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Kudô K, Oyaizu W, Kusama R, Yamaguchi Y, Koji S. Body Size of Female Strepsipteran Parasites (Strepsiptera, Xenidae, Xenos) Depends on Several Key Factors in a Vespine Wasp (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespa). INSECTS 2024; 15:266. [PMID: 38667396 PMCID: PMC11050309 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Parasite growth in hosts depends on their hosts' nutritional status. This study examined whether the body size of the strepsipteran parasite Xenos oxyodontes, which parasitizes the eusocial wasp Vespa analis, is affected by several key factors, including host body size. We collected V. analis using bait traps for three years in Niigata, Japan, and evaluated the number of male and female X. oxyodontes parasites throughout the seasons. A total of 185 female parasites were collected, and their cephalothorax widths were measured. The widths of female parasites did not statistically vary among seasons and were positively correlated with the head widths of female host wasps but negatively correlated with the number of parasites per host wasp. In addition, we examined whether the reproductive conditions of post-hibernation solitary queens affected the cephalothorax width of female parasites. The widths of the female parasites were greater when the queens had less-developed ovaries. These results suggested that nutrient availability by female parasites depends on the host wasp and competition with conspecific individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kudô
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (W.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wataru Oyaizu
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (W.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Rikako Kusama
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (W.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (W.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shinsaku Koji
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
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Hoffmann M, Gardein H, Greil H, Erler S. Anatomical, phenological and genetic aspects of the host-parasite relationship between Andrena vaga (Hymenoptera) and Stylops ater (Strepsiptera). Parasitology 2023; 150:744-753. [PMID: 37157059 PMCID: PMC10410535 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stylops ater is an endoparasite of the mining bee Andrena vaga with extreme sexual dimorphism and hypermetamorphosis. Its population structure, parasitization mode, genetic diversity and impact on host morphology were examined in nesting sites in Germany to better understand this highly specialized host–parasite interaction. The shift in host emergence due to stylopization was proven to be especially strong in A. vaga. Around 10% of bees hosted more than 1 Stylops, with at maximum 4. A trend in Stylops' preference for hosts of their own sex and a sex-specific position of extrusion from the host abdomen was found. Invasion of Andrena eggs by Stylops primary larvae was depicted for the first time. Cephalothoraces of female Stylops were smaller in male and pluristylopized hosts, likely due to lower nutrient supply. The genes H3, 18S and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 were highly conserved, revealing near-absence of local variation within Stylops. Ovaries of hosts with male Stylops contained poorly developed eggs while those of hosts with female Stylops were devoid of visible eggs, which might be due to a higher protein demand of female Stylops. Male Stylops, which might have a more energy-consuming development, led to a reduction in head width of their hosts. Host masculinization was present in the leaner shape of the metabasitarsus of stylopized females and is interpreted as a by-product of manipulation of the host's endocrine system to shift its emergence. Stylopization intensified tergal hairiness, most strongly in hosts with female Stylops, near the point of parasite extrusion, hinting towards substance-induced host manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hoffmann
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hanna Gardein
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henri Greil
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvio Erler
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kanzaki N, Makino S, Kosaka H, Sayama K, Hamaguchi K, Narayama S. Nematode and Strepsipteran Parasitism in Bait-Trapped and Hand-Collected Hornets (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespa). INSECTS 2023; 14:398. [PMID: 37103213 PMCID: PMC10143633 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The parasitism of two groups of host-manipulating parasites of hornets was examined in Kyoto, Japan. Vespa mandarinia (661 individuals), V. simillima (303), V. analis (457), V. ducalis (158), V. crabro (57), and V. dybowskii (4) were collected either by bait trap or hand collection with an insect net, and examined for their parasites. An endoparasitic nematode, Sphaerularia vespae was isolated from three overwintered gynes of V. mandarinia and a gyne of V. ducalis. While endoparasitic insects, Xenos spp., were recovered from 13 V. mandarinia, 77 V. analis, two V. ducalis, and three V. crabro, and those recovered from V. analis and others were molecularly identified as X. oxyodontes and X. moutoni, respectively. Comparing Xenos parasitism level and capturing methods, the parasitism level was significantly higher in trapped hosts than in hand-collected ones, suggesting that stylopized hosts are more strongly attracted to the food source (bait trap) compared with unparasitized hosts. The genotypes of S. vespae were identical to each other, and near identical to its type population. While each of the two Xenos spp. showed four mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. A phylogenetic comparison suggested that Xenos haplotypes found in the present study are close to those previously reported from Japan and other Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Kanzaki
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan; (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Shun’ichi Makino
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan;
| | - Hajime Kosaka
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, FFPRI, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan;
| | - Katsuhiko Sayama
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan
| | - Keiko Hamaguchi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan; (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Shinji Narayama
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan; (K.H.); (S.N.)
