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Halder D, Das S, R S J, Joseph A. Role of multi-targeted bioactive natural molecules and their derivatives in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an insight into structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11286-11323. [PMID: 36579430 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder involving cognitive dysfunction like short-term memory and behavioral changes as the disease progresses due to other unaltered physiological factors. The solution for this problem is Multi-targeted Drugs (MTDs), which can affect multiple determinants to realize the multifunctional effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine are FDA-approved drugs used to treat AD symptomatically. The key objective of this review is to understand multitargeted bioactive natural molecules that could be considered as leads for further development as effective drugs for treating AD, along with understanding its pharmacology and structure-activity relationship (SAR). Understanding the molecular mechanism of the AD pathophysiology, the role of existing drugs, treatment of AD via amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque, and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) inhibition by natural bioactive molecules were also discussed in the review. The current quest and recent advancements with natural bioactive compounds like physostigmine, resveratrol, curcumin, and catechins, along with the study of in silico SAR, were reported in the present study. This review summarises the structural properties required for bioactive natural molecules to show anti-Alzheimer's activity by emphasizing on SAR of several bioactive natural molecules targeting various AD pathologies, their key molecular interactions that are critical for target specificity, their role as multitargeted ligands, used with adjunctive therapy for AD followed by related US patents granted recently. This article highlights the significance of the structural features of natural bioactive molecules in the treatment of AD and establishes a connection between them.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Halder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeyaprakash R S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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2
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Eno EA, Louis H, Ekoja P, Benjamin I, Adalikwu SS, Orosun MM, Unimuke TO, Asogwa FC, Agwamba EC. Experimental and computational modeling of the biological activity of benzaldehyde sulphur trioxide as a potential drug for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Grams RJ, Hsu KL. Reactive chemistry for covalent probe and therapeutic development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:249-262. [PMID: 34998611 PMCID: PMC8840975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive small molecules that form covalent bonds with a target protein are important tools for basic research and can be highly effective drugs. This review highlights reactive groups found in a collection of thiophilic and oxophilic drugs that mediate pharmacological activity through a covalent mechanism of action (MOA). We describe the application of advanced proteomic and bioanalytical methodologies for assessing selectivity of these covalent agents to guide and inspire the search for additional electrophiles suitable for covalent probe and therapeutic development. While the emphasis is on chemistry for modifying catalytic serine, threonine or cysteine residues, we devote a substantial fraction of the review to a collection of exploratory reactive groups of understudied residues on proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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4
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Adeowo FY, Elrashedy AA, Ejalonibu MA, Lawal IA, Lawal MM, Kumalo HM. Pharmacophore mapping of the crucial mediators of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase dual inhibition in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2761-2774. [PMID: 35067751 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimization and re-optimization of bioactive molecules using in silico methods have found application in the design of more active ones. Herein, we applied a pharmacophore modeling approach to screen potent dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) aimed at Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. The investigation entails molecular dynamics simulation, docking, pharmacophore modeling, drug-like screening, and binding energy analysis. We prepared a pharmacophore model from approved inhibitors of AChE and BuChE to predict the crucial moieties required for optimum molecular interaction with these proteins. The obtained pharmacophore model, used for database screening via some critical criteria, showed 229 hit molecules. Further analyses showed 42 likely dual inhibitors of AChE/BuChE with drug-like and pharmacokinetics properties the same as the approved cholinesterase inhibitors. Finally, we identified 14 dual molecules with improved potentials over the existing inhibitors and simulated ZINC92385797 bound to human AChE and BuChE structure after noticing that these 14 molecules are similar. The selected compound maintained relative stability at the active sites of both proteins over 120 ns simulation. Our integrated protocols showed the pertinent recipes of anti-AD drug design through the in silico pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Y Adeowo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A Elrashedy
- Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Murtala A Ejalonibu
