1
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Jansen JM, Franse ME. Executive functioning in antisocial behavior: A multi-level systematic meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102408. [PMID: 38430781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurobiological information - including executive functioning - is increasingly relevant for forensic clinical practice, as well as for the criminal justice system. Previous meta-analyses report that antisocial populations show impaired performance on executive functioning tasks, but these meta-analyses are outdated, have limitations in their methodological approach, and are therefore in need of an update. The current multi-level meta-analysis including 133 studies (2008-2023) confirms impaired performance in executive functioning (d=.42), but studies are heterogeneous. Several moderator analyses showed that neuropsychological test used, type of executive function component, and control group characteristics moderated the overall effect. Specifically, matching psychiatric problems in the non-antisocial control group eliminated any differences in executive functioning between groups. No moderation effects were found for assessment quality, hot or cold executive functions, and various population characteristics. These results could indicate that the assessment of executive functioning in antisocial populations may be less relevant for recidivism risk assessment than thought, although this should first be assessed in prospective longitudinal studies. Executive functioning could potentially be used to identify or screen for individuals with certain treatment needs or be used as a responsivity factor, especially in disorders which are often underdiagnosed in criminal justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Milan Jansen
- Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Inforsa, Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Melanie Elisabeth Franse
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Science and Education, Herman Gorterstraat 5, 3511EW Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333AK Leiden, Netherlands
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2
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Mingming Z, Wenhong C, Xiaoying M, Yang J, Liu HH, Lingli S, Hongwu M, Zhirong J. Abnormal prefrontal functional network in adult obstructive sleep apnea: A resting-state fNIRS study. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14033. [PMID: 37723923 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
To assess prefrontal brain network abnormality in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), resting-state functional near infrared spectroscopy (rs-fNIRS) was used to evaluate 52 subjects, including 27 with OSA and 25 healthy controls (HC). The study found that patients with OSA had a decreased connection edge number, particularly in the connection between the right medial frontal cortex (MFG-R) and other right-hemisphere regions. Graph-based analysis also revealed that patients with OSA had a lower global efficiency, local efficiency, and clustering coefficient than the HC group. Additionally, the study found a significant positive correlation between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score and both the connection edge number and the graph-based indicators in patients with OSA. These preliminary results suggest that prefrontal rs-fNIRS could be a useful tool for objectively and quantitatively assessing cognitive function impairment in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Mingming
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Chen Wenhong
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Mo Xiaoying
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Howe Hao Liu
- Physical Therapy Department, Allen College, Waterloo, Lowa, USA
| | - Shi Lingli
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Ma Hongwu
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Jiang Zhirong
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
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3
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Wu HY, Huang CM, Hsu AL, Chen CN, Wu CW, Chen JH. Functional neuroplasticity of facilitation and interference effects on inhibitory control following 3-month physical exercise in aging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3682. [PMID: 38355770 PMCID: PMC10866924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Preservation of executive function, like inhibition, closely links to the quality of life in senior adults. Although neuroimaging literature has shown enhanced inhibitory function followed by aerobic exercise, current evidence implies inconsistent neuroplasticity patterns along different time durations of exercise. Hence, we conducted a 12-week exercise intervention on 12 young and 14 senior volunteers and repeatedly measured the inhibitory functionality of distinct aspects (facilitation and interference effects) using the numerical Stroop task and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Results showcased improved accuracy and reduced reaction times (RT) after 12-week exercise, attributed to frontoparietal and default mode network effects. In young adults, the first phase (0 to six weeks) exercise increased the activation of the right superior medial frontal gyrus, associated with reduced RT in interference, but in the second intervention phase (six to twelve weeks), the decreased activation of the left superior medial frontal gyrus positively correlated with reduced RT in facilitation. In senior adults, the first six-week intervention led to reduced activations of the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, and default mode network regions, associated with the reduced RT in interference. Still, in the second intervention phase, only the visual area exhibited increased activity, associated with reduced RT in interference. Except for the distinctive brain plasticity between the two phases of exercise intervention, the between-group comparison also presented that the old group gained more cognitive benefits within the first six weeks of exercise intervention; however, the cognitive improvements in the young group occurred after six weeks of intervention. Limited by the sample size, these preliminary findings corroborated the benefits of aerobic exercise on the inhibitory functions, implying an age × exercise interaction on the brain plasticity for both facilitation and interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hsu
