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Hilton JBW, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Mercer SW, Paul B, Beckman JS, McLean CA, White AR, Donnelly PS, Bush AI, Hare DJ, Roberts BR, Crouch PJ. Evidence for disrupted copper availability in human spinal cord supports Cu II(atsm) as a treatment option for sporadic cases of ALS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5929. [PMID: 38467696 PMCID: PMC10928073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The copper compound CuII(atsm) has progressed to phase 2/3 testing for treatment of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). CuII(atsm) is neuroprotective in mutant SOD1 mouse models of ALS where its activity is ascribed in part to improving availability of essential copper. However, SOD1 mutations cause only ~ 2% of ALS cases and therapeutic relevance of copper availability in sporadic ALS is unresolved. Herein we assessed spinal cord tissue from human cases of sporadic ALS for copper-related changes. We found that when compared to control cases the natural distribution of spinal cord copper was disrupted in sporadic ALS. A standout feature was decreased copper levels in the ventral grey matter, the primary anatomical site of neuronal loss in ALS. Altered expression of genes involved in copper handling indicated disrupted copper availability, and this was evident in decreased copper-dependent ferroxidase activity despite increased abundance of the ferroxidases ceruloplasmin and hephaestin. Mice expressing mutant SOD1 recapitulate salient features of ALS and the unsatiated requirement for copper in these mice is a biochemical target for CuII(atsm). Our results from human spinal cord indicate a therapeutic mechanism of action for CuII(atsm) involving copper availability may also be pertinent to sporadic cases of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen W Mercer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Elemental Scientific Lasers, LLC, 685 Old Buffalo Trail, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Queensland Institute of Biomedical Research Berghofer, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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2
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Scarian E, Viola C, Dragoni F, Di Gerlando R, Rizzo B, Diamanti L, Gagliardi S, Bordoni M, Pansarasa O. New Insights into Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2698. [PMID: 38473944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are two important and well-studied pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Due to elevated oxygen consumption, the high presence of easily oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids and the weak antioxidant defenses, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative injury. Uncertainty exists over whether these deficits contribute to the development of NDDs or are solely a consequence of neuronal degeneration. Furthermore, these two pathological hallmarks are linked, and it is known that OS can affect the inflammatory response. In this review, we will overview the last findings about these two pathways in the principal NDDs. Moreover, we will focus more in depth on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to understand how anti-inflammatory and antioxidants drugs have been used for the treatment of this still incurable motor neuron (MN) disease. Finally, we will analyze the principal past and actual clinical trials and the future perspectives in the study of these two pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveljn Scarian
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Camilla Viola
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Dragoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Di Gerlando
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bartolo Rizzo
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Diamanti
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Liddell JR, Hilton JBW, Kysenius K, Billings JL, Nikseresht S, McInnes LE, Hare DJ, Paul B, Mercer SW, Belaidi AA, Ayton S, Roberts BR, Beckman JS, McLean CA, White AR, Donnelly PS, Bush AI, Crouch PJ. Microglial ferroptotic stress causes non-cell autonomous neuronal death. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38317225 PMCID: PMC10840184 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterised by lipid peroxidation as the terminal endpoint and a requirement for iron. Although it protects against cancer and infection, ferroptosis is also implicated in causing neuronal death in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The precise role for ferroptosis in causing neuronal death is yet to be fully resolved. METHODS To elucidate the role of ferroptosis in neuronal death we utilised co-culture and conditioned medium transfer experiments involving microglia, astrocytes and neurones. We ratified clinical significance of our cell culture findings via assessment of human CNS tissue from cases of the fatal, paralysing neurodegenerative condition of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We utilised the SOD1G37R mouse model of ALS and a CNS-permeant ferroptosis inhibitor to verify pharmacological significance in vivo. RESULTS We found that sublethal ferroptotic stress selectively affecting microglia triggers an inflammatory cascade that results in non-cell autonomous neuronal death. Central to this cascade is the conversion of astrocytes to a neurotoxic state. We show that spinal cord tissue from human cases of ALS exhibits a signature of ferroptosis that encompasses atomic, molecular and biochemical features. Further, we show the molecular correlation between ferroptosis and neurotoxic astrocytes evident in human ALS-affected spinal cord is recapitulated in the SOD1G37R mouse model where treatment with a CNS-permeant ferroptosis inhibitor, CuII(atsm), ameliorated these markers and was neuroprotective. CONCLUSIONS By showing that microglia responding to sublethal ferroptotic stress culminates in non-cell autonomous neuronal death, our results implicate microglial ferroptotic stress as a rectifiable cause of neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease. As ferroptosis is currently primarily regarded as an intrinsic cell death phenomenon, these results introduce an entirely new pathophysiological role for ferroptosis in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica L Billings
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan E McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Earth Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen W Mercer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Abdel A Belaidi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3005, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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4
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Scarpellini C, Klejborowska G, Lanthier C, Hassannia B, Vanden Berghe T, Augustyns K. Beyond ferrostatin-1: a comprehensive review of ferroptosis inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:902-916. [PMID: 37770317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-catalysed form of regulated cell death, which is critically dependent on phospholipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Ferrostatin 1 was one of the first synthetic radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs) reported to block ferroptosis and it is widely used as reference compound. Ferroptosis has been linked to multiple diseases and the use of its inhibitors could have therapeutic potential. Although, novel biochemical pathways provide insights for different pharmacological targets, the use of lipophilic RTAs to block ferroptosis remains superior. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different classes of ferroptosis inhibitors, focusing on endogenous and synthetic RTAs. A thorough analysis of their chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological properties and potential for in vivo use is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Scarpellini
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greta Klejborowska
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Lanthier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Behrouz Hassannia