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Isiaka A Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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Xiong B, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xing S, Liao Q, Chen Y, Li Q, Li W, Sun H. Strategies for Structural Modification of Small Molecules to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13152-13173. [PMID: 34505508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts many drugs from entering the brain to exert therapeutic effects. Although many novel delivery methods of large molecule drugs have been designed to assist transport, small molecule drugs account for the vast majority of the CNS drugs used clinically. From this perspective, we review studies from the past five years that have sought to modify small molecules to increase brain exposure. Medicinal chemists make it easier for small molecules to cross the BBB by improving diffusion, reducing efflux, and activating carrier transporters. On the basis of their excellent work, we summarize strategies for structural modification of small molecules to improve BBB penetration. These strategies are expected to provide a reference for the future development of small molecule CNS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Adeowo FY, Oyetunji TP, Ejalonibu MA, Ndagi U, Kumalo HM, Lawal MM. Tailored Modeling of Rivastigmine Derivatives as Dual Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100361. [PMID: 34547176 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rational modification of known drug candidates to design more potent ones using computational methods has found application in drug design, development, and discovery. Herein, we integrate computational and theoretical methodologies to unveil rivastigmine derivatives as dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) management. The investigation entails pharmacokinetics screening, density functional theory (DFT) mechanistic study, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We designed over 20 rivastigmine substituents, subject them to some analyses, and identified RL2 with an appreciable blood-brain barrier score and no permeability glycoprotein binding. The compound shows higher acylation energy and a favored binding affinity to the cholinesterase enzymes. RL2 interacts with the AChE and BuChE active sites showing values of -41.1/-39.5 kcal mol-1 while rivastigmine binds with -32.7/-30.7 kcal mol-1 for these enzymes. The study revealed RL2 (4-fluorophenyl rivastigmine) as a potential dual inhibitor for AChE and BuChE towards Alzheimer's disorder management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Y Adeowo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | | | - Murtala A Ejalonibu
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Umar Ndagi
- Center for Trans-Sahara Disease, Vaccine and Drug Research, IBB University Lapai, Niger State, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Rompicherla SKL, Arumugam K, Bojja SL, Kumar N, Rao CM. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of nasal liposome and nanoparticle based rivastigmine formulations in acute and chronic models of Alzheimer's disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:1737-1755. [PMID: 34086100 PMCID: PMC8298375 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing aging population and progressive nature of the disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses to be an oncoming epidemic with limited therapeutic strategies. It is characterized by memory loss, behavioral instability, impaired cognitive function, predominantly, cognitive inability manifested due to the accumulation of β-amyloid, with malfunctioned cholinergic system. Rivastigmine, a reversible dual cholinesterase inhibitor, is a more tolerable and widely used choice of drug for AD. However, rivastigmine being hydrophilic and undergoing the first-pass metabolism exhibits low CNS bioavailability. Nanoformulations including liposomes and PLGA nanoparticles can encapsulate hydrophilic drugs and deliver them efficiently to the brain. Besides, the nasal route is receiving considerable attention recently, due to its direct access to the brain. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of nasal liposomal and PLGA nanoparticle formulations of rivastigmine in acute scopolamine-induced amnesia and chronic colchicine induced cognitive dysfunction animal models, and validate the best formulation by employing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling. Nasal liposomal rivastigmine formulation showed the best pharmacokinetic features with rapid onset of action (Tmax = 5 min), higher Cmax (1489.5 ± 620.71), enhanced systemic bioavailability (F = 118.65 ± 23.54; AUC = 35,921.75 ± 9559.46), increased half-life (30.92 ± 8.38 min), and reduced clearance rate (Kel (1/min) = 0.0224 ± 0.006) compared to oral rivastigmine (Tmax = 15 min; Cmax = 56.29 ± 27.05; F = 4.39 ± 1.82; AUC = 1663.79 ± 813.54; t1/2 = 13.48 ± 5.79; Kel (1/min) = 0.0514 ± 0.023). Further, the liposomal formulation significantly rescued the memory deficit induced by scopolamine as well as colchicine superior to other formulations as assessed in Morris water maze and passive avoidance tasks. PK-PD modeling demonstrated a strong correlation between the pharmacokinetic parameters and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of liposomal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Kumar L Rompicherla
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Karthik Arumugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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8
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Ozten O, Zengin Kurt B, Sonmez F, Dogan B, Durdagi S. Synthesis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies of novel tacrine-carbamate derivatives as potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105225. [PMID: 34364052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, new tacrine derivatives containing carbamate group were synthesized and their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition activities were evaluated. All synthesized compounds inhibited both cholinesterases at nanomolar level. Among them, ((1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl)amino)ethyl(3-nitrophenyl) carbamate (6k) showed the best inhibitor activity against AChE and BuChE with IC50 value of 22.15 nM and 16.96 nM, respectively. The calculated selectivity index revealed that the synthesized compounds (exclude 6l) have stronger inhibitory activity against BuChE than AChE. The most selective compound was 2-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl)amino)ethyl(4-methoxyphenyl)-carbamate (6b) with the selectivity index of 0.12. Molecular modeling approaches were employed to understand the interaction between the synthesized compounds and proteins. As carbamate derivatives can act as pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of AChE and BuChE, covalent docking approaches was applied to determine the binding modes of novel compounds at binding sites of cholinesterase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Ozten
