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Obrador E, Moreno-Murciano P, Oriol-Caballo M, López-Blanch R, Pineda B, Gutiérrez-Arroyo JL, Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Martinez-Cadenas C, Estrela JM, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ. Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2529. [PMID: 38473776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood-brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Pineda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luis G Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - José M Estrela
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Alves B, Peixoto J, Macedo S, Pinheiro J, Carvalho B, Soares P, Lima J, Lima RT. High VEGFA Expression Is Associated with Improved Progression-Free Survival after Bevacizumab Treatment in Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082196. [PMID: 37190125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the deadliest human cancers. Many GB patients do not respond to treatment, and inevitably die within a median of 15-18 months post-diagnosis, highlighting the need for reliable biomarkers to aid clinical management and treatment evaluation. The GB microenvironment holds tremendous potential as a source of biomarkers; several proteins such as MMP-2, MMP-9, YKL40, and VEGFA have been identified as being differentially expressed in GB patient samples. Still to date, none of these proteins have been translated into relevant clinical biomarkers. This study evaluated the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, YKL40, and VEGFA in a series of GBs and their impact on patient outcome. High levels of VEGFA expression were significantly associated with improved progression-free survival after bevacizumab treatment, thus having potential as a tissue biomarker for predicting patients' response to bevacizumab. Noteworthily, VEGFA expression was not associated with patient outcome after temozolomide treatment. To a lesser extent, YKL40 also provided significant information regarding the extent of bevacizumab treatment. This study highlights the importance of studying secretome-associated proteins as GB biomarkers and identifies VEGFA as a promising marker for predicting response to bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Alves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling & Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Peixoto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling & Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Macedo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling & Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pinheiro
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carvalho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling & Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, FMUP-Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Lima
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling & Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, FMUP-Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel T Lima
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling & Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, FMUP-Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
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Huang X, Shi S, Wang H, Zhao T, Wang Y, Huang S, Su Y, Zhao C, Yang M. Advances in antibody-based drugs and their delivery through the blood-brain barrier for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of gliomas. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109990. [PMID: 37012874 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are highly invasive and are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor. The routine treatments for glioma include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, glioma recurrence and patient survival remain unsatisfactory after employing these traditional treatment approaches. With the rapid development of molecular immunology, significant breakthroughs have been made in targeted glioma therapy and immunotherapy. Antibody-based therapy has excellent advantages in treating gliomas due to its high specificity and sensitivity. This article reviewed various targeted antibody drugs for gliomas, including anti-glioma surface marker antibodies, anti-angiogenesis antibodies, and anti-immunosuppressive signal antibodies. Notably, many antibodies have been validated clinically, such as bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and anti-PD-1 antibodies. These antibodies can improve the targeting of glioma therapy, enhance anti-tumor immunity, reduce the proliferation and invasion of glioma, and thus prolong the survival time of patients. However, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has caused significant difficulties in drug delivery for gliomas. Therefore, this paper also summarized drug delivery methods through the BBB, including receptor-mediated transportation, nano-based carriers, and some physical and chemical methods for drug delivery. With these exciting advancements, more antibody-based therapies will likely enter clinical practice and allow more successful control of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- The College of Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sihua Huang
- The College of Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
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Salerno S, Barresi E, Baglini E, Poggetti V, Da Settimo F, Taliani S. Target-Based Anticancer Indole Derivatives for the Development of Anti-Glioblastoma Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062587. [PMID: 36985576 PMCID: PMC10056347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and frequent primary brain tumor, with a poor prognosis and the highest mortality rate. Currently, GBM therapy consists of surgical resection of the tumor, radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Consistently, there are poor treatment options and only modest anticancer efficacy is achieved; therefore, there is still a need for the development of new effective therapies for GBM. Indole is considered one of the most privileged scaffolds in heterocyclic chemistry, so it may serve as an effective probe for the development of new drug candidates against challenging diseases, including GBM. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel indole-based derivatives investigated as promising anti-GBM agents. The existing indole-based compounds which are in the pre-clinical and clinical stages of development against GBM are reported, with particular reference to the most recent advances between 2013 and 2022. The main mechanisms of action underlying their anti-GBM efficacy, such as protein kinase, tubulin and p53 pathway inhibition, are also discussed. The final goal is to pave the way for medicinal chemists in the future design and development of novel effective indole-based anti-GBM agents.
