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Souci L, Denesvre C. Interactions between avian viruses and skin in farm birds. Vet Res 2024; 55:54. [PMID: 38671518 PMCID: PMC11055369 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the avian viruses that infect the skin of domestic farm birds of primary economic importance: chicken, duck, turkey, and goose. Many avian viruses (e.g., poxviruses, herpesviruses, Influenza viruses, retroviruses) leading to pathologies infect the skin and the appendages of these birds. Some of these viruses (e.g., Marek's disease virus, avian influenza viruses) have had and/or still have a devasting impact on the poultry economy. The skin tropism of these viruses is key to the pathology and virus life cycle, in particular for virus entry, shedding, and/or transmission. In addition, for some emergent arboviruses, such as flaviviruses, the skin is often the entry gate of the virus after mosquito bites, whether or not the host develops symptoms (e.g., West Nile virus). Various avian skin models, from primary cells to three-dimensional models, are currently available to better understand virus-skin interactions (such as replication, pathogenesis, cell response, and co-infection). These models may be key to finding solutions to prevent or halt viral infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Souci
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Virus Aviaires, UMR1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val-de-Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Virus Aviaires, UMR1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val-de-Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Wang L, Xue Z, Tian Y, Zeng W, Zhang T, Lu H. A single-cell transcriptome atlas of Lueyang black-bone chicken skin. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103513. [PMID: 38350389 PMCID: PMC10875617 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
As the largest organ of the body, the skin participates in various physiological activities, such as barrier function, sensory function, and temperature regulation, thereby maintaining the balance between the body and the natural environment. To date, compositional and transcriptional profiles in chicken skin cells have not been reported. Here, we report detailed transcriptome analyses of cell populations present in the skin of a black-feather chicken and a white-feather chicken using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). By analyzing cluster-specific gene expression profiles, we identified 12 cell clusters, and their corresponding cell types were also characterized. Subsequently, we characterized the subpopulations of keratinocytes, myocytes, mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, and melanocytes. It is worth noting that we have identified a subpopulation of keratinocytes involved in pigment granule capture and a subpopulation of melanocytes involved in pigment granule deposition, both of which have a higher cell abundance in black-feather chicken compared to white-feather chicken. Meanwhile, we also compared the cellular heterogeneity features of Lueyang black-bone chicken skin with different feather colors. In addition, we also screened out 12 genes those could be potential markers of melanocytes. Finally, we validated the specific expression of SGK1, WNT5A, CTSC, TYR, and LAPTM5 in black-feather chicken, which may be the key candidate genes determining the feather color differentiation of Lueyang black-bone chicken. In summary, this study first revealed the transcriptome characteristics of chicken skin cells via scRNA-seq technology. These datasets provide valuable information for the study of avian skin characteristics and have important implications for future poultry breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Zhen Xue
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Yingmin Tian
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 723001 Hanzhong, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
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Steinbinder J, Sachslehner AP, Holthaus KB, Eckhart L. Comparative genomics of monotremes provides insights into the early evolution of mammalian epidermal differentiation genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1437. [PMID: 38228724 PMCID: PMC10791643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of the skin as a barrier against the environment depends on the differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes into highly resilient corneocytes that form the outermost skin layer. Many genes encoding structural components of corneocytes are clustered in the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), which has been described in placental and marsupial mammals as well as non-mammalian tetrapods. Here, we analyzed the genomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) to determine the gene composition of the EDC in the basal clade of mammals, the monotremes. We report that mammal-specific subfamilies of EDC genes encoding small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) and late cornified envelope proteins as well as single-copy EDC genes such as involucrin are conserved in monotremes, suggesting that they have originated in stem mammals. Monotremes have at least one gene homologous to the group of filaggrin (FLG), FLG2 and hornerin (HRNR) in placental mammals, but no clear one-to-one pairwise ortholog of either FLG, FLG2 or HRNR. Caspase-14, a keratinocyte differentiation-associated protease implicated in the processing of filaggrin, is encoded by at least 3 gene copies in the echidna. Our results reveal evolutionarily conserved and clade-specific features of the genetic regulation of epidermal differentiation in monotremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steinbinder
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Holthaus KB, Eckhart L. Development-Associated Genes of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC). J Dev Biol 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38248869 PMCID: PMC10801484 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes that encode protein components of the outermost layers of the epidermis in mammals, reptiles and birds. The development of the stratified epidermis from a single-layered ectoderm involves an embryo-specific superficial cell layer, the periderm. An additional layer, the subperiderm, develops in crocodilians and over scutate scales of birds. Here, we review the expression of EDC genes during embryonic development. Several EDC genes are expressed predominantly or exclusively in embryo-specific cell layers, whereas others are confined to the epidermal layers that are maintained in postnatal skin. The S100 fused-type proteins scaffoldin and trichohyalin are expressed in the avian and mammalian periderm, respectively. Scaffoldin forms the so-called periderm granules, which are histological markers of the periderm in birds. Epidermal differentiation cysteine-rich protein (EDCRP) and epidermal differentiation protein containing DPCC motifs (EDDM) are expressed in the avian subperiderm where they are supposed to undergo cross-linking via disulfide bonds. Furthermore, a histidine-rich epidermal differentiation protein and feather-type corneous beta-proteins, also known as beta-keratins, are expressed in the subperiderm. The accumulating evidence for roles of EDC genes in the development of the epidermis has implications on the evolutionary diversification of the skin in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zhang L, Cai C, Liu X, Zhang X, An Z, Zhou E, Li J, Li Z, Li W, Sun G, Li G, Kang X, Han R, Jiang R. Multi-Stage Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Growth Mechanism of Feathers and Hair Follicles during Induction Molting by Fasting in the Late Stage of Egg Laying. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1345. [PMID: 37887055 PMCID: PMC10603888 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Induced molting is a common method to obtain a new life in laying hens, in which periodic changes in feathers are the prominent feature. Nevertheless, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, feather and hair follicle samples were collected during fasting-induced physiological remodeling for hematoxylin-eosin staining, hormone changes and follicle traits, and transcriptome sequencing. Feather shedding was observed in F13 to R25, while newborns were observed in R3 to R32. Triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine were significantly elevated during feather shedding. The calcium content was significantly higher, and the ash content was significantly lower after the changeover. The determination of hair follicle traits revealed an increasing trend in pore density and a decrease in pore diameter after the resumption of feeding. According to RNA-seq results, several core genes were identified, including DSP, CDH1, PKP1, and PPCKB, which may have an impact on hair follicle growth. The focus was to discover that starvation may trigger changes in thyroid hormones, which in turn regulate feather molting through thyroid hormone synthesis, calcium signaling, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways. These data provide a valuable resource for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cyclical growth of hair follicles in the skin during induced molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Zhang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chunxia Cai
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xinxin Liu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Enyou Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jianzeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenting Li
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guirong Sun
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guoxi Li
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruili Han
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
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