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Sumi-Ichinose C, Suganuma Y, Kano T, Ikemoto K, Ihira N, Ichinose H, Kondo K. Priapism caused by partial deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin through hypofunction of the sympathetic neurons in sepiapterin reductase gene-disrupted mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:621-634. [PMID: 35192730 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for aromatic L-amino acid hydroxylases, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), alkylglycerol monooxygenase, and three types of nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOS). Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes the third step of BH4 biosynthesis. SPR gene-disrupted (Spr-/- ) mice exhibit a dystonic posture, low body weight, hyperphenylalaninemia, and unstable hypertension with endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we found that Spr-/- mice suffered from a high incidence of severe priapism. Their erections persisted for months. The biopterin, BH4, and norepinephrine contents, and TH protein levels in the penile tissue of Spr-/- mice without and with priapism were significantly reduced compared to those of Spr+/+ mice. In contrast, their neural NOS (nNOS) protein levels were increased, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were remarkably elevated in the penises of Spr-/- mice with priapism. The symptoms were relieved by repeated administration of BH4. The biopterin, BH4, and norepinephrine contents were increased in penile homogenates from BH4-supplemented Spr-/- mice, and the TH protein levels tended to increase, and their nitrite plus nitrate levels were significantly lower than those of vehicle-treated Spr-/- mice and were approximately the same as vehicle- and BH4-supplemented Spr+/+ mice. Thus, we deduced that the priapism of Spr-/- mice is primarily caused by hypofunction of the sympathetic neurons due to cofactor depletion and the loss of TH protein and, further, dysregulation of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway, which would be caused by disinhibition of nNOS-containing neurons and/or abnormal catabolism of cyclic nucleotides is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Sumi-Ichinose
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yui Suganuma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Taiki Kano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ikemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Noriko Ihira
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunao Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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John J, Mngqi N, Kesner K. Priapism after spinal cord injury - a case report and review of the literature. Ther Adv Urol 2021; 13:17562872211039107. [PMID: 34422113 PMCID: PMC8371740 DOI: 10.1177/17562872211039107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Involuntary unwanted erections are extremely rare after spinal cord injury (SCI). A
sudden loss of sympathetic tone to the pelvic vasculature following SCI causes an increase
in the parasympathetic tone and uncontrolled arterial blood flow into the penile
sinusoidal spaces. When occurring immediately after an acute SCI, it is generally
self-limiting and settles within a few hours. In contrast, recurrent, unwanted erections
in patients with chronic SCI are more unpredictable in frequency and duration and may
require treatment. We present a case of recurrent involuntary unwanted erections in a
patient with chronic SCI after a stab wound to his neck and review the pathophysiology and
available management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff John
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Frere Hospital and Walter Sisulu University, East London, 5200, South Africa
| | - Noma Mngqi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Frere Hospital and Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
| | - Ken Kesner
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Frere Hospital and Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
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3
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Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS, Perry A, Klinkner DB, Daniels DJ. An arrow that missed the mark: a pediatric case report of remarkable neurologic improvement following penetrating spinal cord injury. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:1771-1778. [PMID: 32754869 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Penetrating spinal cord injuries are rare in children but result in devastating impacts on long-term morbidity and mortality-with little known about the recovery capacity in this age group. We present the case of an eight-year-old child who sustained a penetrating injury through the right anterior thorax. Thoracic CT showed the arrow tip extending through the spinal canal at T6. Neurologic examination revealed no motor or sensory function below T6. The arrow was surgically removed without complications through an anterior-only approach. MRI on post-operative day (POD) 4 showed focal T2 hyperintensity at the T6 spinal cord. Patient was discharged on POD33 with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)-D score and trace voluntary control over bowel and bladder function. Remarkably, four months later, he had near normal bowel and bladder function, with near-intact lower extremity strength and self-sustained ambulation. Follow-up imaging revealed hemicord formation at the level of injury. We review our case of penetrating spinal cord injury in a child and similar reports in the literature. Penetrating thoracic spinal cord trauma portends poor clinical outcomes, particularly when employing available adult prognostic spinal cord injury scoring metrics. Incomplete spinal cord injury, and often-associated spinal shock, can mimic a complete injury-as in our patient, which improved to near-complete motor and sensory restoration of function and resulted in the formation of a split hemicord. This case represents a unique penetrating spinal cord injury with remarkable neurologic recovery, which would advocate against definitive early prognostication in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Carlstrom
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher S Graffeo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Avital Perry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - David J Daniels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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4