- Bachelor Program in Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Changwei W Wu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Ribeiro M, Yordanova YN, Noblet V, Herbet G, Ricard D. White matter tracts and executive functions: a review of causal and correlation evidence. Brain 2024; 147:352-371. [PMID: 37703295 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are high-level cognitive processes involving abilities such as working memory/updating, set-shifting and inhibition. These complex cognitive functions are enabled by interactions among widely distributed cognitive networks, supported by white matter tracts. Executive impairment is frequent in neurological conditions affecting white matter; however, whether specific tracts are crucial for normal executive functions is unclear. We review causal and correlation evidence from studies that used direct electrical stimulation during awake surgery for gliomas, voxel-based and tract-based lesion-symptom mapping, and diffusion tensor imaging to explore associations between the integrity of white matter tracts and executive functions in healthy and impaired adults. The corpus callosum was consistently associated with all executive processes, notably its anterior segments. Both causal and correlation evidence showed prominent support of the superior longitudinal fasciculus to executive functions, notably to working memory. More specifically, strong evidence suggested that the second branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus is crucial for all executive functions, especially for flexibility. Global results showed left lateralization for verbal tasks and right lateralization for executive tasks with visual demands. The frontal aslant tract potentially supports executive functions, however, additional evidence is needed to clarify whether its involvement in executive tasks goes beyond the control of language. Converging evidence indicates that a right-lateralized network of tracts connecting cortical and subcortical grey matter regions supports the performance of tasks assessing response inhibition, some suggesting a role for the right anterior thalamic radiation. Finally, correlation evidence suggests a role for the cingulum bundle in executive functions, especially in tasks assessing inhibition. We discuss these findings in light of current knowledge about the functional role of these tracts, descriptions of the brain networks supporting executive functions and clinical implications for individuals with brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ribeiro
- Service de neuro-oncologie, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
- Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Service de Santé des Armées, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre Borelli UMR 9010, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yordanka Nikolova Yordanova
- Service de neurochirurgie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Percy, Service de Santé des Armées, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Vincent Noblet
- ICube, IMAGeS team, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7357, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Herbet
- Praxiling, UMR 5267, CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Damien Ricard
- Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Service de Santé des Armées, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre Borelli UMR 9010, 75006 Paris, France
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Percy, Service de Santé des Armées, 92140 Clamart, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 75005 Paris, France
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Assem M, Shashidhara S, Glasser MF, Duncan J. Basis of executive functions in fine-grained architecture of cortical and subcortical human brain networks. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad537. [PMID: 38244562 PMCID: PMC10839840 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that executive functions rely on both domain-general and domain-specific processes. Supporting this view, prior brain imaging studies have revealed that executive activations converge and diverge within broadly characterized brain networks. However, the lack of precise anatomical mappings has impeded our understanding of the interplay between domain-general and domain-specific processes. To address this challenge, we used the high-resolution multimodal magnetic resonance imaging approach of the Human Connectome Project to scan participants performing 3 canonical executive tasks: n-back, rule switching, and stop signal. The results reveal that, at the individual level, different executive activations converge within 9 domain-general territories distributed in frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. Each task exhibits a unique topography characterized by finely detailed activation gradients within domain-general territory shifted toward adjacent resting-state networks; n-back activations shift toward the default mode, rule switching toward dorsal attention, and stop signal toward cingulo-opercular networks. Importantly, the strongest activations arise at multimodal neurobiological definitions of network borders. Matching results are seen in circumscribed regions of the caudate nucleus, thalamus, and cerebellum. The shifting peaks of local gradients at the intersection of task-specific networks provide a novel mechanistic insight into how partially-specialized networks interact with neighboring domain-general territories to generate distinct executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Assem