- Sakarya University, Institute of Natural Sciences, 54055 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Belma Zengin Kurt
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sonmez
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Pamukova Vocational School, 54055 Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Berna Dogan
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Paracellular and Transcellular Leukocytes Diapedesis Are Divergent but Interconnected Evolutionary Events. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020254. [PMID: 33578809 PMCID: PMC7916592 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the endothelial layer of the blood-brain barrier by leukocytes plays a critical role in health and disease. When passing through the endothelial layer during the diapedesis process lymphocytes can either follow a paracellular route or a transcellular one. There is a debate whether these two processes constitute one mechanism, or they form two evolutionary distinct migration pathways. We used artificial intelligence, phylogenetic analysis, HH search, ancestor sequence reconstruction to investigate further this intriguing question. We found that the two systems share several ancient components, such as RhoA protein that plays a critical role in controlling actin movement in both mechanisms. However, some of the key components differ between these two transmigration processes. CAV1 genes emerged during Trichoplax adhaerens, and it was only reported in transcellular process. Paracellular process is dependent on PECAM1. PECAM1 emerged from FASL5 during Zebrafish divergence. Lastly, both systems employ late divergent genes such as ICAM1 and VECAM1. Taken together, our results suggest that these two systems constitute two different mechanical sensing mechanisms of immune cell infiltrations of the brain, yet these two systems are connected. We postulate that the mechanical properties of the cellular polarity is the main driving force determining the migration pathway. Our analysis indicates that both systems coevolved with immune cells, evolving to a higher level of complexity in association with the evolution of the immune system.
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Miles JA, Ng JH, Sreenivas BY, Courageux C, Igert A, Dias J, McGeary RP, Brazzolotto X, Ross BP. Discovery of drug-like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by rapid virtual screening of a 6.9 million compound database. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:1048-1058. [PMID: 33455074 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors remain the mainstay of Alzheimer's disease treatment, and the search for new inhibitors with better efficacy and side effect profiles is ongoing. Virtual screening (VS) is a powerful technique for searching large compound databases for potential hits. This study used a sequential VS workflow combining ligand-based VS, molecular docking and physicochemical filtering to screen for central nervous system (CNS) drug-like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) amongst the 6.9 million compounds of the CoCoCo database. Eleven in silico hits were initially selected, resulting in the discovery of an AChEI with a Ki of 3.2 µM. In vitro kinetics and in silico molecular dynamics experiments informed the selection of an additional seven analogues. This led to the discovery of two further AChEIs, with Ki values of 2.9 µM and 0.65 µM. All three compounds exhibited reversible, mixed inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Importantly, the in silico physicochemical filter facilitated the discovery of CNS drug-like compounds, such that all three inhibitors displayed high in vitro blood-brain barrier model permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Miles
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jia Hui Ng
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B Yogi Sreenivas
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Charlotte Courageux
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Alexandre Igert
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Ross P McGeary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Benjamin P Ross
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant health crisis, and current treatments provide only limited benefits to cognition at the cost of serious side effects. Recently, virtual screening techniques such as ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) and structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) have emerged as powerful drug discovery tools for identifying potential ligands of a biological target from a large database of chemical structures. The cholinesterases are an AD target particularly well suited for drug discovery using virtual screening due to their well-characterized active sites and comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationships of existing inhibitors. Over the last 5 years (2015-2020), at least 15 studies have used virtual screening techniques to discover potent new cholinesterase inhibitors. Herein we review how LBVS and SBVS have been applied individually or in tandem to discover novel acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors for AD, and highlight the need to confirm in vitro activity of screening compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A. Miles
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Ross
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Parravicini O, Angelina E, Spinelli R, Garibotto F, Siano ÁS, Vila L, Cabedo N, Cortes D, Enriz RD. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling of substituted pyrrolo[2,1- a]isoquinolinone derivatives: discovery of potent inhibitors of AChE and BChE. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Study of the molecular interactions in L–R complexes of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase using MD/QTAIM calculations for designing new potent cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Parravicini
- Facultad de Química
- Bioquímica y Farmacia
- Universidad Nacional de San Luis
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL)
- 5700 San Luis
| | - Emilio Angelina
- Laboratorio de Estructura Molecular y Propiedades
- IQUIBA-NEA
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste
