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Ma M, Tang L, Sun R, Lyu X, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Chen T, Lin Y, Yu X, Chen W, Jiang D, Cheng J. An effector SsCVNH promotes the virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through targeting class III peroxidase AtPRX71. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13464. [PMID: 38695733 PMCID: PMC11064801 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Many plant pathogens secrete effector proteins into the host plant to suppress host immunity and facilitate pathogen colonization. The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes severe plant diseases and results in enormous economic losses, in which secreted proteins play a crucial role. SsCVNH was previously reported as a secreted protein, and its expression is significantly upregulated at 3 h after inoculation on the host plant. Here, we further demonstrated that deletion of SsCVNH leads to attenuated virulence. Heterologous expression of SsCVNH in Arabidopsis enhanced pathogen infection, inhibited the host PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) response and increased plant susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. SsCVNH interacted with class III peroxidase AtPRX71, a positive regulator of innate immunity against plant pathogens. SsCVNH could also interact with other class III peroxidases, thus reducing peroxidase activity and suppressing plant immunity. Our results reveal a new infection strategy employed by S. sclerotiorum in which the fungus suppresses the function of class III peroxidases, the major component of PTI to promote its own infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Liguang Tang
- Wuhan Vegetable Research InstituteWuhan Academy of Agricultural ScienceWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xueliang Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Tao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiao Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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Liu X, Zhao H, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Yu X, Chen T, Lin Y, Jiang D, Cheng J. A Glycosyl Hydrolase 5 Family Protein Is Essential for Virulence of Necrotrophic Fungi and Can Suppress Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2693. [PMID: 38473940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi normally secrete large amounts of CWDEs to enhance infection of plants. In this study, we identified and characterized a secreted glycosyl hydrolase 5 family member in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SsGH5, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Glycosyl Hydrolase 5). SsGH5 was significantly upregulated during the early stages of infection. Knocking out SsGH5 did not affect the growth and acid production of S. sclerotiorum but resulted in decreased glucan utilization and significantly reduced virulence. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SsGH5 became more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens and basal immune responses were inhibited in these plants. Remarkably, the lost virulence of the ΔSsGH5 mutants was restored after inoculating onto SsGH5 transgenic Arabidopsis. In summary, these results highlight that S. sclerotiorum suppresses the immune responses of Arabidopsis through secreting SsGH5, and thus exerts full virulence for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Paterson RRM, Solaiman Z, Santamaria O. Guest edited collection: fungal evolution and diversity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21438. [PMID: 38052958 PMCID: PMC10698016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakaria Solaiman
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Oscar Santamaria
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, 34004, Palencia, Spain
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Verma S, Dubey N, Singh KH, Parmar N, Singh L, Sharma D, Rana D, Thakur K, Vaidya D, Thakur AK. Utilization of crop wild relatives for biotic and abiotic stress management in Indian mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1277922. [PMID: 37954999 PMCID: PMC10634535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1277922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. (Indian mustard) is an economically important edible oil crop. Over the years, plant breeders have developed many elite varieties of B. juncea with better yield traits, but research work on the introgression of stress resilience traits has largely been lagging due to scarcity of resistant donors. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are the weedy relatives of domesticated plant species which are left unutilized in their natural habitat due to the presence of certain undesirable alleles which hamper their yield potential, and thus, their further domestication. CWRs of B. juncea namely include Sinapis alba L. (White mustard), B. tournefortii Gouan. (African mustard), B. fruticulosa Cirillo (Twiggy turnip), Camelina sativa L. (Gold-of-pleasure), Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua Delile (Wall rocket), D. erucoides L. (White wall rocket), D. muralis L. (Annual wall rocket), Crambe abyssinica R.E.Fr. (Abyssinian mustard), Erucastrum gallicum Willd. (Common dogmustard), E. cardaminoides Webb ex Christ (Dogmustard), Capsella bursa-pastoris L. (Shepherds purse), Lepidium sativum L. (Garden Cress) etc. These CWRs have withstood several regimes of biotic and abiotic stresses over the past thousands of years which led them to accumulate many useful alleles contributing in resistance against various environmental stresses. Thus, CWRs could serve as resourceful gene pools for introgression of stress resilience traits into Indian mustard. This review summarizes research work on the introgression of resistance against Sclerotinia stem rot (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Alternaria blight (caused by Alternaria brassicae), white rust (caused by Albugo candida), aphid attack, drought and high temperature from CWRs into B. juncea. However, various pre- and post-fertilization barriers due to different ploidy levels are major stumbling blocks in the success of such programmes, therefore, we also insightfully discuss how the advances made in -omics technology could be helpful in assisting various breeding programmes aiming at improvisation of stress resilience traits in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Thunag, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Namo Dubey