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Nakase Y, Fukumasu Y, Toji T, Ishimoto N, Itino T. Parasitism by multiple strepsipterans accelerates timing of adult parasite emergence. Ecology 2022; 103:e3811. [PMID: 35801408 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakase
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fukumasu
- Graduate School of Education, Joetsu University of Education, Matsumoto, 1 Yamayashiki, Joetsu, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Toji
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ishimoto
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takao Itino
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, Japan.,Department of Biology and Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, Japan
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Gandia KM, Cappa F, Baracchi D, Hauber ME, Beani L, Uy FMK. Caste, Sex, and Parasitism Influence Brain Plasticity in a Social Wasp. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.803437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is widespread in nature, as it enables adaptive responses to sensory demands associated with novel stimuli, environmental changes and social conditions. Social Hymenoptera are particularly well-suited to study neuroplasticity, because the division of labor amongst females and the different life histories of males and females are associated with specific sensory needs. Here, we take advantage of the social wasp Polistes dominula to explore if brain plasticity is influenced by caste and sex, and the exploitation by the strepsipteran parasite Xenos vesparum. Within sexes, male wasps had proportionally larger optic lobes, while females had larger antennal lobes, which is consistent with the sensory needs of sex-specific life histories. Within castes, reproductive females had larger mushroom body calyces, as predicted by their sensory needs for extensive within-colony interactions and winter aggregations, than workers who frequently forage for nest material and prey. Parasites had different effects on female and male hosts. Contrary to our predictions, female workers were castrated and behaviorally manipulated by female or male parasites, but only showed moderate differences in brain tissue allocation compared to non-parasitized workers. Parasitized males maintained their reproductive apparatus and sexual behavior. However, they had smaller brains and larger sensory brain regions than non-parasitized males. Our findings confirm that caste and sex mediate brain plasticity in P. dominula, and that parasitic manipulation drives differential allocation of brain regions depending on host sex.
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Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Close S, Royer JE, Riegler M. Host-endoparasitoid-endosymbiont relationships: concealed Strepsiptera provide new twist to Wolbachia in Australian tephritid fruit flies. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5587-5604. [PMID: 34390609 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are widespread endosymbionts that affect arthropod reproduction and fitness. Mostly maternally inherited, Wolbachia are occasionally transferred horizontally. Previously, two Wolbachia strains were reported at low prevalence and titres across seven Australian tephritid species, possibly indicative of frequent horizontal transfer. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of field-caught Wolbachia-positive flies. Unexpectedly, we found complete mitogenomes of an endoparasitic strepsipteran, Dipterophagus daci, suggesting that Wolbachia in the flies are linked to concealed parasitization. We performed the first genetic characterization of D. daci and detected D. daci in Wolbachia-positive flies not visibly parasitized, and most but not all Wolbachia-negative flies were D. daci-negative, presumably reflecting polymorphism for the Wolbachia infections in D. daci. We dissected D. daci from stylopized flies and confirmed that Wolbachia infects D. daci, but also found Wolbachia in stylopized fly tissues, likely somatic, horizontally transferred, non-heritable infections. Furthermore, no Wolbachia cif and wmk genes were detected and very low mitogenomic variation in D. daci across its distribution. Therefore, Wolbachia may influence host fitness without reproductive manipulation. Our study of 13 tephritid species highlights that concealed early stages of strepsipteran parasitization led to the previous incorrect assignment of Wolbachia co-infections to tephritid species, obscuring ecological studies of this common endosymbiont and its horizontal transmission by parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Shannon Close
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jane E Royer
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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