagy, a lysosomal recycling process, appears to play an important role in endothelial cells, ensuring endothelial homeostasis and functions. Previous reports have provided evidence of autophagic flux impairment in patients with type I or type II diabetes. In this review, we report evidence of endothelial autophagy dysfunction during diabetes. We discuss the mechanisms driving endothelial autophagic flux impairment and summarize therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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Streptococcal arginine deiminase regulates endothelial inflammation, mTOR pathway and autophagy. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152344. [PMID: 36746072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) are active participants in the inflammation process. During the infection, the change in endothelium properties provides the leukocyte infiltrate formation and restrains pathogen dissemination due to coagulation control. Pathogenic microbes are able to change the endothelium properties and functions in order to invade the bloodstream and disseminate in the host organism. Arginine deiminase (ADI), a bacterial arginine-hydrolyzing enzyme, which causes the amino acid deficiency, important for endothelium biology. Previous research implicates altered metabolism of arginine in the development of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. It was shown that arginine deficiency, as well as overabundance affects the balance of mechanical target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase (S6K) pathway, arginase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and EC activation. ADI creating a deficiency of arginine can interfere cellular arginine-dependent processes. Thus, this study was aimed at investigation of the influence of streptococcal ADI on the metabolism and inflammations of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The action of ADI was studied by comparing the effect Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16 paternal strain expressing ADI and its isogenic mutant M49-16delArcA with the inactivated gene ArcA. Based on comparison of the parental and mutant strain effects, it can be concluded, that ADI suppressed mTOR signaling pathway and enhanced autophagy. The processes failed to return to the basic level with arginine supplement. Our study also demonstrates that ADI suppressed endothelial proliferation, disrupted actin cytoskeleton structure, increased phospho-NF-κB p65, CD62P, CD106, CD54, CD142 inflammatory molecules expression, IL-6 production and lymphocytes-endothelial adhesion. In spite of the ADI-mediated decrease in arginine concentration in the cell-conditioned medium, the enzyme enhanced the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells. Arginine supplementation rescued proliferation, actin cytoskeleton structure, brought NO production to baseline and prevented EC activation. Additional evidence for the important role of arginine bioavailability in the EC biology was obtained. The results allow us to consider bacterial ADI as a pathogenicity factor that can potentially affect the functions of endothelium.
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Fu K, Xu W, Lenahan C, Mo Y, Wen J, Deng T, Huang Q, Guo F, Mo L, Yan J. Autophagy regulates inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: Enemy or friend? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1036313. [PMID: 36726453 PMCID: PMC9884704 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1036313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second-largest stroke subtype and has a high mortality and disability rate. Secondary brain injury (SBI) is delayed after ICH. The main contributors to SBI are inflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Harmful substances from blood and hemolysis, such as hemoglobin, thrombin, and iron, induce SBI. When cells suffer stress, a critical protective mechanism called "autophagy" help to maintain the homeostasis of damaged cells, remove harmful substances or damaged organelles, and recycle them. Autophagy plays a critical role in the pathology of ICH, and its function remains controversial. Several lines of evidence demonstrate a pro-survival role for autophagy in ICH by facilitating the removal of damaged proteins and organelles. However, many studies have found that heme and iron can aggravate SBI by enhancing autophagy. Autophagy and inflammation are essential culprits in the progression of brain injury. It is a fascinating hypothesis that autophagy regulates inflammation in ICH-induced SBI. Autophagy could degrade and clear pro-IL-1β and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) to antagonize NLRP3-mediated inflammation. In addition, mitophagy can remove endogenous activators of inflammasomes, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory components, and cytokines, in damaged mitochondria. However, many studies support the idea that autophagy activates microglia and aggravates microglial inflammation via the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. In addition, autophagy can promote ICH-induced SBI through inflammasome-dependent NLRP6-mediated inflammation. Moreover, some resident cells in the brain are involved in autophagy in regulating inflammation after ICH. Some compounds or therapeutic targets that regulate inflammation by autophagy may represent promising candidates for the treatment of ICH-induced SBI. In conclusion, the mutual regulation of autophagy and inflammation in ICH is worth exploring. The control of inflammation by autophagy will hopefully prove to be an essential treatment target for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijing Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Yong Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Rheumatism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Teng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Qianrong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Ligen Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,Ligen Mo,
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,*Correspondence: Jun Yan,
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TM9SF1 knockdown decreases inflammation by enhancing autophagy in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12092. [PMID: 36561687 PMCID: PMC9763745 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TM9SF1 is a member of the TM9SF (Transmembrane 9 Superfamily Member) family, which usually has a long N-terminal extracellular region and nine transmembrane domains. TM9SF1's biological function and mechanisms in inflammation are yet unknown. Tm9sf1 was shown to be upregulated in the lung tissues of mice suffering from LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Tm9sf1 knockout mice were studied, and it was shown that Tm9sf1 knockout significantly alleviated LPS-induced ALI, as evidenced by higher survival rate, improved pulmonary vascular permeability, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and downregulated inflammatory cytokines. TM9SF1 was also demonstrated to be a negative regulator of autophagy in the LPS-induced ALI model in vitro and in vivo. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA could counteract the beneficial effects of Tm9sf1 knockout on ALI. Therefore, we discover for the first time the role and mechanism of TM9SF1 in LPS-induced ALI and establish a relationship between TM9SF1 regulated autophagy and ALI progression, which may provide novel targets for the treatment of ALI.
