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Pishchik VN, Chizhevskaya EP, Kichko AA, Aksenova TS, Andronov EE, Chebotar VK, Filippova PS, Shelenga TV, Belousova MH, Chikida NN. Metabolome and Mycobiome of Aegilops tauschii Subspecies Differing in Susceptibility to Brown Rust and Powdery Mildew Are Diverse. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2343. [PMID: 39273827 PMCID: PMC11397189 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the differences in the seed metabolome and mycobiome of two Aegilops tauschii Coss accessions with different resistance to brown rust and powdery mildew. We hypothesized that the seeds of resistant accession k-1958 Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata can contain a larger number of metabolites with antifungal activity compared with the seeds of susceptible Ae. tauschii ssp meyeri k-340, which will determine differences in the seed fungal community. Our study emphasizes the differences in the seed metabolome of the studied Ae. tauschii accessions. The resistant accession k-1958 had a higher content of glucose and organic acids, including pyruvic, salicylic and azelaic acid, as well as pipecolic acids, galactinol, glycerol and sitosterol. The seeds of Ae. tauschii-resistant accession k-1958 were found to contain more active substances with antifungal activity. The genera Cladosporium and Alternaria were dominant in the seed mycobiome of the resistant accession. The genera Alternaria, Blumeria and Cladosporium dominated in seed mycobiome of susceptible accession k-340. In the seed mycobiome of the resistant k-1958, a higher occurrence of saprotrophic micromycetes was found, and many of the micromycetes were biocontrol agents. It was concluded that differences in the seed metabolome of Ae. tauschii contributed to the determination of the differences in mycobiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N Pishchik
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena P Chizhevskaya
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina A Kichko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Aksenova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny E Andronov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir K Chebotar
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina S Filippova
- St. Petersburg North-West Centre of Interdisciplinary Researches of Problems of Food Maintenance, Podbelskogo hwy, 7, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Shelenga
- Federal Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 44, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria H Belousova
- Federal Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 44, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Chikida
- Federal Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 44, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Nazarov T, Liu Y, Chen X, See DR. Molecular Mechanisms of the Stripe Rust Interaction with Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Genotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2930. [PMID: 38474176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rust fungi cause significant damage to wheat production worldwide. In order to mitigate disease impact and improve food security via durable resistance, it is important to understand the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions. Despite a long history of research and high agricultural importance, still little is known about the interactions between the stripe rust fungus and wheat host on the gene expression level. Here, we present analysis of the molecular interactions between a major wheat pathogen-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst)-in resistant and susceptible host backgrounds. Using plants with durable nonrace-specific resistance along with fully susceptible ones allowed us to show how gene expression patterns shift in compatible versus incompatible interactions. The pathogen showed significantly greater number and fold changes of overexpressed genes on the resistant host than the susceptible host. Stress-related pathways including MAPK, oxidation-reduction, osmotic stress, and stress granule formation were, almost exclusively, upregulated in the resistant host background, suggesting the requirement of the resistance-countermeasure mechanism facilitated by Pst. In contrast, the susceptible host background allowed for broad overrepresentation of the nutrient uptake pathways. This is the first study focused on the stripe rust pathogen-wheat interactions, on the whole transcriptome level, from the pathogen side. It lays a foundation for the better understanding of the resistant/susceptible hosts versus pathogenic fungus interaction in a broader sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Nazarov
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Deven R See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
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Davoudnia B, Dadkhodaie A, Moghadam A, Heidari B, Yassaie M. Transcriptome analysis in Aegilops tauschii unravels further insights into genetic control of stripe rust resistance. PLANTA 2024; 259:70. [PMID: 38345645 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The Aegilops tauschii resistant accession prevented the pathogen colonization by controlling the sugar flow and triggering the hypersensitive reaction. This study suggested that NBS-LRRs probably induce resistance through bHLH by controlling JA- and SA-dependent pathways. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is one of wheat's most destructive fungal diseases that causes a severe yield reduction worldwide. The most effective and economically-friendly strategy to manage this disease is genetic resistance which can be achieved through deploying new and effective resistance genes. Aegilops tauschii, due to its small genome and co-evolution with Pst, can provide detailed information about underlying resistance mechanisms. Hence, we used RNA-sequencing approach to identify the transcriptome variations of two contrasting resistant and susceptible Ae. tauschii accessions in interaction with Pst and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for resistance to stripe rust. Gene ontology, pathway analysis, and search for functional domains, transcription regulators, resistance genes, and protein-protein interactions were used to interpret the results. The genes encoding NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-kinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-, basic-leucine zipper (bZIP)-, APETALA2 (AP2)-, auxin response factor (ARF)-, GATA-, and LSD-like transcription factors were up-regulated exclusively in the resistant accession. The key genes involved in response to salicylic acid, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and hypersensitive response contributed to plant defense against stripe rust. The activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways under Pst infection in the susceptible accession explained the colonization of the host. Overall, this study can fill the gaps in the literature on host-pathogen interaction and enrich the Ae. tauschii transcriptome sequence information. It also suggests candidate genes that could guide future breeding programs attempting to develop rust-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Davoudnia
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Ali Dadkhodaie
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran.
