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Bandyopadhyay SS, Halder AK, Saha S, Chatterjee P, Nasipuri M, Basu S. Assessment of GO-Based Protein Interaction Affinities in the Large-Scale Human–Coronavirus Family Interactome. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030549. [PMID: 36992133 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that replicates itself via interacting with the host proteins. As a result, identifying virus and host protein-protein interactions could help researchers better understand the virus disease transmission behavior and identify possible COVID-19 drugs. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy has determined that nCoV is genetically 89% compared to the SARS-CoV epidemic in 2003. This paper focuses on assessing the host–pathogen protein interaction affinity of the coronavirus family, having 44 different variants. In light of these considerations, a GO-semantic scoring function is provided based on Gene Ontology (GO) graphs for determining the binding affinity of any two proteins at the organism level. Based on the availability of the GO annotation of the proteins, 11 viral variants, viz., SARS-CoV-2, SARS, MERS, Bat coronavirus HKU3, Bat coronavirus Rp3/2004, Bat coronavirus HKU5, Murine coronavirus, Bovine coronavirus, Rat coronavirus, Bat coronavirus HKU4, Bat coronavirus 133/2005, are considered from 44 viral variants. The fuzzy scoring function of the entire host–pathogen network has been processed with ~180 million potential interactions generated from 19,281 host proteins and around 242 viral proteins. ~4.5 million potential level one host–pathogen interactions are computed based on the estimated interaction affinity threshold. The resulting host–pathogen interactome is also validated with state-of-the-art experimental networks. The study has also been extended further toward the drug-repurposing study by analyzing the FDA-listed COVID drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyendu Sekhar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India
| | - Anup Kumar Halder
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sovan Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Techno Main Salt Lake, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata 700152, India
| | - Mita Nasipuri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhadip Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Luo M, He Q. Development of a prognostic nomogram for sepsis associated-acute respiratory failure patients on 30-day mortality in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36717800 PMCID: PMC9885567 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory failure is a type of sepsis complicated by severe organ failure. We have developed a new nomogram for predicting the 30-day risk of death in patients through a retrospective study. METHOD Data was collected and extracted from MIMICIV, with 768 eligible cases randomly assigned to the primary cohort (540) and the validation cohort (228). The final six factors were included by Cox regression analysis to create the Nomogram, the accuracy of the Nomogram was assessed using the C-index and calibration curve, and finally, the clinical usefulness of the Nomogram was evaluated using DCA in. RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, DBP, lactate, PaO2, platelet, mechanical ventilation were independent factors for 30-day mortality of SA-ARF. The nomogram established based on the six factors. The C-index of nomogram in the primary cohort is 0.731 (95% CI 0.657-0.724) and 0.722 (95%CI 0.622-0.759) in the validation cohort. Besides, the decision curve analysis (DCA) confirmed the clinical usefulness of the nomogram. CONCLUSION The study developed and validated a risk prediction model for SA-ARF patients that can help clinicians reasonably determine disease risk and further confirm its clinical utility using internal validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Luo
- grid.263901.f0000 0004 1791 7667Southwest Jiaotong University of Medicine/Southwest Jiaotong University Affiliated Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610031 Sichuan China
| | - Qing He
- grid.263901.f0000 0004 1791 7667Southwest Jiaotong University of Medicine/Southwest Jiaotong University Affiliated Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610031 Sichuan China
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Kaur C, Mandal D. The Scavenging Mechanism of Aminopyrines towards Hydroxyl Radical: A Computational Mechanistic and Kinetics Investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Li SY, Yin CH, Chen JS, Chen YS, Yang CC, Fang NW, Wang HP, Chiou YH. A nomogram for predicting the development of serious bacterial infections in febrile term neonates: A single medical center experience in Southern Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol 2022; 63:605-612. [PMID: 36008242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serious bacterial infections (SBIs) could lead to mortality or severe long-term sequelae in neonates and infants aged <3 months. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop a quantitative and accurate assessment tool for predicting the risk of SBIs in febrile neonates. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 131 febrile term neonates (aged <30 days) who were hospitalized at Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital between January 2005 and December 2020. These neonates were classified into SBI and nonbacterial infection (NBI) groups on the basis of microbiological laboratory reports. The clinical characteristics and routine blood tests of both groups at the time of admission were analyzed. Stepwise logistic regression was applied to create and validate the nomogram for SBI prediction. RESULTS Among the 131 febrile neonates, 38 and 93 developed SBIs and NBIs, respectively. At the time of admission, ill clinical appearance, serum myelocyte/metamyelocyte presence, C-reactive protein (CRP) > 2.5 mg/dL, and pyuria were associated with an increased risk of SBIs. Accordingly, these four factors were used to develop a nomogram for SBI prediction, which exhibited significantly high performance (area under curve = 0.848, p < 0.001) in predicting SBI risk. CONCLUSION We developed a nomogram combining clinical appearance, serum myelocyte/metamyelocyte presence, CRP, and pyuria for predicting SBI risk in febrile neonates. This tool can assist clinicians in making early diagnoses and delivering the appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ying Li
- Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Yin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Institute of Health Care Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shuen Chen
- Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Yang
- Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Fang
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ping Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Hsuan Chiou
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Effect of Refined Perioperative Nursing on the Efficacy of Noninvasive Ventilation in Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer and Respiratory Failure. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4711935. [PMID: 35756083 PMCID: PMC9217533 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4711935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NIV (noninvasive ventilation) is becoming more popular as a first-line treatment for older patients with lung cancer who are experiencing acute respiratory failure. In the ICU, older age is linked to worse results with mechanical breathing. When dealing with severely sick patients, noninvasive ventilation is beneficial. Due to the risk of NIV failure and the higher mortality induced by delayed intubation, it is difficult to apply to older patients, especially those with lung cancer and respiratory insufficiency. As a result, for a successful outcome, nurse interventions should be provided to patients during noninvasive ventilation. This paper proposes the application of integrated perioperative nursing models on the elderly patients with lung cancer and respiratory failure. We have applied three nursing models: peer support nursing model, multidisciplinary cooperative nursing model, and transcultural nursing theory. The effect of the proposed nursing model on the efficacy of NIV is evaluated using the Logical Decision Tree Regression (LDTR) model. It is optimized using Iterative Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (IFOA). The performance of the suggested system is analysed, and it is observed that the patients showed better surgical outcomes when provided with the integrated nursing models.