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Szczecinski EJ, Pominville R, Maiers TJ, Belko NA, Bodkin JJ. High flow or low flow? An unusual case of ischemic priapism following gunshot wound to the cervical spinal cord. Urol Case Rep 2021; 37:101631. [PMID: 33747794 PMCID: PMC7970103 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic priapism has rarely been reported in the setting of acute spinal cord injury. Herein, we present a 25 year-old male with cavernous blood gas evidence of ischemic priapism following a traumatic gunshot wound with a retained bullet fragment in the third cervical vertebra. The patient received definitive treatment with corporal aspiration and irrigation, with no evidence of priapism recurrence. This unusual case emphasizes the critical importance of obtaining a cavernous blood gas, even when a common cause of non-ischemic priapism is apparent. Suspicion for ischemic priapism must be maintained, especially in the setting of multiple known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Szczecinski
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo General Medical Center, 100 High Street, Suite B280, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Raymond Pominville
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo General Medical Center, 100 High Street, Suite B280, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Tyler J Maiers
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo General Medical Center, 100 High Street, Suite B280, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Nicole A Belko
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo General Medical Center, 100 High Street, Suite B280, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - John J Bodkin
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo General Medical Center, 100 High Street, Suite B280, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Western New York Urology Associates, 3085 Harlem Rd, Cheektowaga, NY, 14225, USA
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Koyuncu E, Taşoğlu Ö, Orhan A, Özbudak Demir S, Özgirgin N. Recurrent priapism in spinal cord injury: A case report. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:331-333. [PMID: 31074709 PMCID: PMC7952053 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1613781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Recurrent priapism is characterized by repetitive episodes of erections which are unrelated to sexual interest or stimulation. It is extremely rare in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). There are a number of conservative agents used in the treatment.Findings: We describe the case of a 20-year-old male with cervical-5 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A tetraplegia as a result of a diving accident 2 years ago. He declared that the recurrent penile erections occurred up to 15-20 times day and night every day and lasted up to 20 min each time unrelated to sexual interest or stimulation. He was prescribed baclofen 10 mg, twice daily. The frequency and duration of erections decreased to 3-5 times/day lasting for about 5 min each and the patient reported a high treatment satisfaction.Conclusion: The presentation of this case is to remind clinicians this rare but distressing condition of recurrent priapism seen in men with complete spinal cord lesions and to summarize the use of medications, most commonly baclofen, to alleviate the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Koyuncu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey,Correspondence to: Engin Koyuncu, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Türkocağı Sokak, No:3, Sıhhiye, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey; Ph: +903123103230; Fax: +903123118054;
| | - Özlem Taşoğlu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Orhan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Özbudak Demir
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neşe Özgirgin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Sjeklocha L, Gatz JD. Traumatic Injuries to the Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2020; 39:1-28. [PMID: 33218651 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both blunt and penetrating trauma can cause injuries to the peripheral and central nervous systems. Emergency providers must maintain a high index of suspicion, especially in the setting of polytrauma. There are 2 major classifications of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs). Some PNIs are classically associated with certain traumatic mechanisms. Most closed PNIs are managed conservatively, whereas sharp nerve transections require specialist consultation for urgent repair. Spinal cord injuries almost universally require computed tomography imaging; some require emergent magnetic resonance imaging. Providers should work to minimize secondary injury. Surgical specialists are needed for closed reduction, surgical decompression, or stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sjeklocha
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 22 South Greene Street, Room S4D03, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - J David Gatz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abdul Azeez MM, Moscote-Salazar LR, Alcala-Cerra G, García-Ballestas E, Bustos-Salazar D, Satyarthee GD, Agrawal A. Emergency Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord trauma constitutes one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in young adults around the world, with an estimated 2 to 3 new cases for every 100,000 population. Road traffic accidents, falls from high heights, sports injuries, and violent actions are common causes of spinal cord injuries. There is no “gold standard” for the diagnosis of spinal cord traumatic injuries; however, the rational use of conventional radiologic test, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will allow to identify almost all clinically relevant injuries. MRI is recommended according to surgeon’s criteria, who after evaluating the specific characteristics of the injury will determine its usefulness. Therapeutic strategies need to be directed to maintain airway, breathing and circulation, maintenance of mean arterial pressure prevention of hypotension, and assessment of other associated injuries. Intensive treatment must be focused on the prevention and management of ventilatory and cardiovascular abnormalities related to muscle weakness and loss of autonomic innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar
- Consejo Latinoamericano de Neurointensivismo- CLaNi, Cartagena, Colombia
- Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Alcala-Cerra
- Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ezequiel García-Ballestas