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Wang H, Wang X, Xu L, Zhang J. Co-amplified with PDGFRA, IGFBP7 is a prognostic biomarker correlated with the immune infiltrations of glioma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4951-4967. [PMID: 36043552 PMCID: PMC9972101 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of glioma carry genetic 4q12 amplification including platelet derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) and insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7). However, the prognosis of PDGFRA and IGFBP7 in glioma is unclear. METHODS The prognosis of PDGFRA and IGFBP7 was determined using cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Pathways associated with IGFBP7 were analyzed through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Immune profiling of glioma was determined using "ESTIMATE" and "TIMER" database. RESULTS PDGFRA amplification or expression was not correlated with the outcomes of glioblastoma (GBM). IGFBP7 but not PDGFRA was over-expressed in GBM. IGFBP7 over-expression was correlated with the unfavorable outcomes of GBM. In lower grade glioma (LGG), PDGFRA over-expression was not correlated with the unfavorable prognosis of LGG, while, IGFBP7 was a prognostic biomarker of LGG. LGG patients with IGFBP7 lower expressions had prolonged clinical overall survival. Combination of IDH mutation, LGG grade and IGFBP7 achieved even better prognostic effects in LGG. Moreover, IGFBP7 was over-expressed in glioma patients with wild type IDH or with high grades. IGFBP7 over-expression was correlated with the unfavorable outcomes of glioma. Furthermore, IGFBP7 was hypo-methylated in GBM or LGG patients without IDH mutations. IGFBP7 hyper-methylation was correlated with the lower overall survival of GBM or LGG. LGG patients with wild type IDH and with IGFBP7 hypo-methylation demonstrated even worse prognosis. IGFBP7 was associated with multiple immune-related signaling pathways in GBM or LGG. The stromal score, immune score and the infiltrations of immune cells were also correlated with IGFBP7 and the prognosis of LGG. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP7 but not PDGFRA served an ideal prognostic marker and therapeutic target of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Wang
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xiao Y, Li M, Ma T, Ning H, Liu L. AMG232 inhibits angiogenesis in glioma through the p53-RBM4-VEGFR2 pathway. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260270. [PMID: 36601864 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AMG232 effectively inhibits cancers with wild-type p53 (also known as TP53) by reactivating p53, but whether it inhibits glioma angiogenesis remains unclear. This study confirms that AMG232 inhibits the proliferation of glioma endothelial cells (GECs) in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits the angiogenesis of GECs. p53 and RNA-binding motif protein 4 (RBM4) were expressed at low levels in GECs, while MDM2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR) were highly expressed. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that AMG232 upregulated p53 and RBM4, and downregulated MDM2 and VEGFR2 by blocking the MDM2-p53 interaction. Both p53 silencing and RBM4 silencing significantly upregulated the expression of VEGFR2, promoted the proliferation, migration and tube formation of GECs, and reversed the effects of AMG232 on downregulating VEGFR2 and inhibiting the angiogenesis of GECs. AMG232 increased RBM4 expression by upregulating p53, and p53 bound to RBM4 and promoted its transcription. RBM4 bound to and shortened the half-life of VEGFR2, promoting its degradation. Finally, AMG232 produced a significant decrease in new vessels and hemoglobin content in vivo. This study proves that AMG232 inhibits glioma angiogenesis by blocking the MDM2-p53 interaction, in which the p53-RBM4-VEGFR2 pathway plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
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Zhao ZX, Liu QL, Yuan Y, Wang FS. Synaptophysin-like 2 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:2122-2137. [PMID: 36438706 PMCID: PMC9694275 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i11.2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Synaptophysin-like 2 (SYPL2) is a neuroendocrine-related protein highly expressed in skeletal muscle and the tongue. The involvement of SYPL2 in CRC, including its level of expression and function, has not been evaluated.
