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Ely MR, Schleifer GD, Singh TK, Baggish AL, Taylor JA. Exercise Training Does Not Attenuate Cardiac Atrophy or Loss of Function in Individuals With Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022:S0003-9993(22)01773-7. [PMID: 36572202 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of 2 modes of exercise training, upper-body alone, and the addition of electrical stimulation of the lower body, to attenuate cardiac atrophy and loss of function in individuals with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Rehabilitation Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Volunteers (N=27; 5 women, 22 men) who were <24 months post SCI. INTERVENTIONS Volunteers completed either 6 months of no structured exercise (Control), arm rowing (AO), or a combination of arm rowing with electrical stimulation of lower body paralyzed muscle (functional electrical stimulation [FES] rowing). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on each subject prior to and 6 months after the intervention. The relations between time since injury and exercise type to cardiac structure and function were assessed via 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and with multilevel linear regression. RESULTS Time since injury was significantly associated with a continuous decline in cardiac structure and systolic function, specifically, a reduction in left ventricular mass (0.197 g/month; P=.049), internal diameter during systole (0.255 mm/month; P<.001), and diastole (0.217 mm/month; P=.019), as well as cardiac output (0.048 L/month, P=.019), and left ventricular percent shortening (0.256 %/month; P=.027). These associations were not differentially affected by exercise (Control vs AO vs FES, P>.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that within the subacute phase of recovery from SCI there is a linear loss of left ventricular cardiac structure and systolic function that is not attenuated by current rehabilitative aerobic exercise practices. Reductions in cardiac structure and function may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with SCI and warrants further interventions to prevent cardiac decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Ely
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA.
| | - Grant D Schleifer
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tamanna K Singh
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - J Andrew Taylor
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
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Itodo OA, Flueck JL, Raguindin PF, Stojic S, Brach M, Perret C, Minder B, Franco OH, Muka T, Stucki G, Stoyanov J, Glisic M. Physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:335-365. [PMID: 35391647 PMCID: PMC9187578 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) has been suggested to be an important determinant of increased cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk. However, it remains unclear whether physically active SCI individuals as compared to inactive or less active individuals have truly better cardiometabolic risk profile. We aimed to systematically review and quantify the association between engagement in regular physical activity and/or exercise interventions and CMD risk factors in individuals with SCI. Four medical databases were searched and studies were included if they were clinical trials or observational studies conducted in adult individuals with SCI and provided information of interest. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was applied to rate the certainty of evidence. Of 5816 unique citations, 11 randomized clinical trials, 3 non-randomized trial and 32 cross-sectional studies comprising more than 5500 SCI individuals were included in the systematic review. In meta-analysis of RCTs and based on evidence of moderate certainty, physical activity in comparison to control intervention was associated with: (i) better glucose homeostasis profile [WMD of glucose, insulin and Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were - 3.26 mg/dl (95% CI - 5.12 to - 1.39), - 3.19 μU/ml (95% CI - 3.96 to - 2.43)] and - 0.47 (95% CI - 0.60 to - 0.35), respectively], and (ii) improved cardiorespiratory fitness [WMD of relative and absolute oxygen uptake relative (VO2) were 4.53 ml/kg/min (95% CI 3.11, 5.96) and 0.26 L/min (95% CI 0.21, 0.32) respectively]. No differences were observed in blood pressure, heart rate and lipids (based on evidence of low/moderate certainty). In meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies and based on the evidence of very low to low certainty, glucose [WMD - 3.25 mg/dl (95% CI - 5.36, - 1.14)], insulin [- 2.12 μU/ml (95% CI - 4.21 to - 0.03)] and total cholesterol [WMD - 6.72 mg/dl (95% CI - 13.09, - 0.34)] were lower and HDL [WMD 3.86 mg/dl (95% CI 0.66, 7.05)] and catalase [0.07 UgHb-1 (95% CI 0.03, 0.11)] were higher in physically active SCI individuals in comparison to reference groups. Based on limited number of cross-sectional studies, better parameters of systolic and diastolic cardiac function and lower carotid intima media thickness were found in physically active groups. Methodologically sound clinical trials and prospective observational studies are required to further elaborate the impact of different physical activity prescriptions alone or in combination with other life-style interventions on CMD risk factors in SCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oche Adam Itodo
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Francis Raguindin
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stevan Stojic
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Brach
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Perret
- Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Minder
- Public Health and Primary Care Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerold Stucki
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Stoyanov
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Marija Glisic
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland.