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Sneha Shashidhara
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
- Psychology Department, Ashoka University, Sonipat, 131029, India
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
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6
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Parsaei M, Taebi M, Arvin A, Moghaddam HS. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in patients with tension-type headache: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25294. [PMID: 38284839 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Tension-type headache (TTH) stands as the most prevalent form of headache, yet an adequate understanding of its underlying mechanisms remains elusive. This article endeavors to comprehensively review structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies investigating TTH patients, to gain valuable insights into the pathophysiology of TTH, and to explore new avenues for enhanced treatment strategies. We conducted a systematic search to identify relevant articles examining brain MRI disparities between TTH individuals and headache-free controls (HFC). Fourteen studies, encompassing 312 diagnosed TTH patients, were selected for inclusion. Among these, eight studies utilized conventional MRI, one employed diffusion tensor imaging, and five implemented various functional MRI modalities. Consistent findings across these studies revealed a notable increase in white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in TTH patients. Furthermore, the potential involvement of the specific brain areas recognized to be involved in different dimensions of pain perception including cortical regions (anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior insular cortex), subcortical regions (thalamus, caudate, putamen, and parahippocampus), cerebellum in TTH pathogenesis was identified. However, no significant association was established between TTH and intracranial abnormalities or total intracranial volume. In conclusion, these findings support the hypotheses regarding the role of central mechanisms in TTH pathophysiology and offer probable brain regions implicated in these mechanisms. Due to the scarce data on the precise role of these regions in the TTH, further preclinical and clinical investigations should be done to advance our knowledge and enhance targeted therapeutic options of TTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Parsaei
- Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Taebi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Arvin
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sanjari Moghaddam
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Thomas SA, Ryan SK, Gilman J. Resting state network connectivity is associated with cognitive flexibility performance in youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108708. [PMID: 37898357 PMCID: PMC10842068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is an executive functioning skill that develops in childhood, and when impaired, has transdiagnostic implications for psychiatric disorders. To identify how intrinsic neural architecture at rest is linked to cognitive flexibility performance, we used the data-driven method of independent component analysis (ICA) to investigate resting state networks (RSNs) and their whole-brain connectivity associated with levels of cognitive flexibility performance in children. We hypothesized differences by cognitive flexibility performance in RSN connectivity strength in cortico-striatal circuitry, which would manifest via the executive control network, right and left frontoparietal networks (FPN), salience network, default mode network (DMN), and basal ganglia network. We selected participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study who scored at the 25th, ("CF-Low"), 50th ("CF-Average"), or 75th percentiles ("CF-High") on a cognitive flexibility task, were early to middle puberty, and did not exhibit significant psychopathology (n = 967, 47.9% female; ages 9-10). We conducted whole-brain ICA, identifying 14 well-characterized RSNs. Groups differed in connectivity strength in the right FPN, anterior DMN, and posterior DMN. Planned comparisons indicated CF-High had stronger connectivity between right FPN and supplementary motor/anterior cingulate than CF-Low. CF-High had more anti-correlated connectivity between anterior DMN and precuneus than CF-Average. CF-Low had stronger connectivity between posterior DMN and supplementary motor/anterior cingulate than CF-Average. Post-hoc correlations with reaction time by trial type demonstrated significant associations with connectivity. In sum, our results suggest childhood cognitive flexibility performance is associated with DMN and FPN connectivity strength at rest, and that there may be optimal levels of connectivity associated with task performance that vary by network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Thomas
- Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, 25 Hoppin St., Box #36, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Box 1901, 164 Angell St., 4th Floor, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Sarah K Ryan
- Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, 25 Hoppin St., Box #36, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Jodi Gilman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Paas Oliveros LK, Cieslik EC, Pieczykolan A, Pläschke RN, Eickhoff SB, Langner R. Brain functional characterization of response-code conflict in dual-tasking and its modulation by age. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10155-10180. [PMID: 37540164 PMCID: PMC10502578 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between conflicting response codes contributes to interference in dual-tasking, an effect exacerbated in advanced age. Here, we investigated (i) brain activity correlates of such response-code conflicts, (ii) activity modulations by individual dual-task performance and related cognitive abilities, (iii) task-modulated connectivity within the task network, and (iv) age-related differences in all these aspects. Young and older adults underwent fMRI while responding to the pitch of tones through spatially mapped speeded button presses with one or two hands concurrently. Using opposing stimulus-response mappings between hands, we induced conflict between simultaneously activated response codes. These response-code conflicts elicited activation in key regions of the multiple-demand network. While thalamic and parietal areas of the conflict-related network were modulated by attentional, working-memory and task-switching abilities, efficient conflict resolution in dual-tasking mainly relied on increasing supplementary motor activity. Older adults showed non-compensatory hyperactivity in left superior frontal gyrus, and higher right premotor activity was modulated by working-memory capacity. Finally, connectivity between premotor or parietal seed regions and the conflict-sensitive network was neither conflict-specific nor age-sensitive. Overall, resolving dual-task response-code conflict recruited substantial parts of the multiple-demand network, whose activity and coupling, however, were only little affected by individual differences in task performance or age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lya K Paas Oliveros
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Aleks Pieczykolan
- Rheinische Fachhochschule – University of Applied Sciences, Cologne 50923, Germany
| | - Rachel N Pläschke
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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9
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Jaywant A, Blunt E, Jamison K, Kim N, RoyChoudhury A, Schiff ND, Kuceyeski A, Dams-O'Connor K, Shah S. Association Between the Attention Network Test, Neuropsychological Measures, and Disability in Post-Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:318-329. [PMID: 37771426 PMCID: PMC10523404 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is persistent and disabling. Assessing cognitive function in a reliable and valid manner, using measures that are sensitive to the integrity of underlying neural substrates, is crucial in clinical research. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is one such assessment measure that has demonstrated associations with neural regions involved in attention; however, clinical utility of the ANT is limited because its relationship with neuropsychological measures of cognitive function (i.e., its construct validity) has not yet been established in TBI. We evaluated the association between the ANT and 1) a neuropsychological battery assessing executive function and memory and 2) global function assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE). Forty-eight adults with complicated mild-severe TBI were evaluated ∼5 months post-injury. Using principal component analysis and multi-variate linear regression adjusted for age, gender, education, and cause of injury, we found that ANT reaction time and executive network scores predicted a principal component assessing processing speed and executive function. Conversely, the ANT did not predict a principal component assessing memory. The ANT was weakly associated with the GOSE. Among persons with TBI during the post-acute phase of recovery, the ANT has good construct validity as evidenced by its associations with neuropsychological measures of processing speed and executive function, but not memory. Given that ANT networks are known to relate to specific neuroanatomical regions, the ANT may be a useful outcome measure for evaluating novel therapeutics targeting attention and executive functions after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Blunt
- Brain Injury Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith Jamison
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arindam RoyChoudhury
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Schiff
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Brain Injury Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sudhin Shah
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Idowu MI, Szameitat AJ. Executive function abilities in cognitively healthy young and older adults-A cross-sectional study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:976915. [PMID: 36845657 PMCID: PMC9945216 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.976915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of cognitive aging is the decline of executive function (EF) abilities. Numerous studies have reported that older adults perform poorer than younger adults in such tasks. In this cross-sectional study, the effect of age on four EFs, inhibition, shifting, updating, and dual-tasking, was examined in 26 young adults (mean 21.18 years) and 25 older adults (mean 71.56 years) with the utilization of a pair of tasks for each EF. The tasks employed for DT were the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm (PRP) and a modified test for everyday attention, for inhibition the Stroop and Hayling sentence completion test (HSCT), for shifting a task switching paradigm and the trail making test (TMT), and for updating the backward digit span (BDS) task and a n-back paradigm. As all participants performed all tasks, a further aim was to compare the size of the age-related cognitive decline among the four EFs. Age-related decline was observed in all four EFs in one or both of the tasks employed. The results revealed significantly poorer performance in the older adults in the response times (RTs) of the PRP effect, interference score of the Stroop, RT inhibition costs of the HSCT, RT and error-rate shifting costs of the task switching paradigm, and the error-rate updating costs of the n-back paradigm. A comparison between the rates of decline revealed numerical and statistically significant differences between the four EFs, with inhibition showing the greatest decline, followed by shifting, updating, and dual-tasking. Thus, we conclude that with age, these four EFs decline at different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojitola I. Idowu
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience (CCN), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andre J. Szameitat
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience (CCN), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Varalta V, Evangelista E, Righetti A, Morone G, Tamburin S, Picelli A, Fonte C, Tinazzi M, Di Vico IA, Waldner A, Filippetti M, Smania N. Effect of Upper Limb Motor Rehabilitation on Cognition in Parkinson's Disease: An Observational Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121684. [PMID: 36552144 PMCID: PMC9775162 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by motor and cognitive deficits that usually have an impact on quality of life and independence. To reduce impairment, various rehabilitation programs have been proposed, but their effects on both cognitive and motor aspects have not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, most intervention is focused on lower limb treatment rather than upper limbs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 3-week upper limb vibratory stimulation training on cognitive functioning in 20 individuals with Parkinson's disease. We analyzed cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Trial Making Test, Digit Symbol, Digit Span Forward and Backward and Alertness) and motor performance (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-part III; Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire) before treatment, at the end of treatment and one month post treatment. After rehabilitation, a statistically significant improvement was observed in terms of global cognitive status, attention, global motor functioning and disability. The results suggest an impact of upper limb motor rehabilitation on cognition in Parkinson's disease. Future studies on neuromotor interventions should investigate their effects on cognitive functioning to improve understanding of cognitive motor interaction in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Varalta
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Evangelista
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Righetti
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- San Raffaele Sulmona Institute, 67039 Sulmona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Picelli
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Congress (CANOSC), Kingston, ON K7K 1Z6, Canada
| | - Cristina Fonte
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurology Unit, USD Parkinson e Disturbi del Movimento, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Antonella Di Vico
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurology Unit, USD Parkinson e Disturbi del Movimento, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andreas Waldner
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Private Hospital “Villa Melitta”, Via Col di Lana 6, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mirko Filippetti
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-812-4573
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Szameitat AJ. Inter-Individual Differences in Executive Functions Predict Multitasking Performance - Implications for the Central Attentional Bottleneck. Front Psychol 2022; 13:778966. [PMID: 35645928 PMCID: PMC9131123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.778966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human multitasking suffers from a central attentional bottleneck preventing parallel performance of central mental operations, leading to profound deferments in task performance. While previous research assumed that the deferment is caused by a mere waiting time (refractory period), we show that the bottleneck requires executive functions (EF; active scheduling account) accounting for a profound part of the deferment. Three participant groups with EF impairments (dyslexics, highly neurotics, deprived smokers) showed worse multitasking performance than respective control groups. Three further groups with EF improvements (video-gamers, bilinguals, coffee consumers) showed improved multitasking. Finally, three groups performed a dual-task and different measures of EF (reading span, rotation span, symmetry span) and showed significant correlations between multitasking performance and working memory capacity. Demands on EF during multitasking may cause more errors, mental fatigue and stress, with parts of the population being considerably more prone to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J. Szameitat
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCN), Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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