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Rehatta NM, Chandra S, Sari D, Lestari MI, Senapathi TGA, Nurdin H, Wirabuana B, Pramodana B, Pradhana AP, Isngadi I, Anggraeni N, Sikumbang KM, Halimi RA, Jasa ZK, Nasution AH, Mochamat M, Purwoko P. Comorbidities and COVID-19 status influence the survival rate of geriatric patients in intensive care units: a prospective cohort study from the Indonesian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:523. [PMID: 35752756 PMCID: PMC9233386 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the more advanced science in the field of medicine and disease management, the population of geriatric intensive care patients is increasing. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare management around the globe, especially on critically-ill elderly patients. We aim to analyse the relationship between underlying illnesses, including COVID-19, and the survival rate of elderly patients who are treated in the intensive care setting. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study at 14 teaching hospitals for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Education in Indonesia. We selected all subjects with 60 years of age or older in the period between February to May 2021. Variables recorded included subject characteristics, comorbidities, and COVID-19 status. Subjects were followed for 30-day mortality as an outcome. We analysed the data using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results We recruited 982 elderly patients, and 728 subjects were in the final analysis (60.7% male; 68.0 ± 6.6 years old). The 30-day mortality was 38.6%. The top five comorbidities are hypertension (21.1%), diabetes (16.2%), moderate or severe renal disease (10.6%), congestive heart failure (9.2%), and cerebrovascular disease (9.1%). Subjects with Charlson’s Comorbidity Index Score > 5 experienced 66% death. Subjects with COVID-19 who died were 57.4%. Subjects with comorbidities and COVID-19 had lower survival time than subjects without those conditions (p < 0.005). Based on linear correlation analysis, the more comorbidities the geriatric patients in the ICU had, the higher chance of mortality in 30 days (p < 0.005, R coefficient 0.22). Conclusion Approximately one in four elderly intensive care patients die, and the number is increasing with comorbidities and COVID-19 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Margarita Rehatta
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Susilo Chandra
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Djayanti Sari
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mayang Indah Lestari
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sriwijaya, Jenderal Sudirman Street KM. 3.5, Palembang, South Sumatera, 30126, Indonesia.
| | - Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Haizah Nurdin
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Belindo Wirabuana
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Bintang Pramodana
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Adinda Putra Pradhana
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Isngadi Isngadi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Novita Anggraeni
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Kenanga Marwan Sikumbang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Radian Ahmad Halimi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Zafrullah Khany Jasa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Akhyar Hamonangan Nasution
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Mochamat Mochamat
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Purwoko Purwoko
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
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A retrospective cohort study on association of age and physician decision making for or against rapid sequence intubation in unconscious patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3336. [PMID: 35228569 PMCID: PMC8885918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In unconscious individuals, rapid sequence intubation (RSI) may be necessary for cardiopulmonary stabilisation and avoidance of secondary damage. Opinions on such invasive procedures in people of older age vary. We thus sought to evaluate a possible association between the probability of receiving prehospital RSI in unconsciousness and increasing age. We conducted a retrospective study in all missions (traumatic and non-traumatic) of the prehospital emergency physician response unit in Graz between January 1st, 2010 and December 31st, 2019, which we searched for Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) below 9. Cardiac arrests were excluded. We performed multivariable regression analysis for RSI with age, GCS, independent living, and suspected cause as independent variables. Of the 769 finally included patients, 256 (33%) received RSI, whereas 513 (67%) did not. Unadjusted rates of RSI were significantly lower in older patients (aged 85 years and older) compared to the reference group aged 50-64 years (13% vs. 51%, p < 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, patients aged 85 years and older were also significantly less likely to receive RSI [OR (95% CI) 0.76 (0.69-0.84)]. We conclude that advanced age, especially 85 years or older, is associated with significantly lower odds of receiving prehospital RSI in cases of unconsciousness.