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Pradhan A, Scaringi J, Gerard P, Arena R, Myers J, Kaminsky LA, Kung E. Systematic Review and Regression Modeling of the Effects of Age, Body Size, and Exercise on Cardiovascular Parameters in Healthy Adults. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 13:343-361. [PMID: 34668143 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood pressure, cardiac output, and ventricular volumes correlate to various subject features such as age, body size, and exercise intensity. The purpose of this study is to quantify this correlation through regression modeling. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to compile reference data of healthy subjects for several cardiovascular parameters and subject features. Regression algorithms used these aggregate data to formulate predictive models for the outputs-systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ventricular volumes, cardiac output, and heart rate-against the features-age, height, weight, and exercise intensity. A simulation-based procedure generated data of virtual subjects to test whether these regression models built using aggregate data can perform well for subject-level predictions and to provide an estimate for the expected error. The blood pressure and heart rate models were also validated using real-world subject-level data. RESULTS The direction of trends between model outputs and the input subject features in our study agree with those in current literature. CONCLUSION Although other studies observe exponential predictor-output relations, the linear regression algorithms performed the best for the data in this study. The use of subject-level data and more predictors may provide regression models with higher fidelity. SIGNIFICANCE Models developed in this study can be useful to clinicians for personalized patient assessment and to researchers for tuning computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Pradhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - John Scaringi
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Patrick Gerard
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Myers
- Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Leonard A Kaminsky
- Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being and Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Ethan Kung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Vivodtzev I, Taylor JA. Cardiac, Autonomic, and Cardiometabolic Impact of Exercise Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A QUALITATIVE REVIEW. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2021; 41:6-12. [PMID: 33351539 PMCID: PMC7768813 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct and indirect effects of spinal cord injury lead to important cardiovascular (CV) complications that are further increased by years of injury and the process of "accelerated aging." The present review examines the current evidence in the literature for the potential cardioprotective effect of exercise training in spinal cord injury. REVIEW METHODS PubMed and Web of Science databases were screened for original studies investigating the effect of exercise-based interventions on aerobic capacity, cardiac structure/function, autonomic function, CV function, and/or cardiometabolic markers. We compared the effects in individuals <40 yr with time since injury <10 yr with those in older individuals (≥40 yr) with longer time since injury (≥10 yr), reasoning that the two can be considered individuals with low versus high CV risk factors. SUMMARY Studies showed similar exercise effects in both groups (n = 31 in low CV risk factors vs n = 15 in high CV risk factors). The evidence does not support any effect of exercise training on autonomic function but does support an increased peripheral blood flow, improved left ventricular mass, higher peak cardiac output, greater lean body mass, better antioxidant capacity, and improved endothelial function. In addition, some evidence suggests that it can result in lower blood lipids, systemic inflammation (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and C-reactive protein), and arterial stiffness. Training intensity, volume, and frequency were key factors determining CV gains. Future studies with larger sample sizes, well-matched groups of subjects, and randomized controlled designs will be needed to determine whether high-intensity hybrid forms of training result in greater CV gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vivodtzev
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Drs Vivodtzev and Taylor); Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Vivodtzev and Taylor); and Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France (Dr Vivodtzev)
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Associations between left ventricular structure and function with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in individuals with cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2020; 59:796-803. [PMID: 33288853 PMCID: PMC8257502 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-00591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Study design Cross-sectional. Objective It is known that left ventricular mass (LVM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated to fat-free mass (FFM). It is unknown if these factors associated with left ventricular (LV) structure and function outcomes in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting University-based laboratory.Vancouver, BC, Canada. Methods Thirty-two individuals (aged 40 ± 11 years) with chronic, motor-complete SCI between the fourth cervical and sixth thoracic levels were recruited. Echocardiographic LV parameters and body composition were assessed at rest, as per the recommended guidelines for each technique. CRF was assessed during an incremental arm-cycle exercise test until volitional fatigue. The appropriate bivariate correlation coefficients [i.e., Pearson’s (r) and Spearman’s rank (Rs)] tests were used for normal and non-normal distributed variables, respectively. Results LV structure and function parameters were not associated with the indexed peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) [i.e., relative to body weight or FFM] (Rs values ranged from −0.168 to 0.134, all P values > 0.223). The association between peak oxygen pulse and the resting echocardiographic-obtained SV was medium sized (Rs = 0.331, P = 0.069). The LVM associations with FFM and fat mass (FM) were large and small (r = 0.614, P < 0.001 and r = 0.266, P = 0.141, respectively). Associations of absolute V̇O2peak were medium- positive with FFM (Rs = 0.414, P = 0.021) but negative with FM (Rs = −0.332, P = 0.068). Conclusion LV parameters measured at rest are not associated with V̇O2peak in individuals with cervical and upper-thoracic SCI. Given the observed associations between LVM and V̇O2peak with FFM, future studies may consider utilizing FFM for indexing cardiovascular measures following SCI.