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Heidari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yassaie
- Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
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Hasanpour K, Aalami A, Seraj RGM, Hosseini R, Naeimi S, Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K. Identification of drought-tolerant hub genes in Iranian KC-2226 genotype of Aegilops tauschii using transcriptomic analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9499. [PMID: 37308505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegilops tauschii, as a donor of D genome to the bread wheat with a valuable source of resistance to different biotic and abiotic stresses, is used to improve the quality of wheat cultivars. Every genotype has a specific genetic content, the investigation of which can lead to the identification of useful genes such as stress tolerance genes, including drought. Therefore, 23 genotypes of Ae. tauschii were selected to evaluate their morphological and physiological traits under greenhouse conditions. Among them, a superior tolerant genotype (KC-2226) was chosen for transcriptomic analysis. Our result showed that 5007 and 3489 genes were deferentially up- and downregulated, respectively. Upregulated genes were involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino acid biosynthesis whereas downregulated genes were often engaged in DNA synthesis, replication, repair and topological changes. The result of protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that AT1G76550 (1.46), AT1G20950 (1.42), IAR4 (1.19), and PYD2 (1.16) among upregulated genes and THY-1 (44), PCNA1 (41) and TOPII (22) among down-regulated genes had the highest interactions with other genes. In conclusion, Ae. tauschii employs elevated transcription of specific genes involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and amino acid biosynthesis pathways rather than genes active in DNA synthesis and repair to provide the energy needed for the plant to survive under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Hasanpour
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Aalami
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Rahele Ghanbari Moheb Seraj
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shahram Naeimi
- Department of Biological Control Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, 19858-13111, Iran
| | - Keyvan Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
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Mourad AM, Hamdy RM, Esmail SM. Novel genomic regions on chromosome 5B controlling wheat powdery mildew seedling resistance under Egyptian conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1160657. [PMID: 37235018 PMCID: PMC10208068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1160657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew (PM) causes significant yield losses worldwide. None of the Egyptian wheat cultivars was detected to be highly resistant to such a severe disease. Therefore, a diverse spring wheat panel was evaluated for PM seedling resistance using different Bgt conidiospores collected from Egyptian fields in two growing seasons. The evaluation was done in two separate experiments. Highly significant differences were found between the two experiments suggesting the presence of different isolates populations. Highly significant differences were found among the tested genotypes confirming the ability to improve PM resistance using the recent panel. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was done for each experiment separately and a total of 71 significant markers located within 36 gene models were identified. The majority of these markers are located on chromosome 5B. Haplotype block analysis identified seven blocks containing the significant markers on chromosome 5B. Five gene models were identified on the short arm of the chromosome. Gene enrichment analysis identified five and seven pathways based on the biological process and molecular functions respectively for the detected gene models. All these pathways are associated with disease resistance in wheat. The genomic regions on 5B seem to be novel regions that are associated with PM resistance under Egyptian conditions. Selection of superior genotypes was done and Grecian genotypes seem to be a good source for improving PM resistance under Egyptian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M.I. Mourad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Hamdy
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samar M. Esmail
- Wheat Disease Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Shao C, Tao S, Liang Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of juniper branches infected by Gymnosporangium spp. highlights their different infection strategies associated with cytokinins. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:173. [PMID: 37020280 PMCID: PMC10077639 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G. yamadae can share Juniperus chinensis as the telial host, but the symptoms are completely different. The infection of G. yamadae causes the enlargement of the phloem and cortex of young branches as a gall, but not for G. asiaticum, suggesting that different molecular interaction mechanisms exist the two Gymnosporangium species with junipers. RESULTS Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate genes regulation of juniper in responses to the infections of G. asiaticum and G. yamadae at different stages. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes related to transport, catabolism and transcription pathways were up-regulated, while genes related to energy metabolism and photosynthesis were down-regulated in juniper branch tissues after infection with G. asiaticum and G. yamadae. The transcript profiling of G. yamadae-induced gall tissues revealed that more genes involved in photosynthesis, sugar metabolism, plant hormones and defense-related pathways were up-regulated in the vigorous development stage of gall compared to the initial stage, and were eventually repressed overall. Furthermore, the concentration of cytokinins (CKs) in the galls tissue and the telia of G. yamadae was significantly higher than in healthy branch tissues of juniper. As well, tRNA-isopentenyltransferase (tRNA-IPT) was identified in G. yamadae with highly expression levels during the gall development stages. CONCLUSIONS In general, our study provided new insights into the host-specific mechanisms by which G. asiaticum and G. yamadae differentially utilize CKs and specific adaptations on juniper during their co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Siqi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingmei Liang
