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Parapat RY, Laksono AT, Fauzi RI, Maulani Y, Haryanto F, Noviyanto A, Schwarze M, Schomäcker R. Effect of design parameters in nanocatalyst synthesis on pyrolysis for producing diesel-like fuel from waste lubricating oil. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15568-15584. [PMID: 39102025 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Converting waste lubricating oil into diesel-like liquid fuels using pyrolysis presents a dual solution, addressing environmental pollution while offering a viable response to the fossil energy crisis. However, achieving high-quality fuel with a substantial yield necessitates the utilization of highly active and cost-effective catalysts. We report the development of Fe-Ni nanocatalysts, synthesized using a green approach and supported on TiO2, as a promising strategy for converting waste lubricating oil into premium-grade diesel-like fuel. To ensure efficient and effective pyrolysis processes, tailoring the synthesis parameters of these nanocatalysts is indispensable. In this study, we investigate the effect of design parameters on nanocatalyst synthesis, such as the concentrations of pre-catalysts and reducing agents, reducing time, and the amount of support material, and evaluate their impact on the quality and quantity of pyrolysis products. Through optimization of the synthesis process, a high quality diesel-like fuel with a product yield of about 54% at a mild reaction temperature of 400 °C was obtained. This study highlights the critical role of nanocatalysis in addressing persistent environmental and energy challenges while showcasing the potential of green nanocatalysts in sustainable waste-to-energy conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riny Yolandha Parapat
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Aji Tri Laksono
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Rizki Imam Fauzi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Yuni Maulani
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Freddy Haryanto
- Physics Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Alfian Noviyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jl. Meruya Selatan, Kebun Jeruk, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Arijeniwa VF, Akinsemolu AA, Chukwugozie DC, Onawo UG, Ochulor CE, Nwauzoma UM, Kawino DA, Onyeaka H. Closing the loop: A framework for tackling single-use plastic waste in the food and beverage industry through circular economy- a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120816. [PMID: 38669876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The escalating threat of plastic pollution necessitates urgent and immediate action, particularly within the food and beverage (F&B) industry, a significant contributor to single-use plastic waste (SUP). As the global population surges, so does the consumption of single-use plastics in the F&B sector, perpetuating a linear economy model characterized by a 'take, make, use, dispose' approach. This model significantly exacerbates plastic waste issues, with projections indicating an alarming increase in plastic outputs by 2050 if current practices continue. Against this backdrop, the circular economy presents a viable alternative, with its emphasis on resource retention, recovery, and the extension of product lifecycles. This study delves into the problems posed by single-use plastics, introduces the circular economy as a sustainable model, and explores effective strategies for the recycling and reuse of plastic waste within this framework. By examining the environmental impact of SUP in the F&B sector and advocating for the adoption of circular economy principles, this paper underscores a critical pathway towards sustainable solutions in the battle against plastic pollution. In conclusion, the transition to a circular economy, underpinned by global collaboration and the proactive implementation of supportive policies, is imperative for reducing the environmental footprint of single-use plastics and fostering a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adenike A Akinsemolu
- The Green Institute, Ondo, Akure Road Ondo Kingdom, OD, 351101. Nigeria; Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Ulakom Genesis Onawo
- Department of Microbiology, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B. 1123, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Chidinma Ezinne Ochulor
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Uju M Nwauzoma
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | | | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B152 TT, UK.