AIM To evaluate the correlations of SYPL2 expression with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and prognosis in patients with CRC.
METHODS The levels of expression of SYPL2 in CRC and normal colorectal tissues were analyzed in multiple public and online databases. The associations between clinical variables and SYPL2 expression were evaluated statistically, and the associations between SYPL2 expression and prognosis in patients with CRC were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate/multivariate Cox regression analyses. SYPL2 expression was assessed in 20 paired CRC tissue and adjacent normal colorectal tissue samples obtained from Fuyang People’s Hospital, and the associations between SYPL2 expression and the clinical characteristics of these patients were investigated. Correlations between the levels of expression of SYPL2 and key targeted genes were determined by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The distribution of immune cells in these samples was calculated using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to evaluate the biofunction and pathways of SYPL2 in CRC.
RESULTS SYPL2 expression was significantly lower in CRC tissue samples than in normal colorectal tissue samples (P < 0.05). High SYPL2 levels in CRC tissues correlated significantly with LNM (P < 0.05) and a poorer patient prognosis, including significantly shorter overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.9, P < 0.05] and disease-free survival (HR = 1.6, P < 0.05). High SYPL2 expression was an independent risk factor for OS in both univariate (HR = 2.078, P = 0.014) and multivariate (HR = 1.754, P = 0.018) Cox regression analyses. In addition, SYPL2 expression correlated significantly with the expression of KDR (P < 0.0001, r = 0.47) and the BRAFV600E mutation (P < 0.05). Higher SYPL2 expression was associated with the enrichment of CD8 T-cells and M0 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. GSEA revealed that SYPL2 was associated with the regulation of epithelial cell migration, vasculature development, pathways in cancer, and several vital tumor-related pathways.
CONCLUSION SYPL2 expression was lower in CRC tissue than in normal colorectal tissue. Higher SYPL2 expression in CRC was significantly associated with LNM and poorer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Xian Zhao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qin-Lingfei Liu
- Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang 236000, Anhui Province, China
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Sareen H, Ma Y, Becker TM, Roberts TL, de Souza P, Powter B. Molecular Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168835. [PMID: 36012105 PMCID: PMC9408540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis that needs better treatment modalities. Moreover, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers to predict the response and outcome of current or newly designed therapies. While several molecular markers have been proposed as potential biomarkers for GBM, their uptake into clinical settings is slow and impeded by marker heterogeneity. Detailed assessment of prognostic and predictive value for biomarkers in well-defined clinical trial settings, if available, is scattered throughout the literature. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic and predictive significance of clinically relevant molecular biomarkers in GBM patients. Material and methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to retrieve publications from 3 databases (Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase) from January 2010 to December 2021, using specific terms. The combined hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to evaluate the association of biomarkers with overall survival (OS) in GBM patients. Results: Twenty-six out of 1831 screened articles were included in this review. Nineteen articles were included in the meta-analyses, and 7 articles were quantitatively summarised. Fourteen studies with 1231 GBM patients showed a significant association of MGMT methylation with better OS with the pooled HR of 1.66 (95% CI 1.32−2.09, p < 0.0001, random effect). Five studies including 541 GBM patients analysed for the prognostic significance of IDH1 mutation showed significantly better OS in patients with IDH1 mutation with a pooled HR of 2.37 (95% CI 1.81−3.12; p < 0.00001]. Meta-analysis performed on 5 studies including 575 GBM patients presenting with either amplification or high expression of EGFR gene did not reveal any prognostic significance with a pooled HR of 1.31 (95% CI 0.96−1.79; p = 0.08). Conclusions: MGMT promoter methylation and IDH1 mutation are significantly associated with better OS in GBM patients. No significant associations were found between EGFR amplification or overexpression with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Sareen
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South-Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-0406937108
| | - Yafeng Ma
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South-Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Therese M. Becker
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South-Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Tara L. Roberts
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South-Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- South-Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Branka Powter
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