- Museum of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Norman M, Bariana H, Bansal U, Periyannan S. The Keys to Controlling Wheat Rusts: Identification and Deployment of Genetic Resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:667-677. [PMID: 36897760 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-23-0041-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rust diseases are among the major constraints for wheat production worldwide due to the emergence and spread of highly destructive races of Puccinia. The most common approach to minimize yield losses due to rust is to use cultivars that are genetically resistant. Modern wheat cultivars, landraces, and wild relatives can contain undiscovered resistance genes, which typically encode kinase or nucleotide-binding site leucine rich repeat (NLR) domain containing receptor proteins. Recent research has shown that these genes can provide either resistance in all growth stages (all-stage resistance; ASR) or specially in later growth stages (adult-plant resistance; APR). ASR genes are pathogen and race-specific, meaning can function against selected races of the Puccinia fungus due to the necessity to recognize specific avirulence molecules in the pathogen. APR genes are either pathogen-specific or multipathogen resistant but often race-nonspecific. Prediction of resistance genes through rust infection screening alone remains complex when more than one resistance gene is present. However, breakthroughs during the past half century such as the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genotyping techniques and resistance gene isolation strategies like mutagenesis, resistance gene enrichment, and sequencing (MutRenSeq), mutagenesis and chromosome sequencing (MutChromSeq), and association genetics combined with RenSeq (AgRenSeq) enables rapid transfer of resistance from source to modern cultivars. There is a strong need for combining multiple genes for better efficacy and longer-lasting resistance. Hence, techniques like gene cassette creation speeds up the gene combination process, but their widespread adoption and commercial use is limited due to their transgenic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Norman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Harbans Bariana
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Bourke Road, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Urmil Bansal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sambasivam Periyannan
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science & Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia
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Transcriptional Analysis on Resistant and Susceptible Kiwifruit Genotypes Activating Different Plant-Immunity Processes against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147643. [PMID: 35886990 PMCID: PMC9322148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), a bacterial pathogen, is a severe threat to kiwifruit production. To elucidate the species-specific interaction between Psa and kiwifruit, transcriptomic-profiles analyses were conducted, under Psa-infected treatment and mock-inoculated control, on shoots of resistant Maohua (MH) and susceptible Hongyang (HY) kiwifruit varieties. The plant hormone-signal transduction and plant–pathogen interaction were significantly enriched in HY compared with MH. However, the starch and sucrose metabolism, antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, and galactose metabolism were significantly enriched in MH compared with HY. Interestingly, the MAP2 in the pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity (PTI) was significantly up-regulated in MH. The genes RAR1, SUGT1, and HSP90A in the effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and the NPR1 and TGA genes involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway as regulatory roles of ETI, were significantly up-regulated in HY. Other important genes, such as the CCRs involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were highly expressed in MH, but some genes in the Ca2+ internal flow or involved in the reactive oxygen metabolism were obviously expressed in HY. These results suggested that the PTI and cell walls involved in defense mechanisms were significant in MH against Psa infection, while the ETI was notable in HY against Psa infection. This study will help to understand kiwifruit bacterial canker disease and provide important theoretical support in kiwifruit breeding.
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Ji X, Liu T, Xu S, Wang Z, Han H, Zhou S, Guo B, Zhang J, Yang X, Li X, Li L, Liu W. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics of Broad-Spectrum Immunity to Leaf Rust in a Wheat- Agropyron cristatum 2P Addition Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7370. [PMID: 35806373 PMCID: PMC9266861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss.) is among the major diseases of common wheat. The lack of resistance genes to leaf rust has limited the development of wheat cultivars. Wheat-Agropyron cristatum (A. cristatum) 2P addition line II-9-3 has been shown to provide broad-spectrum immunity to leaf rust. To identify the specific A. cristatum resistance genes and related regulatory pathways in II-9-3, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of inoculated and uninoculated leaves of the resistant addition line II-9-3 and the susceptible cultivar Fukuhokomugi (Fukuho). The results showed that there were 66 A. cristatum differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1389 wheat DEGs in II-9-3 during P. triticina infection. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the DEGs of II-9-3 were associated with plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, many defense-related A. cristatum genes, such as two NLR genes, seven receptor kinase-encoding genes, and four transcription factor-encoding genes, were identified. Our results indicated that the key step of resistance to leaf rust involves, firstly, the gene expression of chromosome 2P upstream of the immune pathway and, secondly, the effect of chromosome 2P on the co-expression of wheat genes in II-9-3. The disease resistance regulatory pathways and related genes in the addition line II-9-3 thus could play a critical role in the effective utilization of innovative resources for leaf rust resistance in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiajie Ji
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Shirui Xu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Zongyao Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Haiming Han
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Baojin Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinming Yang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiuquan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Lihui Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Weihua Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.J.); (S.X.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (S.Z.); (B.G.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.L.)
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