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Millar MW, Fazal F, Rahman A. Therapeutic Targeting of NF-κB in Acute Lung Injury: A Double-Edged Sword. Cells 2022; 11:3317. [PMID: 36291185 PMCID: PMC9601210 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a devastating disease that can be caused by a variety of conditions including pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, and most recently, COVID-19. Although our understanding of the mechanisms of ALI/ARDS pathogenesis and resolution has considerably increased in recent years, the mortality rate remains unacceptably high (~40%), primarily due to the lack of effective therapies for ALI/ARDS. Dysregulated inflammation, as characterized by massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the airspace and the associated damage of the capillary-alveolar barrier leading to pulmonary edema and hypoxemia, is a major hallmark of ALI/ARDS. Endothelial cells (ECs), the inner lining of blood vessels, are important cellular orchestrators of PMN infiltration in the lung. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays an essential role in rendering the endothelium permissive for PMN adhesion and transmigration to reach the inflammatory site. Thus, targeting NF-κB in the endothelium provides an attractive approach to mitigate PMN-mediated vascular injury, not only in ALI/ARDS, but in other inflammatory diseases as well in which EC dysfunction is a major pathogenic mechanism. This review discusses the role and regulation of NF-κB in the context of EC inflammation and evaluates the potential and problems of targeting it as a therapy for ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Autophagy Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Induced by Orthodontic Tension. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2983862. [PMID: 36248255 PMCID: PMC9553533 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2983862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth movement is the core of orthodontics. Osteogenesis of the tension side under orthodontic force has great significance on tooth movement and stability, which involves complex mechanical and biological signal transduction. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Through in vitro cell studies, we observed the increased expression levels of osteogenesis-related factors and autophagy-related factors during the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells induced by orthodontic force. The change trend of autophagy-related factors and osteogenesis-related factors is similar, which indicates the involvement of autophagy in osteogenesis. In the study of autophagy-related gene ATG7 silenced cells, the expression level of autophagy was significantly inhibited, and the expression level of osteogenesis-related factors also decreased accordingly. Through drug regulation, we observed that the increase of autophagy level could effectively promote osteogenic differentiation, while the decrease of the autophagy level inhibited this process to some extent. Therefore, autophagy plays an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells induced by orthodontic force, which provides a novel idea useful for orthodontic treatment in promoting periodontal tissue remodeling and accelerating tooth movement.
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Navarro-Lérida I, Aragay AM, Asensio A, Ribas C. Gq Signaling in Autophagy Control: Between Chemical and Mechanical Cues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1599. [PMID: 36009317 PMCID: PMC9405508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All processes in human physiology relies on homeostatic mechanisms which require the activation of specific control circuits to adapt the changes imposed by external stimuli. One of the critical modulators of homeostatic balance is autophagy, a catabolic process that is responsible of the destruction of long-lived proteins and organelles through a lysosome degradative pathway. Identification of the mechanism underlying autophagic flux is considered of great importance as both protective and detrimental functions are linked with deregulated autophagy. At the mechanistic and regulatory levels, autophagy is activated in response to diverse stress conditions (food deprivation, hyperthermia and hypoxia), even a novel perspective highlight the potential role of physical forces in autophagy modulation. To understand the crosstalk between all these controlling mechanisms could give us new clues about the specific contribution of autophagy in a wide range of diseases including vascular disorders, inflammation and cancer. Of note, any homeostatic control critically depends in at least two additional and poorly studied interdependent components: a receptor and its downstream effectors. Addressing the selective receptors involved in autophagy regulation is an open question and represents a new area of research in this field. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest and druggable targets membrane receptor protein superfamily. By exerting their action through G proteins, GPCRs play fundamental roles in the control of cellular homeostasis. Novel studies have shown Gαq, a subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, as a core modulator of mTORC1 and autophagy, suggesting a fundamental contribution of Gαq-coupled GPCRs mechanisms in the control of this homeostatic feedback loop. To address how GPCR-G proteins machinery integrates the response to different stresses including oxidative conditions and mechanical stimuli, could provide deeper insight into new signaling pathways and open potential and novel therapeutic strategies in the modulation of different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Navarro-Lérida
- Molecular Biology Department and Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute “La Princesa”, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Diseases Network (CIBERCV), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Connexion Cancer-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna M. Aragay
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Asensio