- Consejo Latinoamericano de Neurointensivismo- CLaNi, Cartagena, Colombia
- Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Diego Bustos-Salazar
- Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Guru Dutta Satyarthee
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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8
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Chang C, Lu C, Yang Y, Liu K. Man with trauma after a fall. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:296-297. [PMID: 33000049 PMCID: PMC7493590 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Yun Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Cancer CenterNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Ju Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Cancer CenterNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yung‐Hsuan Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Cancer CenterNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kao‐Lang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Cancer CenterNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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9
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Ingram AR, Stillings SA, Jenkins LC. An Update on Non-Ischemic Priapism. Sex Med Rev 2019; 8:140-149. [PMID: 30987934 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-ischemic or high-flow priapism is derived from unregulated arterial inflow within the penis, which is significantly less common and, therefore, less well characterized than ischemic or low-flow priapism. AIM We collected the most recent available data and summarized the findings. METHODS All literature related to non-ischemic priapism from 2000-2018 from several databases was reviewed, and 105 articles, including any relevant referenced articles, were ultimately included. MAIN OUTCOME METHODS We evaluated modality success rates, need for repeat procedures, and effects on erectile function. RESULTS 237 cases of non-ischemic priapism were evaluated. Approximately 27% of patients underwent observation or medical management as the first treatment modality, whereas 73% underwent intervention without observation or medical management beforehand. Angiographic embolization with temporary agents was the most common intervention and generally resulted in both moderate resolution of non-ischemic priapism and moderate preservation of baseline erectile function. Patients who underwent embolization with permanent agents experienced higher rates of resolution, as well as lower rates of erectile dysfunction (ED). CONCLUSION Most of the literature is in the form of case reports and small case series, thus limiting the quality and quantity of evidence available to draw decisive conclusions. However, from the available data, it is reasonable to presume that patients can undergo a trial of conservative management, then pursue embolization first with temporary agents. The analysis of the data demonstrated ED rates were higher with temporary agents than permanent agents. The literature quotes ED rates as low as 5% when using temporary agents and 39% with permanent agents. Our results were, in fact, the opposite, with higher ED rates when using temporary agents vs permanent (17-33% vs 8-17%). Further studies are required to better characterize the success and outcomes of angioembolization. Ingram AR, Stillings SA, Jenkins LC. An Update on Non-Ischemic Priapism. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:140-149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Ingram
- The Ohio State University Department of Urology, Columbus, Oho, USA
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10
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Vreugdenhil S, de Jong IJ, van Driel MF. Priapism Throughout the Ages. Urology 2018; 118:21-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Čechová M, Pádr R, Hanek P, Chocholatý M. Spontaneous detumescence and full restoration of erection in a patient with high-flow priapism with persistent arterial-lacunar fistula after repeated selective embolisation-A case report. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13019. [PMID: 29687468 DOI: 10.1111/and.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-flow priapism is a rare condition mainly caused by perineal trauma. Laceration of cavernosal artery results in a formation of arterial-lacunar fistula with unregulated blood flow causing prolonged erection. We present a case of a 25-year-old man with high-flow priapism and concurrent erectile dysfunction treated with repeated selective embolisation with only a partial effect. When no further embolisation was possible, we assumed on conservative management even through the fistula was still present. Spontaneous detumescence occurred 9 months, and erectile function has fully restored 24 months after the injury. To the best of our knowledge, spontaneous detumescence with full restoration of erection even through the persistent arterial-lacunar fistula has not been reported previously. Therefore, we propose conservative approach after embolisation to be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Čechová
- Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Pádr
- Department of Radiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Hanek
- Department of Urology, Regional Hospital Příbram, Czech Republic
| | - M Chocholatý
- Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Turliuc MD, Turliuc S, Cucu AI, Tamas C, Carauleanu A, Buzduga C, Sava A, Dumitrescu GF, Costea CF. Through Clinical Observation: The History of Priapism After Spinal Cord Injuries. World Neurosurg 2017; 109:365-371. [PMID: 29054772 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, physicians of antiquity noted the occurrence of priapism in some spinal cord injuries. Although priests saw it as a consequence of curses and witchcraft, after clinical observations of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the first medical hypotheses emerged in the 17th-19th centuries completed and argued by neuroscience and neurology developed in the European laboratories and hospitals. This study aims to present a short overview of the history of clinical observations of posttraumatic male priapism after spinal cord injuries since antiquity until the beginning of the 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Dana Turliuc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania; 2nd Neurosurgery Clinic, Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital Iasi, Romania
| | - Serban Turliuc
- Department of Psychiatry, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.