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Charusiri W, Phowan N, Permpoonwiwat A, Vitidsant T. Catalytic Copyrolysis of Used Waste Plastic and Lubricating Oil Using Cu-Modification of a Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst for Diesel-like Fuel Production. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40785-40800. [PMID: 37929157 PMCID: PMC10620889 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This work provided catalytic copyrolysis of spent lubricating oil (SLO) with waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using copper modification of a spent fluid catalytic cracking (sFCC) catalyst to produce diesel-like fuels in a microbatch reactor, which will lead to effective waste management, ensure sustainability, and serve as an alternative energy source. The effects of LDPE blended with SLO, temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading using an inert nitrogen atmosphere were investigated on the yields and distributions of copyrolyzed oil, while metal modification of the sFCC was prepared and used to investigate the catalytic activity. The temperature and time of reaction played an important role in the gaseous contribution to the pyrolysis of SLO. The addition of the LDPE ratio in the catalytic copyrolysis, including Cu loading on a spent FCC template, also enhanced the acidity and was responsible for the catalytic activity, which could improve the product distribution and chemical compounds in a range of diesel-like fuels. It was shown that the pyrolyzed oil was in the range of C7-C26 with a maximum diesel-like fraction of 23.11 ± 2.88 wt % compared with the catalytic pyrolysis of SLO alone, which contained a diesel-like fraction of only 12.45 ± 1.92 wt %. It was noticed that the acid active site of the catalyst resulted in a carbon-carbon bond cleavage and further secondary reaction, leading to the conversion of the long residue fraction into a light oil product. In addition, the LDPE ratio in the catalytic copyrolysis could improve the product distribution and chemical compounds in a range of diesel-like compounds, as confirmed by the GC/MS analysis. Catalytic copyrolysis oil of the optimal process condition (0.7:0.3 mass molar of SLO/LDPE, 450 °C, 60 min, 3 wt % Cu-sFCC, and 10 wt % catalyst loading) mainly contains light hydrocarbons in the C7-C19 range. Accordingly, both the product selectivity and the conversion of the long residue to the diesel-like fraction were nearly stable (59.01 ± 1.36%) during the catalyst reusability test from one to three cycles without regeneration and significantly decreased after the fifth cycle. This is an indication that the copyrolysis enhanced the conversion of SLO by LPDE blended into smaller hydrocarbon compounds, and the catalytic activity therefore showed a major tendency toward the formation of diesel-like fractions (C8-C18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchakorn Charusiri
- Department
of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Culture and Ecotourism, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Naphat Phowan
- Department
of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Culture and Ecotourism, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Aminta Permpoonwiwat
- Patumwan
Demonstration School, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tharapong Vitidsant
- Department
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Fuels and Energy from Biomass, Chulalongkorn
University, Kaengkhoi, Saraburi18110, Thailand
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Chang SH. Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162719. [PMID: 36933741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is one of the promising techniques to eradicate plastic waste pollution and accelerate the circular economy of plastic materials. Plastic waste is an attractive pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production owing to its favorable chemical properties of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value other than its abundant availability. Despite the exponential growth of scientific output from 2015 to 2022, a vast majority of the current review articles cover the pyrolysis of plastic waste into a series of fuels and value-added products, and up-to-date reviews exclusively on plastic oil production from pyrolysis are relatively scarce. In light of this void in the current review articles, this review attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production. A particular emphasis is placed on the common types of plastic as primary sources of plastic pollution, the characteristics (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, hydrogen/carbon ratio, heating value, and degradation temperature) of various plastic wastes and their potential as pyrolysis feedstock, and the pyrolysis systems (reactor type and heating method) and conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time, pressure, particle size, reaction atmosphere, catalyst and its operation modes, and single and mixed plastic wastes) used in plastic waste pyrolysis for plastic oil production. The characteristics of plastic oil from pyrolysis in terms of physical properties and chemical composition are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects for the large-scale production of plastic oil from pyrolysis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