- CONICET
- FaCENA
| | - Roque Spinelli
- Laboratorio de Péptidos Bioactivos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral
- Santa Fe
| | - Francisco Garibotto
- Facultad de Química
- Bioquímica y Farmacia
- Universidad Nacional de San Luis
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL)
- 5700 San Luis
| | - Álvaro S. Siano
- Laboratorio de Péptidos Bioactivos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral
- Santa Fe
| | - Laura Vila
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA
- 46010 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Nuria Cabedo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA
- 46010 Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología
- Facultad de Farmacia
| | - Diego Cortes
- Departamento de Farmacología
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| | - Ricardo D. Enriz
- Facultad de Química
- Bioquímica y Farmacia
- Universidad Nacional de San Luis
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL)
- 5700 San Luis
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13
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Dighe SN, Tippana M, van Akker S, Collet TA. Structure-Based Scaffold Repurposing toward the Discovery of Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30971-30979. [PMID: 33324805 PMCID: PMC7726787 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterases (ChE) are well-known drug targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In continuation of work to develop novel cholinesterase inhibitors, we utilized a structure-based scaffold repurposing approach and discovered six novel ChE inhibitors from our recently developed DNA gyrase inhibitor library. Among the identified hits, two compounds (denoted 3 and 18) were found to be the most potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 = 6.10 ± 1.01 μM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, IC50 = 5.50 ± 0.007 μM), respectively. Compound 3 was responsible for the formation of H-bond and π-π stacking interactions within the active site of AChE. In contrast, compound 18 was well fitted in the choline-binding pocket and catalytic site of BuChE. Results obtained from in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in silico derived physicochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties indicate that repurposed scaffold 3 and 18 could be potential drug candidates for further development as novel ChE inhibitors.
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14
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Miles JA, Kapure JS, Deora GS, Courageux C, Igert A, Dias J, McGeary RP, Brazzolotto X, Ross BP. Rapid discovery of a selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor using structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127609. [PMID: 33039562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the mainstay of Alzheimer's disease treatments, despite having only short-term symptomatic benefits and severe side effects. Selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors (BuChEIs) may be more effective treatments in late-stage Alzheimer's disease with fewer side effects. Virtual screening is a powerful tool for identifying potential inhibitors in large digital compound databases. This study used structure-based virtual screening combined with physicochemical filtering to screen the InterBioScreen and Maybridge databases for novel selective BuChEIs. The workflow rapidly identified 22 potential hits in silico, resulting in the discovery of a human BuChEI with low-micromolar potency in vitro (IC50 2.4 µM) and high selectivity for butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase. The compound was a rapidly reversible BuChEI with mixed-model in vitro inhibition kinetics. The binding interactions were investigated using in silico molecular dynamics and by developing structure-activity relationships using nine analogues. The compound also displayed high permeability in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Miles
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jeevak S Kapure
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Girdhar Singh Deora
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Charlotte Courageux
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Alexandre Igert
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Ross P McGeary
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Benjamin P Ross
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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15
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Noshadi B, Ercetin T, Luise C, Yuksel MY, Sippl W, Sahin MF, Gazi M, Gulcan HO. Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Biological Activities of Some Natural and Synthetic Urolithin Analogs. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000197. [PMID: 32497364 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Urolithins (that is, hydroxy substituted benzo[c]chromen-6-one derivatives) are formed within the gastrointestinal tract following to the exposure to various ellagitannin rich diet, particularly involving pomegranate, nuts, and berries. Regarding the bioavailability deficiency of ellagitannins, the biological activities obtained through the extracts of these dietaries are attributed to the urolithin compounds, since they are bioavailable. Particularly, there are studies indicating the importance of ellagitannin-rich food for protective and alternative treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). From this perspective, within this study, the major urolithins (that is, urolithins A and B), their methyl ether metabolites, as well as some synthetic urolithin analogs have been synthesized and screened for their biological activities in various enzyme inhibition (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase B, cyclooxygenase 1, and cyclooxygenase 2) and antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging) assay systems. The results pointed out the potential of urolithins to act as inhibitors on these receptors. Docking studies were also performed to investigate the possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Noshadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, TR-99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, TR-99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, TR-99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Chiara Luise
