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Aranda-Caraballo J, Saenz RA, López-Zavala AA, Velazquez-Cruz B, Espinosa-Barrera L, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Zárate-Romero A, Linares-Vergara O, Osuna-Castro JA, Bonales-Alatorre E, Centeno-Leija S, Serrano-Posada H. Binding Specificity of a Novel Cyclo/Maltodextrin-Binding Protein and Its Role in the Cyclodextrin ABC Importer System from Thermoanaerobacterales. Molecules 2023; 28:6080. [PMID: 37630332 PMCID: PMC10458862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular synthesis of functional cyclodextrins (CDs) as intermediates of starch assimilation is a convenient microbial adaptation to sequester substrates, increase the half-life of the carbon source, carry bioactive compounds, and alleviate chemical toxicity through the formation of CD-guest complexes. Bacteria encoding the four steps of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway via cyclodextrins (CM-CD) actively internalize CDs across the microbial membrane via a putative type I ATP-dependent ABC sugar importer system, MdxEFG-(X/MsmX). While the first step of the CM-CD pathway encompasses extracellular starch-active cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) to synthesize linear dextrins and CDs, it is the ABC importer system in the second step that is the critical factor in determining which molecules from the CGTase activity will be internalized by the cell. Here, structure-function relationship studies of the cyclo⁄maltodextrin-binding protein MdxE of the MdxEFG-MsmX importer system from Thermoanaerobacter mathranii subsp. mathranii A3 are presented. Calorimetric and fluorescence studies of recombinant MdxE using linear dextrins and CDs showed that although MdxE binds linear dextrins and CDs with high affinity, the open-to-closed conformational change is solely observed after α- and β-CD binding, suggesting that the CM-CD pathway from Thermoanaerobacterales is exclusive for cellular internalization of these molecules. Structural analysis of MdxE coupled with docking simulations showed an overall architecture typically found in sugar-binding proteins (SBPs) that comprised two N- and C-domains linked by three small hinge regions, including the conserved aromatic triad Tyr193/Trp269/Trp378 in the C-domain and Phe87 in the N-domain involved in CD recognition and stabilization. Structural bioinformatic analysis of the entire MdxFG-MsmX importer system provided further insights into the binding, internalization, and delivery mechanisms of CDs. Hence, while the MdxE-CD complex couples to the permease subunits MdxFG to deliver the CD into the transmembrane channel, the dimerization of the cytoplasmatic promiscuous ATPase MsmX triggers active transport into the cytoplasm. This research provides the first results on a novel thermofunctional SBP and its role in the internalization of CDs in extremely thermophilic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Aranda-Caraballo
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico; (J.A.-C.); (B.V.-C.); (L.E.-B.); (O.L.-V.)
| | - Roberto A. Saenz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, Colima 28045, Mexico;
| | - Alonso A. López-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Velazquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico; (J.A.-C.); (B.V.-C.); (L.E.-B.); (O.L.-V.)
| | - Laura Espinosa-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico; (J.A.-C.); (B.V.-C.); (L.E.-B.); (O.L.-V.)
| | - Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico;
| | - Andrés Zárate-Romero
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 CarreteraTijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Linares-Vergara
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico; (J.A.-C.); (B.V.-C.); (L.E.-B.); (O.L.-V.)