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Legg Ditterline BE, Wade S, Ugiliweneza B, Singam NS, Harkema SJ, Stoddard MF, Hirsch GA. Beneficial Cardiac Structural and Functional Adaptations After Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation and Task-Specific Interventions: A Pilot Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:554018. [PMID: 33192245 PMCID: PMC7643015 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.554018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte atrophy and the resulting decreases to the left ventricular mass and dimensions are well documented in spinal cord injury. Therapeutic interventions that increase preload can increase the chamber size and improve the diastolic filling ratios; however, there are no data describing cardiac adaptation to chronic afterload increases. Research from our center has demonstrated that spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) can normalize arterial blood pressure, so we decided to investigate the effects of scES on cardiac function using echocardiography. Four individuals with chronic, motor-complete cervical spinal cord injury were implanted with a stimulator over the lumbosacral enlargement. We assessed the cardiac structure and function at the following time points: (a) prior to implantation; (b) after scES targeted to increase systolic blood pressure; (c) after the addition of scES targeted to facilitate voluntary (i.e., with intent) movement of the trunk and lower extremities; and (d) after the addition of scES targeted to facilitate independent, overground standing. We found significant improvements to the cardiac structure (left ventricular mass = 10 ± 2 g, p < 0.001; internal dimension during diastole = 0.1 ± 0.04 cm, p < 0.05; internal dimension during systole = 0.06 ± 0.03 cm, p < 0.05; interventricular septum dimension = 0.04 ± 0.02 cm, p < 0.05), systolic function (ejection fraction = 1 ± 0.4%, p < 0.05; velocity time integral = 2 ± 0.4 cm, p < 0.001; stroke volume = 4.4 ± 1.5 ml, p < 0.01), and diastolic function (mitral valve deceleration time = -32 ± 11 ms, p < 0.05; mitral valve deceleration slope = 50 ± 25 cm s-1, p < 0.05; isovolumic relaxation time = -6 ± 1.9 ms, p < 0.05) with each subsequent scES intervention. Despite the pilot nature of this study, statistically significant improvements to the cardiac structure, systolic function, and diastolic function demonstrate that scES combined with task-specific interventions led to beneficial cardiac remodeling, which can reverse atrophic changes that result from spinal cord injury. Long-term improvements to cardiac function have implications for increased quality of life and improved cardiovascular health in individuals with spinal cord injury, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie E. Legg Ditterline
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of NeuroSurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Shelley Wade
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Beatrice Ugiliweneza
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of NeuroSurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Narayana Sarma Singam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Susan J. Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of NeuroSurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Marcus F. Stoddard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Glenn A. Hirsch
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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Systolic and diastolic function in chronic spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236490. [PMID: 32716921 PMCID: PMC7384657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injury develop cardiovascular disease more than age-matched, non-injured cohorts. However, progression of systolic and diastolic dysfunction into cardiovascular disease after spinal cord injury is not well described. We sought to investigate the relationship between systolic and diastolic function in chronic spinal cord injury to describe how biological sex, level, severity, and duration of injury correlate with structural changes in the left ventricle. Individuals with chronic spinal cord injury participated in this study (n = 70). Registered diagnostic cardiac sonographers used cardiac ultrasound to measure dimensions, mass, and systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle. We found no significant relationship to severity or duration of injury with left ventricle measurements, systolic function outcome, or diastolic function outcome. Moreover, nearly all outcomes measured were within the American Society of Echocardiography-defined healthy range. Similar to non-injured individuals, when indexed by body surface area (BSA) left ventricle mass [-14 (5) g/m2, p < .01], end diastolic volume [-6 (3) mL/m2, p < .05], and end systolic volume [-4 (1) mL/m2, p < .01] were significantly decreased in women compared with men. Likewise, diastolic function outcomes significantly worsened with age: E-wave velocity [-5 (2), p < .01], E/A ratio [-0.23 (0.08), p < .01], and e’ velocity [lateral: -1.5 (0.3) cm/s, p < .001; septal: -0.9 (0.2), p < .001] decreased with age while A-wave velocity [5 (1) cm/s, p < .001] and isovolumic relaxation time [6 (3) ms, p < .05] increased with age. Women demonstrated significantly decreased cardiac size and volumes compared with men, but there was no biological relationship to dysfunction. Moreover, individuals were within the range of ASE-defined healthy values with no evidence of systolic or diastolic function and no meaningful relationship to level, severity, or duration of injury. Decreases to left ventricular dimensions and mass seen in spinal cord injury may result from adaptation rather than maladaptive myocardial remodeling, and increased incidence of cardiovascular disease may be related to modifiable risk factors.