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.3, DE-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Mine Yarim Yuksel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Yeditepe University, TR-34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.3, DE-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Mustafa Fethi Sahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, TR-99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, TR-99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, TR-99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
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16
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Computational exploration and experimental validation to identify a dual inhibitor of cholinesterase and amyloid-beta for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:983-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Catto M, Pisani L, de la Mora E, Belviso BD, Mangiatordi GF, Pinto A, Palma AD, Denora N, Caliandro R, Colletier JP, Silman I, Nicolotti O, Altomare CD. Chiral Separation, X-ray Structure, and Biological Evaluation of a Potent and Reversible Dual Binding Site AChE Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:869-876. [PMID: 32435398 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) still remain the leading therapeutic options for the symptomatic treatment of cognitive deficits associated with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. The search for new AChEIs benefits from well-established knowledge of the molecular interactions of selective AChEIs, such as donepezil and related dual binding site inhibitors. Starting from a previously disclosed coumarin-based inhibitor (±)-cis-1, active as racemate in the nanomolar range toward AChE, we proceeded on a double track by (i) achieving chiral resolution of the enantiomers of 1 by HPLC and (ii) preparing two close achiral analogues of 1, i.e., compounds 4 and 6. An eudismic ratio as high as 20 was observed for the (-) enantiomer of cis-1. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex between the (-)-cis-1 eutomer (coded as MC1420) and T. californica AChE was determined at 2.8 Å, and docking calculation results suggested that the eutomer in (1R,3S) absolute configuration should be energetically more favored in binding the enzyme than the eutomer in (1S,3R) configuration. The achiral analogues 4 and 6 were less effective in inhibiting AChE compared to (±)-cis-1, but interestingly butylamide 4 emerged as a potent inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio de la Mora
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Structural Biology, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Benny Danilo Belviso
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Damiano Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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18
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of acridone glycosides as selective BChE inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Bak A, Pizova H, Kozik V, Vorcakova K, Kos J, Treml J, Odehnalova K, Oravec M, Imramovsky A, Bobal P, Smolinski A, Trávníček Z, Jampilek J. SAR-mediated Similarity Assessment of the Property Profile for New, Silicon-Based AChE/BChE Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5385. [PMID: 31671776 PMCID: PMC6862691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 25 novel, silicon-based carbamate derivatives as potential acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) inhibitors was synthesized and characterized by their in vitro inhibition profiles and the selectivity indexes (SIs). The prepared compounds were also tested for their inhibition potential on photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. In fact, some of the newly prepared molecules revealed comparable or even better inhibitory activities compared to the marketed drugs (rivastigmine or galanthamine) and commercially applied pesticide Diuron®, respectively. Generally, most compounds exhibited better inhibition potency towards AChE; however, a wider activity span was observed for BChE. Notably, benzyl N-[(1S)-2-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]-carbamate (2) and benzyl N-[(1S)-2-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]-carbamate (3) were characterized by fairly high selective indexes. Specifically, compound 2 was prescribed with the lowest IC50 value that corresponds quite well with galanthamine inhibition activity, while the inhibitory profiles of molecules 3 and benzyl-N-[(1S)-2-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]carbamate (4) are in line with rivastigmine activity. Moreover, a structure-activity relationship (SAR)-driven similarity evaluation of the physicochemical properties for the carbamates examined appeared to have foreseen the activity cliffs using a similarity-activity landscape index for BChE inhibitory response values. The 'indirect' ligand-based and 'direct' protein-mediated in silico approaches were applied to specify electronic/steric/lipophilic factors that are potentially valid for quantitative (Q)SAR modeling of the carbamate analogues. The stochastic model validation was used to generate an 'average' 3D-QSAR pharmacophore pattern. Finally, the target-oriented molecular docking was employed to (re)arrange the spatial distribution of the ligand property space for BChE and photosystem II (PSII).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40 007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Hana Pizova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40 007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarina Vorcakova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Kos
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic, (J.K.).
| | - Jakub Treml
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klara Odehnalova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Belidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Imramovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Smolinski
- Department of Energy Saving and Air Protection, Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarkow 1, 40 166 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic, (J.K.).
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic, (J.K.).
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