Effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and advanced platelet-rich fibrin for enhancing bone healing in a rabbit model

Effect of nanoparticulate CaCO3 on the biological properties of calcium silicate cement

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanoparticulate CaCO3 (NPCC) on the biological properties of calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs), including their cytotoxicity, in vitro osteogenic activity, and interactions with rat femur tissue. The average size of NPCC was 90.3±26.0 nm. Cytotoxicity and osteogenic activity assays were performed using mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). BMSCs exposed to the eluents from CSC alone and CSC containing 2.5% NPCC (CSC-NPCC (2.5%)) for 24 h showed decreased cell viability at an eluent concentration of 75%. In contrast, CSC-NPCCs (5%, 10%, and 20%) did not affect cell viability. Regarding osteogenic activity, CSC-NPCCs (5%, 10%, 20%) enhanced the expression of osteogenic genes, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen (COL-1), and osteocalcin (OCN). Additionally, mineralization in cell cultures was enhanced by CSC-NPCC, indicating that NPCC promoted the osteogenic activity of CSCs. In rat femurs, NPCC accelerates CSC resorption and stimulates bone regeneration at the implantation site. CSC alone occupied 22.2%±3.25% of the total femoral area at the implantation site, whereas CSC-NPCC (20%) occupied only 4%. These histological findings suggest that CSC-NPCC has potential as a biodegradable bone cement for use in bone defect areas that require regeneration.

The impact of autogenous bone grafts on the regeneration of radial bone defects in rabbits compared to autogenous advanced platelet-rich fibrin plus

Background

Bone grafts are an established treatment performed for managing segmental bone defects resulting from tumors, infections, high-energy trauma, congenital deformities, and nonunion.

Aim

To determine the regenerative potential following the sole implantation of rib, coccygeal, and advanced platelet-rich fibrin plus (A-PRF+) autografts to repair radial bone defects in rabbits.

Methods

Radial mid-shaft defects of 10 mm were created on the left limb of 24 rabbits. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups based on the type of defect filling: control (no filler), A-PRF+, coccygeal, and rib. Diagnostic imaging modalities, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT), with macro- and micro-histopathological examinations, were employed for postoperative assessment at 6 weeks (n = 3) and 12 weeks (n = 3), respectively.

Results

The statistical analysis of quantitative bone formation scores of diagnostic imaging and histopathology at 6 weeks postoperatively demonstrated fundamental significance differences between the rib and control groups and the coccygeal and control groups (p < 0.05). The radiographic scoring method at 6 weeks indicated a statistically significant difference between the rib and A-PRF+ groups (p < 0.01), in addition to the coccygeal and A-PRF+ groups (p < 0.01). In the CT evaluation, a significant difference was observed between the rib and A-PRF+ groups (p < 0.05). All A-PRF+ quantitatively assessed methods exhibited no statistically significant difference between the A-PRF+ and control groups at 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks, the A-PRF+, coccygeal, and rib groups presented substantial differences from the control group as evidenced by X-rays, CT scans, and macro- and micro-histopathological analyses.

Conclusion

The implantation of autograft rib and coccygeal bone to treat radial bone defects proved a significantly enhanced capacity for promoting bone ingrowth. In addition, coccygeal vertebrae serve as a viable alternative source for bone autografts in veterinary surgery. The efficacy of A-PRF+ enhanced osseous regeneration in treated radial bone defects, but it remained inferior to rib and coccygeal autografts.

The impact of autogenous bone grafts on the regeneration of radial bone defects in rabbits compared to autogenous advanced platelet-rich fibrin plus

Background

Bone grafts are an established treatment performed for managing segmental bone defects resulting from tumors, infections, high-energy trauma, congenital deformities, and nonunion.

Aim

To determine the regenerative potential following the sole implantation of rib, coccygeal, and advanced platelet-rich fibrin plus (A-PRF+) autografts to repair radial bone defects in rabbits.

Methods

Radial mid-shaft defects of 10 mm were created on the left limb of 24 rabbits. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups based on the type of defect filling: control (no filler), A-PRF+, coccygeal, and rib. Diagnostic imaging modalities, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT), with macro- and micro-histopathological examinations, were employed for postoperative assessment at 6 weeks (n = 3) and 12 weeks (n = 3), respectively.

Results

The statistical analysis of quantitative bone formation scores of diagnostic imaging and histopathology at 6 weeks postoperatively demonstrated fundamental significance differences between the rib and control groups and the coccygeal and control groups (p < 0.05). The radiographic scoring method at 6 weeks indicated a statistically significant difference between the rib and A-PRF+ groups (p < 0.01), in addition to the coccygeal and A-PRF+ groups (p < 0.01). In the CT evaluation, a significant difference was observed between the rib and A-PRF+ groups (p < 0.05). All A-PRF+ quantitatively assessed methods exhibited no statistically significant difference between the A-PRF+ and control groups at 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks, the A-PRF+, coccygeal, and rib groups presented substantial differences from the control group as evidenced by X-rays, CT scans, and macro- and micro-histopathological analyses.

Conclusion

The implantation of autograft rib and coccygeal bone to treat radial bone defects proved a significantly enhanced capacity for promoting bone ingrowth. In addition, coccygeal vertebrae serve as a viable alternative source for bone autografts in veterinary surgery. The efficacy of A-PRF+ enhanced osseous regeneration in treated radial bone defects, but it remained inferior to rib and coccygeal autografts.