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Williams AM, Gee CM, Voss C, West CR. Cardiac consequences of spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2018; 105:217-225. [PMID: 30262456 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conduct a meta-analysis to determine the impact of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) on echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) structure and function. METHODS MEDLINE and Embase were used for primary searches of studies reporting LV echocardiographic data in individuals with SCI. Of 378 unique citations, 36 relevant full-text articles were retrieved, and data from 27 studies were extracted for meta-analyses. Literature searches, article screening and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers and compared for agreement. Primary analyses compared echocardiographic indices between individuals with SCI and able-bodied individuals, using a random effects model. RESULTS Data are reported as pooled effect estimates (95% CI). Data from 22 articles (474 participants) were included in the primary meta-analysis. Compared with able-bodied individuals, individuals with SCI had reductions to LV stroke volume of 11.8 mL (95% CI -17.8 to -5.9, p<0.001), end-diastolic volume of 19.6 mL (95% CI -27.2 to -11.9, p<0.001) and LV massindex of -7.7 g/m2 (95% CI -11.6 to -3.8, p<0.001), but ejection fraction was not different between the groups (95% CI -2.6% to 0.6%, p=0.236). Individuals with SCI also had altered indices of diastolic function, specifically a lowered ratio of early-to-late filling velocities (p=0.039), and augmented ratio of early diastolic flow-to-tissue velocities (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with SCI have smaller LV volumes and mass, and altered systolic and diastolic function. While this meta-analysis demonstrates important alterations to echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure and function at rest, future work should consider the impacts of SCI on the heart's capacity or 'reserve' to respond to physiological challenges. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017072333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mackenzie Williams
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron Marshall Gee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Voss
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Roy West
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kim JH, Trilk JL, Smith R, Asif I, Maddux PT, Ko YA, Emery MS. Cardiac Structure and Function in Elite Para-cyclists with Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1431-7. [PMID: 27433957 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to explore the association between the spinal cord injury (SCI) level on the cardiac structure and the function observed in elite para-cyclists. METHODS Cross-sectional echocardiographic data from 44 elite SCI hand cyclists (39.8 ± 9 yr, 68% male/32% female) stratified by the level of SCI (cervical, N = 9; T1-T5, N = 10; below T5, N = 25) and 19 non-SCI blind/visually impaired (BVI) tandem cyclists (32.4 ± 7 yr, 58% male/42% female) were analyzed before the initiation of international competition. RESULTS Compared with non-SCI BVI cyclists, cervical SCI para-cyclists were observed with lower indexed left ventricular (LV) mass (99.6 ± 12 vs 125 ± 20 g·m, P = 0.01), posterior wall thickness (4.5 ± 0.3 vs 5.8 ± 0.7 mm·m, P < 0.001), interventricular septal wall thickness (4.8 ± 0.5 vs 5.7 ± 0.7 mm·m; P = 0.03), and left atrial volume (21 ± 3.5 vs 28 ± 7 mL·m; P = 0.02). In multivariable analyses, cervical SCI was independently associated with decreased LV wall thickness [interventricular septum (β = -0.67, P = 0.01), posterior wall (β = -0.98, P = 0.001)], decreased LV mass (β = -21, P < 0.001), and decreased left atrial volume index (β = -6.9, P = 0.001) compared with other levels of SCI and non-SCI BVI cyclists. There were no differences in ventricular function among any of the athlete groups. CONCLUSION Compared with para-cyclists with lower levels of SCI, the athletes with cervical SCI demonstrate attenuated cardiac size and concentric LV hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Kim
- 1Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; 2University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC; 3Department of Medicine, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC; and 4Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Sharif H, Wainman L, O'Leary D, Ditor D. The effect of blood volume and volume loading on left ventricular diastolic function in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2017; 55:753-758. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Currie KD, West CR, Stöhr EJ, Krassioukov AV. Left Ventricular Mechanics in Untrained and Trained Males with Tetraplegia. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:591-598. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine D. Currie
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher R. West