| | - Juan A. Osuna-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Colima, Autopista Colima-Manzanillo, Tecomán 28100, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Bonales-Alatorre
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Avenida 25 de julio 965, Colonia Villa de San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Mexico;
| | - Sara Centeno-Leija
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico;
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico;
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Bulka NR, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Characterization of an Amylolytic Enzyme from Massilia timonae of the GH13_19 Subfamily with Mixed Maltogenic and CGTase Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:2028-2056. [PMID: 36401066 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the characterization of an amylolytic enzyme from the bacteria Massilia timonae CTI-57. A gene encoding this protein was expressed from the pTrcHis2B plasmid in Escherichia coli BL21 Star™ (DE3). The purified protein had 64 kDa, and its modeled structure showed a monomer with the conserved α-amylases structure composed of the domain A with the characteristic (β/α)8-barrel, the small domain B, and the domain C with an antiparallel beta-sheet. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the expressed protein belongs to the GH13_19 subfamily of glycoside hydrolases. The ions Ca2+, Mn2+, Na+, Mg2+, Mo6+, and K+ did activate the purified enzyme, while EDTA and the ions Fe2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ were strong inhibitors. SDS was also a strong inhibitor. The enzyme's optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 45 °C, respectively, and its Tm was 62.2 °C. The KM of the purified enzyme for starch was 13 mg/mL, and the Vmax was 0.24 μmol of reducing sugars released per min. The characterized enzyme presented higher specificity for maltodextrin and starch and produced maltose as the main starch hydrolysis product. This is the first characterized maltose-forming amylolytic enzyme from the GH13_19 subfamily. The purified enzyme produced β-cyclodextrin from starch and maltodextrin and could be considered a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). This is the first report of a GH13_19 subfamily enzyme with CGTase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Rodrigues Bulka
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
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Enhancement of healthful novel sugar contents in genetically engineered sugarcane juice integrated with molecularly characterized ThSyGII (CEMB-SIG2). Sci Rep 2022; 12:18621. [PMID: 36329173 PMCID: PMC9633787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of sugar contents and yielding healthful sugar products from sugarcane demand high profile scientific strategies. Previous efforts to foster manipulation in metabolic pathways or triggering sugar production through combating abiotic stresses fail to yield high sugar recovery in Saccharum officinarum L. Novel sucrose isomers trehalulose (TH) and isomaltulose (IM) are naturally manufactured in microbial sources. In pursuance of novel scientific methodology, codon optimized sucrose isomerase gene, Trehalulose synthase gene II(CEMB-SIG2) cloned under dual combined stem specific constitutive promoters in pCAMBIA1301 expression vector integrated with Vacuole targeted signal peptide (VTS) to concentrate gene product into the vacuole. The resultant mRNA expression obtained by Real Time PCR validated extremely increased transgene expression in sugarcane culms than leaf tissues. Overall sugar estimation from transgenic sugarcane lines was executed through refractometer. HPLC based quantifications of Trehalulose (TH) alongside different internodes of transgenic sugarcane confirmed the enhancement of boosted sugar concentrations in mature sugarcane culms. Trehalulose synthase gene II receptive sugarcane lines indicated the unprecedented impressions of duly combined constitutive stem regulated promoters. Transgenic sugarcane lines produce highest sugar recovery percentages, 14.9% as compared to control lines (8.5%). The increased sugar recovery percentage in transgenic sugarcane validated the utmost performance and expression of ThSyGII gene .High Profile Liquid chromatography based sugar contents estimation of Trehalulose (TH) and Isomaltulose (IM) yielded unprecedented improvement in the whole sugar recovery percentage as compared to control lines..
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Pudding Proteomics: Cyclomaltodextrin Glucanotransferase and Microbial Proteases Can Liquefy Extended Shelf Life Dairy Products. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030254. [PMID: 35323697 PMCID: PMC8950887 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a lack of stability of dairy products with extended shelf life (e.g., yoghurt products, UHT desserts) has occurred, with the corresponding products liquefying significantly after days or weeks. This project aimed to identify the enzymes responsible for the liquefaction of the affected products based on differential proteomic analyses. No evidence was found for the presence of starch-degrading bacteria in the affected products. With zymography and proteome analysis, we detected the cause of liquefaction in a pudding by contamination of its aroma component with an engineered amylolytic enzyme, cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes. In addition, we detected contamination with Pseudomonas-derived proteolytic ATP-dependent Clp protease in one pudding batch and proteases in technically used amylases, which degraded β-caseins in another batch. Identification of these agents with liquefying properties in dairy products are useful for adjustment of production protocols and/or composition of additives, and thus shelf life extension.
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