- Molecular Biology Department and Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute “La Princesa”, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Diseases Network (CIBERCV), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Connexion Cancer-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Molecular Biology Department and Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute “La Princesa”, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Diseases Network (CIBERCV), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Connexion Cancer-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Essential Role of Rho-Associated Kinase in ABO Immune Complex-Mediated Endothelial Barrier Disruption. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121851. [PMID: 34944667 PMCID: PMC8698390 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABO immune complexes (ABO-IC) formed by ABO-incompatible antigen-antibody interaction are associated with hemolysis and platelet destruction in patients transfused with ABO-nonidentical blood products. However, the effects of ABO-IC on endothelial cells (EC) are unclear. ABO-IC were formed in vitro from normal donor-derived plasma and serum. Human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) were cultured and treated with media, ABO-identical and –non-identical plasma, and ABO-IC. EC barrier integrity was evaluated using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and phalloidin staining, and Rho-associated Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor treatment. TEER revealed significant/irreversible barrier disruption within 1–2 h of exposure to ABO non-identical plasma and ABO-IC; this occurred independently of EC ABO type. Treatment with ABO-IC resulted in decreased VE-cadherin staining and increased phalloidin staining in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that the resultant increased EC barrier permeability is secondary to actin stress fiber formation and loss of cell surface VE-cadherin. Inhibition of ROCK was effective in protecting against IC-induced barrier disruption even two hours after ABO-IC exposure. ABO-IC causes increased EC barrier permeability by decreasing cell surface VE-cadherin and promoting stress fiber formation, which is preventable by inhibiting ROCK activation to protect against EC contraction and gap formation.
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Lippman-Bell JJ, Handy M, Nieder CG, Getzfread M, Jensen FE. Altered hippocampal dendritic spine maturation after hypoxia-induced seizures in neonatal rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 113:103629. [PMID: 34015497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive comorbidities often follow early-life seizures (ELS), especially in the setting of autism and other neurodevelopmental syndromes. However, there is an incomplete understanding of whether neuronal and synaptic development are concomitantly dysregulated. We have previously shown that hypoxia-induced seizures (HS) in postnatal day (P)10 rats increase acute and later-life hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission and spontaneous recurrent seizures, and impair cognition and behavior. As dendritic spines critically regulate synaptic function, we hypothesized that ELS can induce developmentally specific changes in dendritic spine maturation. At intervals during one month following HS in P10 rats, we assessed dendritic spine development on pyramidal neurons in the stratum radiatum of hippocampal area CA1. Compared to control rats in which spine density significantly decreased from P10 to early adulthood (P38), post-seizure rats failed to show a developmental decrease in spine density, and spines from P38 post-seizure rats appeared more immature-shaped (long, thin). In addition, compared to P38 control rats, post-seizure P38 rats expressed significantly more synaptic PSD-95, a marker of mature synapses. These changes were preceded by a transient increase in hippocampal expression of cofilin phosphorylated at Ser3, representing a decrease in cofilin activity. These results suggest that early-life seizures may impair normal dendritic spine maturation and pruning in CA1 during development, resulting in an excess of less efficient synapses, via activity-dependent modification of actin-regulating proteins such as cofilin. Given that multiple neurodevelopmental disorders show similar failures in developmental spine pruning, the current findings may represent a deficit in structural plasticity that could be a component of a mechanism leading to later-life cognitive consequences associated with early-life seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn J Lippman-Bell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Marcus Handy
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cassidy G Nieder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mollie Getzfread
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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Verhoeven J, Baelen J, Agrawal M, Agostinis P. Endothelial cell autophagy in homeostasis and cancer. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1497-1511. [PMID: 33837545 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic materials, is increasingly recognized as a major player in endothelial cell (EC) biology and vascular pathology. Particularly in solid tumors, tumor microenvironmental stress such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, inflammatory mediators, and metabolic aberrations stimulates autophagy in tumor-associated blood vessels. Increased autophagy in ECs may serve as a mechanism to alleviate stress and restrict exacerbated inflammatory responses. However, increased autophagy in tumor-associated ECs can re-model metabolic pathways and affect the trafficking and surface availability of key mediators and regulators of the interplay between EC and immune cells. In line with this, heightened EC autophagy is involved in pathological angiogenesis, inflammatory, and immune responses. Here, we review major cellular and molecular mechanisms regulated by autophagy in ECs under physiological conditions and discuss recent evidence implicating EC autophagy in tumor angiogenesis and immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Verhoeven
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Baelen
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madhur Agrawal
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, Leuven, Belgium
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