In situ-formable, dynamic crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) carrier for localized adeno-associated virus infection and reduced off-target effects

Viral Vector Eluting Lenses for Single-Step Targeted Expression of Genetically-Encoded Activity Sensors for in Vivo Microendoscopic Calcium Imaging

Optical methods for studying the brain offer powerful approaches for understanding how neural activity underlies complex behavior. These methods typically rely on genetically encoded sensors and actuators to monitor and control neural activity. For microendoscopic calcium imaging, injection of a virus followed by implantation of a lens probe is required to express a calcium sensor and enable optical access to the target brain region. This two-step process poses several challenges, chief among them being the risks associated with mistargeting and/or misalignment between virus expression zone, lens probe and target brain region. Here, an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-eluting polymer coating is engineered for gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses enabling the expression of a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP) directly within the brain region of interest upon implantation of the lens. This approach requires only one surgical step and guarantees alignment between GCaMP expression and lens in the brain. Additionally, the slow virus release from these coatings increases the working time for surgical implantation, expanding the brain regions and species amenable to this approach. These enhanced capabilities should accelerate neuroscience research utilizing optical methods and advance the understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms underlying brain function and behavior in health and disease.

Intelligent Hydrogel-Assisted Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy

Given the high malignancy of liver cancer and the liver's unique role in immune and metabolic regulation, current treatments have limited efficacy, resulting in a poor prognosis. Hydrogels, soft 3-dimensional network materials comprising numerous hydrophilic monomers, have considerable potential as intelligent drug delivery systems for liver cancer treatment. The advantages of hydrogels include their versatile delivery modalities, precision targeting, intelligent stimulus response, controlled drug release, high drug loading capacity, excellent slow-release capabilities, and substantial potential as carriers of bioactive molecules. This review presents an in-depth examination of hydrogel-assisted advanced therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma, encompassing small-molecule drug therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and the utilization of other biologics. Furthermore, it examines the integration of hydrogels with conventional liver cancer therapies, including radiation, interventional therapy, and ultrasound. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the numerous advantages of hydrogels and their potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy, targeting, and drug delivery safety. In conclusion, this review addresses the clinical implementation of hydrogels in liver cancer therapy and future challenges and design principles for hydrogel-based systems, and proposes novel research directions and strategies.

Optimization of an adeno-associated viral vector for epidermal keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Local gene therapies, including in vivo genome editing, are highly anticipated for the treatment of genetic diseases in skin, especially the epidermis. While the adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a potent vector for in vivo gene delivery, the lack of efficient gene delivery methods has limited its clinical applications.

OBJECTIVE

To optimize the AAV gene delivery system with higher gene delivery efficiency and specificity for epidermis and keratinocytes (KCs), using AAV capsid and promoter engineering technologies.

METHODS

AAV variants with mutations in residues reported to be critical to determine the tropism of AAV2 for KCs were generated by site-directed mutagenesis of AAVDJ. The infection efficiency and specificity for KCs of these variants were compared with those of previously reported AAVs considered to be suitable for gene delivery to KCs in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we generated an epidermis-specific promoter using the most recent short-core promoter and compared its specificity with existing promoters.

RESULTS

A novel AAVDJ variant capsid termed AAVDJK2 was superior to the existing AAVs in terms of gene transduction efficiency and specificity for epidermis and KCs in vitro and in vivo. A novel tissue-specific promoter, termed the K14 SCP3 promoter, was superior to the existing promoters in terms of gene transduction efficiency and specificity for KCs.

CONCLUSION

The combination of the AAVDJK2 capsid and K14 SCP3 promoter improves gene delivery to epidermis in vivo and KCs in vitro. The novel AAV system may benefit experimental research and development of new epidermis-targeted gene therapies.

An injectable carrier for spatiotemporal and sequential release of therapeutic substances to treat myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) has become the primary cause of cardiovascular mortality, while the current treatment methods in clinical all have their shortcomings. Injectable biomaterials have emerged as a promising solution for cardiac tissue repair after MI. In this study, we designed a smart multifunctional carrier that could meet the treatment needs of different MI pathological processes by programmatically releasing different therapeutic substances. The carrier could respond to inflammatory microenvironment in the early stage of MI with rapid release of curcumin (Cur), and then sustained release recombinant humanized collagen type III (rhCol III) to treat MI. The rapid release of Cur reduced inflammation and apoptosis in the early stages, while the sustained release of rhCol III promoted angiogenesis and cardiac repair in the later stages. In vitro and in vivo results suggested that the multifunctional carrier could effectively improve cardiac function, promote the repair of infarcted tissue, and inhibit ventricular remodeling by reducing cell apoptosis and inflammation, and promoting angiogenesis in the different pathological processes of MI. Therefore, this programmed-release carrier provides a promising protocol for MI therapy.

Probing the Molecular Mechanism of Viscoelastic Relaxation in Transient Networks

Hydrogels, which have polymer networks through supramolecular and reversible interactions, exhibit various mechanical responsibilities to its surroundings. The influence of the reversible bonds on a hydrogel's macroscopic properties, such as viscoelasticity and dynamics, is not fully understood, preventing further innovative material development. To understand the relationships between the mechanical properties and molecular structures, it is required to clarify the molecular understanding of the networks solely crosslinked by reversible interactions, termed "transient networks". This review introduces our recent progress on the studies on the molecular mechanism of viscoelasticity in transient networks using multiple methods and model materials. Based on the combination of the viscoelasticity and diffusion measurements, the viscoelastic relaxation of transient networks does not undergo the diffusion of polymers, which is not explained by the framework of conventional molecular models for the viscoelasticity of polymers. Then, we show the results of the comparison between the viscoelastic relaxation and binding dynamics of reversible bonds. Viscoelastic relaxation is primarily affected by "dissociation dynamics of the bonds" and "network structures". These results are explained in the framework that the backbone, which is composed of essential chains supporting the stress, is broken by multiple dissociation events. This understanding of molecular dynamics in viscoelasticity will provide the foundation for designing transient networks.