- Ferroptosis and Inflammation Research Team, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Pathophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Ferroptosis and Inflammation Research Team, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Pathophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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5
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Valori CF, Sulmona C, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Astrocytes: Dissecting Their Diverse Roles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Cells 2023; 12:1450. [PMID: 37296571 PMCID: PMC10252425 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders often co-occurring in the same patient, a feature that suggests a common origin of the two diseases. Consistently, pathological inclusions of the same proteins as well as mutations in the same genes can be identified in both ALS/FTD. Although many studies have described several disrupted pathways within neurons, glial cells are also regarded as crucial pathogenetic contributors in ALS/FTD. Here, we focus our attention on astrocytes, a heterogenous population of glial cells that perform several functions for optimal central nervous system homeostasis. Firstly, we discuss how post-mortem material from ALS/FTD patients supports astrocyte dysfunction around three pillars: neuroinflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and atrophy/degeneration. Furthermore, we summarize current attempts at monitoring astrocyte functions in living patients using either novel imaging strategies or soluble biomarkers. We then address how astrocyte pathology is recapitulated in animal and cellular models of ALS/FTD and how we used these models both to understand the molecular mechanisms driving glial dysfunction and as platforms for pre-clinical testing of therapeutics. Finally, we present the current clinical trials for ALS/FTD, restricting our discussion to treatments that modulate astrocyte functions, directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F. Valori
- Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72072 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Sulmona
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliana Brambilla
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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6
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Nikseresht S, Hilton JBW, Liddell JR, Kysenius K, Bush AI, Ayton S, Koay H, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ. Transdermal Application of Soluble Cu II(atsm) Increases Brain and Spinal Cord Uptake Compared to Gavage with an Insoluble Suspension. Neuroscience 2023; 509:125-131. [PMID: 36436699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CuII(atsm) is a blood-brain barrier permeant copper(II) compound that is under investigation in human clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Imaging in humans by positron emission tomography shows the compound accumulates in affected regions of the CNS in patients. Most therapeutic studies to date have utilised oral administration of CuII(atsm) in an insoluble form, as either solid tablets or a liquid suspension. However, two pre-clinical studies have demonstrated disease-modifying outcomes following transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide. Whether differences in the method of administration lead to different degrees of tissue accumulation of the compound has never been examined. Here, we compare the two methods of administration in wild-type mice by assessing changes in tissue concentrations of copper. Both administration methods resulted in elevated copper concentrations in numerous tissues, with the largest increases evident in the liver, brain and spinal cord. In all instances where treatment with CuII(atsm) resulted in elevated tissue copper, transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) led to higher concentrations of copper. In contrast to CuII(atsm), an equivalent dose of copper(II) chloride resulted in minimal changes to tissue copper concentrations, regardless of the administration method. Data presented herein provide quantitative insight to transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) as a potential alternative to oral administration of the compound in an insoluble formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James B W Hilton
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - HuiJing Koay
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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7
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Motataianu A, Serban G, Barcutean L, Balasa R. Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Synergy of Genetic and Environmental Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169339. [PMID: 36012603 PMCID: PMC9409178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a grievous neurodegenerative disease whose survival is limited to only a few years. In spite of intensive research to discover the underlying mechanisms, the results are fairly inconclusive. Multiple hypotheses have been regarded, including genetic, molecular, and cellular processes. Notably, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in ALS pathogenesis. In addition to already recognized and exhaustively studied genetic mutations involved in oxidative stress production, exposure to various environmental factors (e.g., electromagnetic fields, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals) has been suggested to enhance oxidative damage. This review aims to describe the main processes influenced by the most frequent genetic mutations and environmental factors concurring in oxidative stress occurrence in ALS and the potential therapeutic molecules capable of diminishing the ALS related pro-oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Motataianu
- Department of Neurology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Georgiana Serban
- Doctoral School, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-0724-051-516
| | - Laura Barcutean
- Department of Neurology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Balasa
- Department of Neurology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Doctoral School, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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8
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Brown ML, McAlary L, Lum JS, Farrawell NE, Yerbury JJ. Cells Overexpressing ALS-Associated SOD1 Variants Are Differentially Susceptible to CuATSM-Associated Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2371-2379. [PMID: 35900338 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CuATSM has repeatedly demonstrated to be therapeutically effective in SOD1 mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), leading to current clinical trials. CuATSM acts to stabilize ALS-associated mutant SOD1 protein by supplying copper. However, in vitro work has demonstrated that CuATSM is only therapeutic for wild-type-like SOD1 mutants, not metal-binding-region mutants, suggesting that CuATSM may have genotype-specific effects. Furthermore, relatively high doses of CuATSM have been shown to produce adverse events in humans and mice. Here, we investigated the genotype-specific therapeutic window of CuATSM. NSC-34 cells transiently expressing copper-binding or non-binding mutations of SOD1 were treated with a broad range of CuATSM concentrations and examined for survival via time-lapse microscopy. Determination of the no-observed-adverse-effect level and the LC50 suggest that CuATSM-associated toxicity is dependent on the amount of copper-depleted SOD1 available as well as the mutant's ability to bind copper. Our results suggest that the particular variant of SOD1 mutant is crucial in not only determining the level of efficacy achieved but also potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla L Brown
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Luke McAlary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Lum
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie E Farrawell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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