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Iosif L, Preoteasa CT, Preoteasa E, Ispas A, Ilinca R, Murariu-Mǎgureanu C, Amza OE. Oral Health Related Quality of Life and Prosthetic Status among Institutionalized Elderly from the Bucharest Area: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126663. [PMID: 34205700 PMCID: PMC8294068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of elderly in care homes, one of Romania’s most vulnerable social categories, to correlate it to sociodemographic, oral health parameters, and prosthodontic status. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was performed on 58 geriatrics divided into 3 age groups, who were clinically examined and answered the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Very high rates of complete edentulism in the oldest-old subgroup (bimaxillary in 64.3%; mandibular in 64.3%; maxillary in 85.7%), and alarming frequencies in the other subgroups (middle-old and youngest-old), statistically significant differences between age groups being determined. The OHIP-14 mean score was 14.5. Although not statistically significant, females had higher OHIP-14 scores, also middle-old with single maxillary arch, single mandibular arch, and bimaxillary complete edentulism, whether they wore dentures or not, but especially those without dental prosthetic treatment in the maxilla. A worse OHRQoL was also observed in wearers of bimaxillary complete dentures, in correlation with periodontal disease-related edentulism, in those with tertiary education degree, and those who came from rural areas. There were no statistically significant correlations of OHRQoL with age, total number of edentulous spaces or edentulous spaces with no prosthetic treatment. In conclusion, despite poor oral health and prosthetic status of the institutionalized elderly around Bucharest, the impact on their wellbeing is comparatively moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iosif
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, Sector 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (E.P.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Cristina Teodora Preoteasa
- Department of Ergonomics and Scientific Research Methodology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, Sector 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.T.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Elena Preoteasa
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, Sector 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (E.P.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Ana Ispas
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.T.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Radu Ilinca
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, Sector 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cǎtǎlina Murariu-Mǎgureanu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, Sector 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (E.P.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Oana Elena Amza
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, Sector 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania;
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Kopczynska M, Sharif B, Pugh R, Otahal I, Havalda P, Groblewski W, Lynch C, George D, Sutherland J, Pandey M, Jones P, Murdoch M, Hatalyak A, Jones R, Kacmarek RM, Villar J, Szakmany T. Prevalence and Outcomes of Acute Hypoxaemic Respiratory Failure in Wales: The PANDORA-WALES Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3521. [PMID: 33142837 PMCID: PMC7692809 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify the prevalence of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and its associated mortality. The secondary aim was to describe ventilatory management as well as the use of rescue therapies. METHODS Multi-centre prospective study in nine hospitals in Wales, UK, over 2-month periods. All patients admitted to an ICU were screened for AHRF and followed-up until discharge from the ICU. Data were collected from patient charts on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, management and outcomes. RESULTS Out of 2215 critical care admissions, 886 patients received mechanical ventilation. A total of 197 patients met inclusion criteria and were recruited. Seventy (35.5%) were non-survivors. Non-survivors were significantly older, had higher SOFA scores and received more vasopressor support than survivors. Twenty-five (12.7%) patients who fulfilled the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during the ICU stay without impact on overall survival. Rescue therapies were rarely used. Analysis of ventilation showed that median Vt was 7.1 mL/kg PBW (IQR 5.9-9.1) and 21.3% of patients had optimal ventilation during their ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS One in four mechanically ventilated patients have AHRF. Despite advances of care and better, but not optimal, utilisation of low tidal volume ventilation, mortality remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kopczynska
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Division of Population Medicine, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (M.K.); (B.S.)
- Salford Royal NHS Trust, Stott Lane, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | - Ben Sharif
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Division of Population Medicine, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (M.K.); (B.S.)
- Anaesthetic Department, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, UK;
| | - Richard Pugh
- Anaesthetic Department, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bodelwyddan, Rhyl LL18 5UJ, UK;
| | - Igor Otahal
- Anaesthetic Department, Glangwili Hospital, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen SA31 2AF, UK; (I.O.); (P.H.)
| | - Peter Havalda
- Anaesthetic Department, Glangwili Hospital, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen SA31 2AF, UK; (I.O.); (P.H.)
| | - Wojciech Groblewski
- Anaesthetic Department, Withybush Hospital, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Haverfordwest SA61 2PZ, UK;
| | - Ceri Lynch
- Anaesthetic Department, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, UK;
| | - David George
- Anaesthetic Department, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wrexham LL13 7TD, UK;
| | - Jayne Sutherland
- Ed Major Critical Care Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay, University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK;
| | - Manish Pandey
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK;
| | - Phillippa Jones
- Critical Care Directorate, Royal Gwent Hospital, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, UK; (P.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Maxene Murdoch
- Critical Care Directorate, Royal Gwent Hospital, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, UK; (P.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Adam Hatalyak
- Critical Care Directorate, Nevill Hall Hospital, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, UK;
| | - Rhidian Jones
- Anaesthetic Department, Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend CF31 1RQ, UK;
| | - Robert M. Kacmarek
- Department of Respiratory Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Division of Population Medicine, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (M.K.); (B.S.)
- Critical Care Directorate, Royal Gwent Hospital, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, UK; (P.J.); (M.M.)
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