- School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, MP, India
| | - K. H. Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nehanjali Parmar
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lal Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dipika Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dipika Rana
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, HP, India
| | - Kalpana Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Thunag, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Devina Vaidya
- Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station Bajaura, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, HP, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Thakur
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
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Poudel RS, Belay K, Nelson B, Brueggeman R, Underwood W. Population and genome-wide association studies of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates collected from diverse host plants throughout the United States. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251003. [PMID: 37829452 PMCID: PMC10566370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease and economic loss on numerous crop plants. This fungus has a broad host range and can infect over 400 plant species, including important oilseed crops such as soybean, canola, and sunflower. S. sclerotiorum isolates vary in aggressiveness of lesion formation on plant tissues. However, the genetic basis for this variation remains to be determined. The aims of this study were to evaluate a diverse collection of S. sclerotiorum isolates collected from numerous hosts and U.S. states for aggressiveness of stem lesion formation on sunflower, to evaluate the population characteristics, and to identify loci associated with isolate aggressiveness using genome-wide association mapping. Methods A total of 219 S. sclerotiorum isolates were evaluated for stem lesion formation on two sunflower inbred lines and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. DNA markers were used to assess population differentiation across hosts, regions, and climatic conditions and to perform a genome-wide association study of isolate aggressiveness. Results and discussion We observed a broad range of aggressiveness for lesion formation on sunflower stems, and only a moderate correlation between aggressiveness on the two lines. Population genetic evaluations revealed differentiation between populations from warmer climate regions compared to cooler regions. Finally, a genome-wide association study of isolate aggressiveness identified three loci significantly associated with aggressiveness on sunflower. Functional characterization of candidate genes at these loci will likely improve our understanding of the virulence strategies used by this pathogen to cause disease on a wide array of agriculturally important host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Sharma Poudel
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kassaye Belay
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Berlin Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - William Underwood
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, United States
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Rai P, Prasad L, Rai PK. Fungal effectors versus defense-related genes of B. juncea and the status of resistant transgenics against fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139009. [PMID: 37360735 PMCID: PMC10285668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed brassica has become instrumental in securing global food and nutritional security. B. juncea, colloquially known as Indian mustard, is cultivated across tropics and subtropics including Indian subcontinent. The production of Indian mustard is severely hampered by fungal pathogens which necessitates human interventions. Chemicals are often resorted to as they are quick and effective, but due to their economic and ecological unsustainability, there is a need to explore their alternatives. The B. juncea-fungal pathosystem is quite diverse as it covers broad-host range necrotrophs (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), narrow-host range necrotrophs (Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola) and biotrophic oomycetes (Albugo candida and Hyaloperonospora brassica). Plants ward off fungal pathogens through two-step resistance mechanism; PTI which involves recognition of elicitors and ETI where the resistance gene (R gene) interacts with the fungal effectors. The hormonal signalling is also found to play a vital role in defense as the JA/ET pathway is initiated at the time of necrotroph infection and SA pathway is induced when the biotrophs attack plants. The review discuss the prevalence of fungal pathogens of Indian mustard and the studies conducted on effectoromics. It covers both pathogenicity conferring genes and host-specific toxins (HSTs) that can be used for a variety of purposes such as identifying cognate R genes, understanding pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, and establishing the phylogeny of fungal pathogens. It further encompasses the studies on identifying resistant sources and characterisation of R genes/quantitative trait loci and defense-related genes identified in Brassicaceae and unrelated species which, upon introgression or overexpression, confer resistance. Finally, the studies conducted on developing resistant transgenics in Brassicaceae have been covered in which chitinase and glucanase genes are mostly used. The knowledge gained from this review can further be used for imparting resistance against major fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajjwal Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxman Prasad
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
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