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Recent progress on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors with dual targeting capabilities for tumor therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:89. [PMID: 35799213 PMCID: PMC9263050 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) are a family of receptor protein tyrosine kinases that play an important role in the regulation of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Currently, VEGFR inhibitors have been widely used in the treatment of various tumors. However, current VEGFR inhibitors are limited to a certain extent due to limited clinical efficacy and potential toxicity, which hinder their clinical application. Thus, the development of new strategies to improve the clinical outcomes and minimize the toxic effects of VEGFR inhibitors is required. Given the synergistic effect of VEGFR and other therapies in tumor development and progression, VEGFR dual-target inhibitors are becoming an attractive approach due to their favorable pharmacodynamics, low toxicity, and anti-resistant effects. This perspective provides an overview of the development of VEGFR dual-target inhibitors from multiple aspects, including rational target combinations, drug discovery strategies, structure–activity relationships and future directions.
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Khabibov M, Garifullin A, Boumber Y, Khaddour K, Fernandez M, Khamitov F, Khalikova L, Kuznetsova N, Kit O, Kharin L. Signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches in glioblastoma multiforme (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:69. [PMID: 35445737 PMCID: PMC9084550 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor and is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Despite the progress in the understanding of the molecular and genetic changes that promote tumorigenesis, effective treatment options are limited. The present review intended to identify and summarize major signaling pathways and genetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as therapies that target these pathways. Glioblastoma remains a difficult to treat tumor; however, in the last two decades, significant improvements in the understanding of GBM biology have enabled advances in available therapeutics. Significant genomic events and signaling pathway disruptions (NF‑κB, Wnt, PI3K/AKT/mTOR) involved in the formation of GBM were discussed. Current therapeutic options may only marginally prolong survival and the current standard of therapy cures only a small fraction of patients. As a result, there is an unmet requirement for further study into the processes of glioblastoma pathogenesis and the discovery of novel therapeutic targets in novel signaling pathways implicated in the evolution of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Khabibov
- Department of Oncology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat Garifullin
- Department of Histology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Division of Hematology/Oncology at The Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Karam Khaddour
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manuel Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Firat Khamitov
- Department of Histology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Larisa Khalikova
- Department of Histology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Natalia Kuznetsova
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Medical Research Center for Oncology, 344037 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Oleg Kit
- Abdominal Oncology Department, National Medical Research Center for Oncology, 344037 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Leonid Kharin
- Abdominal Oncology Department, National Medical Research Center for Oncology, 344037 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Chen S, Li X, Wang H, Chen G, Zhou Y. Anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody(MSB0254) inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth by blocking the signaling pathway mediated by VEGFR2 in glioblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 604:158-164. [PMID: 35305420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key physiological process that plays a key role in glioblastoma (GBM) progression and displays therapeutic resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. In this study, we aimed to identify whether vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2)monoclonal antibodies(mab)could inhibit tumorigenicity and the formation of vascular mimicry (VM) in GBM. The bioinformatic analysis from TCGA, CGGA, and TCPA databases and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that VEGFR2 is highly expressed in glioma tissues and results in a poor prognosis and is positively associated with VM markers (CD34 and PAS). The anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibodies(MSB0254)could inhibit the invasion, migration, and VM formation of U251 and primary glioma cells in vitro. In vivo, MSB0254 (m) could not only inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors of U251 and GL261 cells, but also significantly inhibit the expression of CD34, VEGFR2, Ki67, MMP2, MMP9 and reduce the expression of CD34/PAS and inhibit VM formation. The VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody could inhibit the angiogenesis and tumor growth of GBM by blocking the signaling pathway mediated by VEGFR2. It may become a new supplementary treatment for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sansong Chen
- Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), No.2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuetao Li
- Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China.