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Alawa B, Chakma S. Investigation in PO blending and compression ratio on engine performance and gas emissions including environmental health risk assessment and economic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64006-64024. [PMID: 37060406 PMCID: PMC10105155 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste management and mitigation is the primary necessity across the globe. The daily use of plastic materials in different forms emergence the plastic pollutions, and it has been significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, mitigation of waste plastics generation is one of the major challenges in the present situation. The present study addressed the conversion of waste plastics into value-added products such as liquid hydrocarbon fuels and their application in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive investigation has been performed on engine performance and combustion characteristics at various compression ratios and PO blending. The effect of liquid fuel blending with commercial diesel was investigated at three different compression ratios (15.1, 16.2, and 16.7) under various BMEP conditions. The results revealed that blending of liquid fuel produced from waste plastic can improve the BTE significantly, and the highest 35.77% of BTE was observed for 10% blending at 15.1 CR. While the lowest BSFC of 5.77 × 10-5 kg/kW-s was estimated for 20% PO blending at 16.7 CR under optimum BMEP (4.0 bar) conditions. The investigation of combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, rate of pressure rise, and cumulative heat release showed that it increases with the compression ratio from 15.1 to 16.7. At the same time, the emissions of CO, CO2, and unburnt hydrocarbon was decreased significantly. The economic analysis for the present lab-scale study estimated that approximately ₹12.17 ($0.15) profit per liter is possible in the 1st year, while the significant profit starts from the 2nd year onward, which is in the range of ₹59.78-₹84.48 ($0.75-$1.07) when the PO is blended with CD within the permissible limits as per the norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Alawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Analysis of Fuel Alternative Products Obtained by the Pyrolysis of Diverse Types of Plastic Materials Isolated from a Dumpsite Origin in Pakistan. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010024. [PMID: 36616375 PMCID: PMC9823855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current energy crisis and waste management problems have compelled people to find alternatives to conventional non-renewable fuels and utilize waste to recover energy. Pyrolysis of plastics, which make up a considerable portion of municipal and industrial waste, has emerged as a feasible resolution to both satisfy our energy needs and mitigate the issue of plastic waste. This study was therefore conducted to find a solution for plastic waste management problems, as well as to find an alternative to mitigate the current energy crisis. Pyrolysis of five of the most commonly used plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), was executed in a pyrolytic reactor designed utilizing a cylindrical shaped stainless steel container with pressure and temperature gauges and a condenser to cool down the hydrocarbons produced. The liquid products collected were highly flammable and their chemical properties revealed them as fuel alternatives. Among them, the highest yield of fuel conversion (82%) was observed for HDPE followed by PP, PS, LDPE, PS, and PET (61.8%, 58.0%, 50.0%, and 11.0%, respectively). The calorific values of the products, 46.2, 46.2, 45.9, 42.8 and 42.4 MJ/kg for LPDE, PP, HPDE, PS, and PET, respectively, were comparable to those of diesel and gasoline. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis proved the presence of alkanes and alkenes with carbon number ranges of C9-C15, C9-C24, C10-C21, C10-C28, and C9-C17 for PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PS, respectively. If implemented, the study will prove to be beneficial and contribute to mitigating the major energy and environmental issues of developing countries, as well as enhance entrepreneurship opportunities by replicating the process at small-scale and industrial levels.
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Padmanabhan S, Kumar TV, Giridharan K, Stalin B, Nagaprasad N, Jule LT, Ramaswamy K. An analysis of environment effect on ethanol blends with plastic fuel and blend optimization using a full factorial design. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21719. [PMID: 36522376 PMCID: PMC9755122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing amount of plastic waste that needs to be properly disposed of in order to protect the environment from the negative effects of increasing reliance on plastic products. Recent interest has focused on chemical recycling as a means of reducing plastic's negative environmental effects. Converting waste plastics into basic petrochemicals allows them to serve as hydrocarbon feedstock or fuel oil through pyrolysis operations. Scientists have taken a keen interest in the production of bioethanol from renewable feedstocks due to its potential as a source of energy and alternative fuel. Due to its beneficial effects on the environment, ethanol has emerged as a promising biofuel. In this paper, energy recovered from low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene waste was converted into an alternative plastic fuel and evaluated for its environmental impact with the blending of ethanol in a diesel engine. Ternary fuel blends with 20%, 30%, and 40% waste plastic fuel and 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol with standard diesel were tested. The study found that blending 10% ethanol with 20% plastic fuel decreased fuel consumption by around 7.9% compared to base diesel. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced by about 10.2%, and hydrocarbon emissions are reduced by about 13.43% when using the same ternary blend. The optimum values of fuel consumption and emissions were obtained by full factorial design for a ternary fuel blend of 10% ethanol and 20% plastic fuel at the full load condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Padmanabhan
- grid.464713.30000 0004 1777 5670School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - T. Vinod Kumar
- grid.412815.b0000 0004 1760 6324Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India
| | - K. Giridharan
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Department of Mechanical Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - B. Stalin
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai, Madurai, Tamilnadu 625019 India
| | - N. Nagaprasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu 625104 India
| | - Leta Tesfaye Jule
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia ,Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia
| | - Krishnaraj Ramaswamy
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia ,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia
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