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric J. Stöhr
- Discipline of Physiology & Health, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei V. Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- G.F. Strong Rehabilitation Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Castiglioni P, Merati G. Fractal analysis of heart rate variability reveals alterations of the integrative autonomic control of circulation in paraplegic individuals. Physiol Meas 2017; 38:774-786. [PMID: 28140342 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa5b7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays a major role in the integrative control of circulation, possibly contributing to the 'complex' dynamics responsible for fractal components in heart rate variability. Aim of this study is to evaluate whether an altered autonomic integrative control is identified by fractal analysis of heart rate variability. We enrolled 14 spinal cord injured individuals with complete lesion between the 5th and 11th thoracic vertebra (SCIH), 14 with complete lesion between 12th thoracic and 5th lumbar vertebra (SCIL), and 34 able-bodied controls (AB). These paraplegic subjects have an altered autonomic integrative regulation, but intact autonomic cardiac control and, as to SCIL individuals, intact autonomic splanchnic control. Power spectral and fractal analysis (temporal spectrum of scale coefficients) were performed on 10 min tachograms. AB and SCIL power spectra were similar, while the SCIL fractal spectrum had higher coefficients between 12 and 48 s. SCIH individuals had lower power than controls at 0.1 Hz; their fractal spectrum was morphologically different, diverging from that of controls at the largest scales (120 s). Therefore, when the lesion compromises the autonomic control of lower districts, fractal analysis reveals alterations undetected by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
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Currie KD, West CR, Krassioukov AV. Differences in Left Ventricular Global Function and Mechanics in Paralympic Athletes with Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord Injuries. Front Physiol 2016; 7:110. [PMID: 27065879 PMCID: PMC4809896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a spinal cord injury, there are changes in resting stroke volume (SV) and its response to exercise. The purpose of the following study was to characterize resting left ventricular structure, function, and mechanics in Paralympic athletes with tetraplegia (TETRA) and paraplegia (PARA) in an attempt to understand whether the alterations in SV are attributable to inherent dysfunction in the left ventricle. This retrospective study compared Paralympic athletes with a traumatic, chronic (>1 year post-injury), motor-complete spinal cord injury (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A-B). Eight male TETRA wheelchair rugby players (34 ± 5 years, C5-C7) and eight male PARA alpine skiers (35 ± 5 years, T4-L3) were included in the study. Echocardiography was performed in the left lateral decubitus position and indices of left ventricular structure, global diastolic and systolic function, and mechanics were derived from the average across three cardiac cycles. Blood pressure was measured in the supine and seated positions. All results are presented as TETRA vs. PARA. There was no difference in left ventricular dimensions between TETRA and PARA. Additionally, indices of global diastolic function were similar between groups including isovolumetric relaxation time, early (E) and late (A) transmitral filling velocities and their ratio (E/A). While ejection fraction was similar between TETRA and PARA (59 ± 4 % vs. 61 ± 7 %, p = 0.394), there was evidence of reduced global systolic function in TETRA including lower SV (62 ± 9 ml vs. 71 ± 6 ml, p = 0.016) and cardiac output (3.5 ± 0.6 L/min vs. 5.0 ± 0.9 L/min, p = 0.002). Despite this observation, several indices of systolic and diastolic mechanics were maintained in TETRA but attenuted in PARA including circumferential strain at the level of the papillary muscle (−23 ± 4% vs. −15 ± 6%, p = 0.010) and apex (−36 ± 10% vs. −23 ± 5%, p = 0.010) and their corresponding diastolic strain rates (papillary: 1.90 ± 0.63 s−1 vs. 1.20 ± 0.51 s−1, p = 0.028; apex: 3.03 ± 0.71 s−1 vs. 1.99 ± 0.69 s−1, p = 0.009). All blood pressures were lower in TETRA. The absence of an association between reduced global systolic function and mechanical dysfunction in either TETRA or PARA suggests any reductions in SV are likely attributed to impaired loading rather than inherent left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine D Currie
- Autonomic Research Laboratory, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher R West
- Autonomic Research Laboratory, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; Translational Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrei V Krassioukov
- Autonomic Research Laboratory, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal HealthVancouver, BC, Canada