| | - Andrei Ionut Cucu
- 2nd Neurosurgery Clinic, Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital Iasi, Romania
| | - Camelia Tamas
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Carauleanu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania
| | - Catalin Buzduga
- Department of Endocrinology, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Sava
- Department of Anatomy, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania; 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic, Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital Iasi, Romania
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13
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Abstract
Priapism, a persistent penile erection lasting longer than 4 hours and unrelated to sexual activity, is one of the most common emergencies treated by urologists. Priapism can be categorized as ischemic, recurrent ischemic (stuttering), and non-ischemic. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of various types of priapism have led to targeted management strategies. This review aims to provide an up-to-date picture of the pathophysiology and management of priapism. A search of Medline and PubMed for relevant publications using the term "priapism" was performed. In addition to the "classical" articles, emphasis was placed on publications from January 2013 to September 2016 to evaluate the most recent literature available. Though advances in both basic and clinical research continue and effective treatment options are available, methods for the prevention of priapism continue to be elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hudnall
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA
| | - Amanda B Reed-Maldonado
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA
| | - Tom F Lue
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA
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14
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Mourelo Fariña M, Salvador de la Barrera S, Montoto Marqués A, Ferreiro Velasco ME, Galeiras Vázquez R. Update on traumatic acute spinal cord injury. Part 2. Med Intensiva 2017; 41:306-315. [PMID: 28161027 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of treatment in acute traumatic spinal cord injury is to preserve residual neurologic function, avoid secondary injury, and restore spinal alignment and stability. In this second part of the review, we describe the management of spinal cord injury focusing on issues related to short-term respiratory management, where the preservation of diaphragmatic function is a priority, with prediction of the duration of mechanical ventilation and the need for tracheostomy. Surgical assessment of spinal injuries based on updated criteria is discussed, taking into account that although the type of intervention depends on the surgical team, nowadays treatment should afford early spinal decompression and stabilization. Within a comprehensive strategy in spinal cord injury, it is essential to identify and properly treat patient anxiety and pain associated to spinal cord injury, as well as to prevent and ensure the early diagnosis of complications secondary to spinal cord injury (thromboembolic disease, gastrointestinal and urinary disorders, pressure ulcers).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mourelo Fariña
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - S Salvador de la Barrera
- Unidad de Lesionados Medulares, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - A Montoto Marqués
- Unidad de Lesionados Medulares, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - M E Ferreiro Velasco
- Unidad de Lesionados Medulares, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - R Galeiras Vázquez
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España.
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15
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Yücel ÖB, Salabaş E, Ermeç B, Kadıoğlu A. The Case Report of Priapus and a Modern Approach to an Ancient Affliction. Sex Med Rev 2016; 5:120-128. [PMID: 27687736 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Priapism, taking its name from God Priapus, is total or partial erection lasting longer than 4 hours independent of sexual stimulus and can result in erectile dysfunction. There are three subtypes of priapism. AIM To review the three subtypes of priapism, their pathophysiology, current treatment options, and complications. METHODS The literature including priapism guidelines, review articles, and current trial studies was reviewed and the priapism type of God Priapus was investigated according to the mythology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All three types of priapism were reviewed for etiology, diagnosis, and management. Medical and surgical treatment options were reviewed in relation to the current literature. Special emphasis concerned current treatment strategies and controversial surgical topics. RESULTS Ischemic priapism is the most common type, constituting 95% of all cases, and is an emergency. First-line treatments are blood aspiration and intracavernosal sympathomimetic drug injections. If these fail, then surgical shunt operations are recommended. A T-shunt combined with corporal tunneling is the currently popular option. Immediate penile prosthesis implantation is recommended for patients who present 48 to 72 hours after the onset of a priapism episode. High-flow priapism is caused by irregular arterial cavernosal blood flow, which usually occurs after a blunt perineal trauma. Antiandrogens and selective arterial embolization are the treatment options. Stuttering priapism is repetitive, self-limiting ischemic priapism and frequent in patients with sickle cell anemia. Ketoconazole is safe, cheap, and effective and appears to be a logical and suitable current treatment option to prevent further episodes, which is the primary treatment goal of stuttering priapism. CONCLUSION Priapism is a relatively common condition but not well known by clinicians. The lack and delay of treatment result in irreversible complications such as erectile dysfunction. Each type of priapism should be diagnosed and treated correctly with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Barış Yücel
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Salabaş
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Ermeç
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ateş Kadıoğlu
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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[Emergencies of the external genital area]. Urologe A 2016; 55:444-53. [PMID: 27033375 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-016-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to epididymitis and testicular torsion, emergencies of the external genital are rare. Rapid diagnosis and therapy are essential so that immediate therapy can be provided, which is important for survival (Fournier gangrene) of the patient or for the preservation of erectile function (priapism and penile fracture). A detailed patient history and clinical examination are generally sufficient for correct diagnosis. RESULTS Under certain circumstances, it might be useful to perform ultrasound, computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging or retrograde urethrography. A urine analysis is obligatory. In case of penetrating injuries and genital trauma in females, additional imaging should be performed because these are often associated with concomitant injuries of the rectum, vagina, or bladder. Special cases are gunshot wounds, in which caliber and type of weapon play an important role for the degree of damage, and animal or human bites. For animal bites, the risk for rabies infection and in case of a human bite the risk for transmission of HIV and hepatitis should be taken into consideration and post-exposure prophylaxis should possibly be offered.
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European Association of Urology Guidelines on Priapism. Eur Urol 2014; 65:480-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin C. Beh
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Teresa Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elliot M. Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Corresponding author. Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
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Editorial Note on: Priapism in acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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