Silver Nanoparticles in Therapeutics and Beyond: A Review of Mechanism Insights and Applications

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have become highly promising agents in the field of biomedical science, offering wide therapeutic potential due to their unique physicochemical properties. The unique characteristics of silver NPs, such as their higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, make them ideal for a variety of biological applications. They are easily processed thanks to their large surface area, strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR), stable nature, and multifunctionality. With an emphasis on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and prospective advantages of silver NPs, this review attempts to give a thorough overview of the numerous biological applications of these particles. The utilization of silver NPs in diagnostics, such as bioimaging and biosensing, as well as their functions in therapeutic interventions such as antimicrobial therapies, cancer therapy, diabetes treatment, bone repair, and wound healing, are investigated. The underlying processes by which silver NPs exercise their effects, such as oxidative stress induction, apoptosis, and microbial cell membrane rupture, are explored. Furthermore, toxicological concerns and regulatory issues are discussed, as well as the present difficulties and restrictions related to the application of silver NPs in medicine.

Navigating the combinations of platelet-rich fibrin with biomaterials used in maxillofacial surgery

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a protein matrix with growth factors and immune cells extracted from venous blood via centrifugation. Previous studies proved it a beneficial biomaterial for bone and soft tissue regeneration in dental surgeries. Researchers have combined PRF with a wide range of biomaterials for composite preparation as it is biocompatible and easily acquirable. The results of the studies are difficult to compare due to varied research methods and the fact that researchers focus more on the PRF preparation protocol and less on the interaction of PRF with the chosen material. Here, the literature from 2013 to 2024 is reviewed to help surgeons and researchers navigate the field of commonly used biomaterials in maxillofacial surgeries (calcium phosphate bone grafts, polymers, metal nanoparticles, and novel composites) and their combinations with PRF. The aim is to help the readers select a composite that suits their planned research or medical case. Overall, PRF combined with bone graft materials shows potential for enhancing bone regeneration both in vivo and in vitro. Still, results vary across studies, necessitating standardized protocols and extensive clinical trials. Overviewed methods showed that the biological and mechanical properties of the PRF and material composites can be altered depending on the PRF preparation and incorporation process.

Biomimetic Scaffolds of Calcium-Based Materials for Bone Regeneration

Calcium-based materials, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium silicate, have attracted significant attention in biomedical research, owing to their unique physicochemical properties and versatile applications. The distinctive characteristics of these materials, including their inherent biocompatibility and tunable structures, hold significant promise for applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. This review explores the biomedical applications of calcium-containing materials, particularly for bone regeneration. Their remarkable biocompatibility, tunable nanostructures, and multifaceted functionalities make them pivotal for advancing regenerative medicine, drug delivery system, and biomimetic scaffold applications. The evolving landscape of biomedical research continues to uncover new possibilities, positioning calcium-based materials as key contributors to the next generation of innovative biomaterial scaffolds.

The Efficacy of Utilizing Platelet-Rich Fibrin for Managing Periodontal Intrabony Defects in Conjunction with Graft Material: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Platelet-rich fibrin has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its remarkable capacity to accelerate the post-surgery wound healing process, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin in mixture form with bone substitute, as a membrane, or in combination. A comprehensive search using a combination of controlled vocabulary (MeSH) and free-text terms was undertaken by two reviewers to identify published randomized clinical trials. Three major electronic databases (Medline via PubMed, Cochrane database, and Embase) and the clinical trials registry (clinicaltrials.gov) were searched up to 9 July 2023. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled standardized mean difference of probing depth for platelet-rich fibrin was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.33 to 0.88). The results of the meta-analysis showed that the mean difference in clinical attachment level for platelet-rich fibrin was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.35 to 1.01). The results of the meta-analysis showed that the mean difference in bone fill for platelet-rich fibrin was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.23 to 0.78). In conclusion, the study found that platelet-rich fibrin was effective as adjunct to periodontal regeneration.

Advanced platelet-rich fibrin promotes healing of induced corneal ulcer in donkeys (Equus asinus)

Ulcerative keratitis is a common disease in horses which may cause blindness. To prevent secondary bacterial and fungal infections and promote quick re-growth of the epithelial layer, different treatment approaches have been employed. This study aimed to examine the effects of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) gel on the healing process of experimentally induced corneal ulcers in donkeys. Nine healthy adult donkeys were used for the study. The donkeys were divided into two groups: the control group, where no medication was applied to the corneal ulcer, and the A-PRF gel group, where A-PRF gel was applied once a day on specific days after ulcer induction. The healing process was evaluated through various examinations and analyses. The results demonstrated that the A-PRF gel group showed significant improvement in the corneal ulcer area, with epithelial and stromal regeneration. At day 35, about 60% of the A-PRF group showed negative fluorescein uptake. Additionally, fewer complications were observed during the healing process compared to the control group. In conclusion, A-PRF gel is an important and safe therapeutic option for controlling ocular surface infection and promoting corneal healing. We recommend using A-PRF gel as an alternative approach, avoiding eyelid suturing, and minimizing corneal irritation.