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The effect of FES-rowing training on cardiac structure and function: pilot studies in people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:822-829. [PMID: 26754476 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Two studies were conducted: Study-1 was cross-sectional; and Study-2 a longitudinal repeated measures design. OBJECTIVES To examine the influence of functional electrical stimulation (FES) rowing training on cardiac structure and function in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING A university sports science department and home-based FES-training. METHODS Fourteen participants with C4-T10 SCI (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A or B) were recruited for the studies. Cardiac structure and function, and peak: oxygen uptake ([Vdot ]O2peak), power output (POpeak) and heart rate (HRpeak), were compared between two FES-untrained groups (male n=3, female n=3) and an FES-trained group (male n=3) in Study-1 and longitudinally assessed in an FES-naive group (male n=1, female n=4) in Study-2. Main outcome measures left ventricular-dimensions, volumes, mass, diastolic and systolic function, and [Vdot ]O2peak, POpeak and HRpeak. In Study-2, in addition to peak values, the [Vdot ]O2 sustainable over 30 min and the related PO and HR were also assessed. RESULTS Sedentary participants with chronic SCI had cardiac structure and function at the lower limits of non-SCI normal ranges. Individuals with chronic SCI who habitually FES-row have cardiac structure and function that more closely resemble non-SCI populations. A programme of FES-rowing training improved cardiac structure and function in previously FES-naive people. CONCLUSION FES-rowing training appears to be an effective stimulus for positive cardiac remodelling in people with SCI. Further work, with greater participant numbers, should investigate the impact of FES-rowing training on cardiac health in SCI. SPONSORSHIP We thank the INSPIRE Foundation, UK, for funding these studies.
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Bochkezanian V, Raymond J, de Oliveira CQ, Davis GM. Can combined aerobic and muscle strength training improve aerobic fitness, muscle strength, function and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury? A systematic review. Spinal Cord 2015; 53:418-31. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jenkins NDM, Buckner SL, Cochrane KC, Bergstrom HC, Goldsmith JA, Weir JP, Housh TJ, Cramer JT. CLA Supplementation and Aerobic Exercise Lower Blood Triacylglycerol, but Have No Effect on Peak Oxygen Uptake or Cardiorespiratory Fatigue Thresholds. Lipids 2014; 49:871-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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DE ROSSI GUILHERME, MATOS-SOUZA JOSÉR, COSTA E SILVA ANSELMODEA, CAMPOS LUISF, SANTOS LUIZG, AZEVEDO ELIZAR, ALONSO KARINAC, PAIM LAYDER, SCHREIBER ROBERTO, GORLA JOSÉI, CLIQUET ALBERTO, NADRUZ WILSON. Physical Activity and Improved Diastolic Function in Spinal Cord–Injured Subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:887-92. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nery MB, Driver S, Vanderbom KA. Systematic framework to classify the status of research on spinal cord injury and physical activity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:2027-31. [PMID: 23643686 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically classify the physical activity research for individuals with a spinal cord injury by using the behavioral epidemiologic framework; and to identify where the physical activity research for individuals with a spinal cord injury has focused between 2000 and 2012. DESIGN Relevant research was identified and then categorized into 1 of 5 phases by following the coding rules of the behavioral epidemiology framework. Phase 1 studies link physical activity and health outcomes, phase 2 studies validate or develop measures of physical activity, phase 3 studies identify factors that influence behavior or examine explanatory theories of behavior, phase 4 studies evaluate interventions, and phase 5 studies disseminate health promotion programs or policies and translate research into practice. SETTING Specific keywords were identified and then searched through EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Google Scholar. PARTICIPANTS Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Not applicable. RESULTS One hundred and thirteen articles met the criteria. Of the articles, 55% were categorized as phase 1, 12% as phase 2, 24% as phase 3, 5% as phase 4, and 4% as phase 5. CONCLUSIONS Most studies were categorized as phase 1, 2, or 3, which implies that this field is still in the early stages of development and research should focus on intervention development and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara B Nery
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
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