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The Emerging Role of c-Met in Carcinogenesis and Clinical Implications as a Possible Therapeutic Target. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:5179182. [PMID: 35069735 PMCID: PMC8776431 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5179182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background c-MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) for the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The binding of HGF to c-MET regulates several cellular functions: differentiation, proliferation, epithelial cell motility, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, it is known to be involved in carcinogenesis. Comprehension of HGF-c-MET signaling pathway might have important clinical consequences allowing to predict prognosis, response to treatment, and survival rates based on its expression and dysregulation. Discussion. c-MET represents a useful molecular target for novel engineered drugs. Several clinical trials are underway for various solid tumors and the development of new specific monoclonal antibodies depends on the recent knowledge about the definite c-MET role in each different malignance. Recent clinical trials based on c-MET molecular targets result in good safety profile and represent a promising therapeutic strategy for solid cancers, in monotherapy or in combination with other target drugs. Conclusion The list of cell surface receptors crosslinking with the c-MET signaling is constantly growing, highlighting the importance of this pathway for personalized target therapy. Research on the combination of c-MET inhibitors with other drugs will hopefully lead to discovery of new effective treatment options.
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Liu H, Qiu W, Sun T, Wang L, Du C, Hu Y, Liu W, Feng F, Chen Y, Sun H. Therapeutic strtegies of glioblastoma (GBM): The current advances in the molecular targets and bioactive small molecule compounds. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1781-1804. [PMID: 35847506 PMCID: PMC9279645 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in brain neuroepithelial tumors and remains incurable. A variety of treatment options are currently being explored to improve patient survival, including small molecule inhibitors, viral therapies, cancer vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among them, the unique advantages of small molecule inhibitors have made them a focus of attention in the drug discovery of glioblastoma. Currently, the most used chemotherapeutic agents are small molecule inhibitors that target key dysregulated signaling pathways in glioblastoma, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, DNA damage response, TP53 and cell cycle inhibitors. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel small molecule inhibitors discovered as promising anti-glioblastoma agents by the related targets of these major pathways. Meanwhile, the recent advances in temozolomide resistance and drug combination are also reviewed. In the last part, due to the constant clinical failure of targeted therapies, this paper reviewed the research progress of other therapeutic methods for glioblastoma, to provide patients and readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment landscape of glioblastoma.
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Machine-Learning-Based Radiomics MRI Model for Survival Prediction of Recurrent Glioblastomas Treated with Bevacizumab. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071263. [PMID: 34359346 PMCID: PMC8305059 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy with bevacizumab is a widely used therapeutic option for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Nevertheless, the therapeutic response remains highly heterogeneous among GBM patients with discordant outcomes. Recent data have shown that radiomics, an advanced recent imaging analysis method, can help to predict both prognosis and therapy in a multitude of solid tumours. The objective of this study was to identify novel biomarkers, extracted from MRI and clinical data, which could predict overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in GBM patients treated with bevacizumab using machine-learning algorithms. In a cohort of 194 recurrent GBM patients (age range 18-80), radiomics data from pre-treatment T2 FLAIR and gadolinium-injected MRI images along with clinical features were analysed. Binary classification models for OS at 9, 12, and 15 months were evaluated. Our classification models successfully stratified the OS. The AUCs were equal to 0.78, 0.85, and 0.76 on the test sets (0.79, 0.82, and 0.87 on the training sets) for the 9-, 12-, and 15-month endpoints, respectively. Regressions yielded a C-index of 0.64 (0.74) for OS and 0.57 (0.69) for PFS. These results suggest that radiomics could assist in the elaboration of a predictive model for treatment selection in recurrent GBM patients.
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