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Sato S, Sezaki R, Shinohara H. Significance of preoperative evaluation of modified advanced lung cancer inflammation index for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024:10.1007/s11748-023-02003-9. [PMID: 38246904 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-023-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Body composition and systemic inflammation/nutrition have been identified as important clinical factors in cancer patients. The modified advanced lung cancer inflammation index (mALI), which combines body composition and systemic inflammation/nutrition, is defined as appendicular skeletal muscle index × serum albumin/neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. This retrospective study aimed to investigate associations between preoperative mALI and surgical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS We examined 665 patients with resectable stage I-III NSCLC who underwent pulmonary resection. Patients were divided into low-mALI (n = 168) and high-mALI (n = 497) based on the lower quartile. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were used to assess the prognostic value of mALI. We then performed 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) for high- and low-mALI to further investigate impacts on survival. RESULTS Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were both significantly poorer in the low-mALI group than in the high-mALI group (58.2% vs. 79.6%, P < 0.001; 48.8% vs. 66.7%, P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed low-mALI as an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.116; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.458-3.070; P < 0.001) and RFS (HR, 1.634; 95% CI 1.210-2.207; P = 0.001). After PSM, low-mALI remained as an independent predictor of OS (HR, 2.446; 95% CI 1.263-4.738; P = 0.008) and RFS (HR 1.835; 95% CI 1.074-3.137; P = 0.026). CONCLUSION Preoperative mALI appears to offer an independent predictor of poor surgical outcomes as a simple, routinely available, and inexpensive biomarker in patients with resectable NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seijiro Sato
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, 2-297-1 Senshu, Nagaoka City, Niigata, 940-2085, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sezaki
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, 2-297-1 Senshu, Nagaoka City, Niigata, 940-2085, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Shinohara
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, 2-297-1 Senshu, Nagaoka City, Niigata, 940-2085, Japan
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Hirata AS, La Clair JJ, Jimenez PC, Costa-Lotufo LV, Fenical W. Preclinical Development of Seriniquinones as Selective Dermcidin Modulators for the Treatment of Melanoma. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050301. [PMID: 35621952 PMCID: PMC9143531 DOI: 10.3390/md20050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive natural product seriniquinone was discovered as a potential melanoma drug, which was produced by the as-yet-undescribed marine bacterium of the rare genus Serinicoccus. As part of a long-term research program aimed at the discovery of new agents for the treatment of cancer, seriniquinone revealed remarkable in vitro activity against a diversity of cancer cell lines in the US National Cancer Institute 60-cell line screening. Target deconvolution studies defined the seriniquinones as a new class of melanoma-selective agents that act in part by targeting dermcidin (DCD). The targeted DCD peptide has been recently examined and defined as a “pro-survival peptide” in cancer cells. While DCD was first isolated from human skin and thought to be only an antimicrobial peptide, currently DCD has been also identified as a peptide associated with the survival of cancer cells, through what is believed to be a disulfide-based conjugation with proteins that would normally induce apoptosis. However, the significantly enhanced potency of seriniquinone was of particular interest against the melanoma cell lines assessed in the NCI 60-cell line panel. This observed selectivity provided a driving force that resulted in a multidimensional program for the discovery of a usable drug with a new anticancer target and, therefore, a novel mode of action. Here, we provided an overview of the discovery and development efforts to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - James J. La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0358, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.L.C.); (L.V.C.-L.); (W.F.)
| | - Paula C. Jimenez
- Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11070-100, Brazil;
| | - Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (J.J.L.C.); (L.V.C.-L.); (W.F.)
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0204, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.L.C.); (L.V.C.-L.); (W.F.)
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The Relationship Between Nutritional Risks and Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With Colorectal Cancer Fast-Track Surgery. Cancer Nurs 2018; 41:E41-E47. [DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Us Altay D, Keha EE, Ozer Yaman S, Ince I, Alver A, Erdogan B, Canpolat S, Cobanoglu U, Mentese A. Investigation of the expression of irisin and some cachectic factors in mice with experimentally induced gastric cancer. QJM 2016; 109:785-790. [PMID: 27256459 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether irisin is secreted by gastric tumor cells experimentally induced in mice, and also if it has any effect on cancer cachexia. DESIGN AND METHODS 12 out of 60 BALB/c mice were used as a control group, while N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) was administered orally to the remaining 48. After 150 days, the surviving mice were sacrificed by decapitation, blood and stomach, skeletal muscle, brown and white adipose tissue specimens were collected. Following histopathological evaluation of the stomach tissues, it was decided to create four groups, one control group and three consisting of mice administered MNU, no cancer, pre-cancer and cancer. Gene expression analyses of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and some cachexia-related proteins were performed in tissue samples, while levels of irisin, and various inflammatory and tumor markers together with cachectic factors were determined in serum samples. RESULTS The levels of inflammatory, tumor markers and cachectic factors in serum samples were significantly higher in the cancer group compared with the control group. No expression of FNDC5 or zinc-α-2 glycoprotein, a cachectic factor, was observed in gastric tissues from the control and MNU groups, whereas significantly increased FNDC5 expression was determined in the both white and brown adipose tissues from the cancer group. CONCLUSION Increased FNDC5 expression in white and brown adipose tissues may have a cachectic effect in mice with induced cancer. However, it is not possible to explain the mechanism of the relationship between irisin and gastric cancer development on the basis of the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diler Us Altay
- From the Ulubey Vocational School, Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology Department, Laboratory Technology Program, Ordu, Turkey
| | - E Edip Keha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Ozer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Imran Ince
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alver
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Sinan Canpolat
- Department of Physiology, Fırat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Umit Cobanoglu
- Department of Pathology, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Mentese
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
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Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is a debilitating disease with a poor prognosis, and weight loss owing to malnutrition prevails in the majority of patients. Cachexia, a multifactorial syndrome characterized by the loss of fat and skeletal muscle mass and systemic inflammation arising from complex host-tumour interactions is a major contributor to malnutrition, which is a determinant of tolerance to treatment and survival. In patients with oesophageal cancer, cachexia is further compounded by eating difficulties owing to the stage and location of the tumour, and the effects of neoadjuvant therapy. Treatment with curative intent involves exceptionally extensive and invasive surgery, and the subsequent anatomical changes often lead to eating difficulties and severe postoperative malnutrition. Thus, screening for cachexia by means of percentage weight loss and BMI during the cancer trajectory and survivorship periods is imperative. Additionally, markers of inflammation (such as C-reactive protein), dysphagia and appetite loss should be assessed at diagnosis. Routine assessments of body composition are also necessary in patients with oesophageal cancer to enable assessment of skeletal muscle loss, which might be masked by sarcopenic obesity in these patients. A need exists for clinical trials examining the effectiveness of therapeutic and physical-activity-based interventions in mitigating muscle loss and counteracting cachexia in these patients.
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De Lerma Barbaro A. The complex liaison between cachexia and tumor burden (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1635-49. [PMID: 26239384 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome that afflicts end-stage cancer patients. Whereas a consensus statement for a definition of cachexia recently has been accomplished, a useful measurement for this condition at present is lacking. The aim of the present review is to discuss the advantage of introducing the measurement of tumor burden for a better overall evaluation of cachexia. Our suggestion ensues from a somewhat novel perspective in the field of infectious disease research where a careful measurement of the pathogen load, between i.e. different host genotypes, leads to the definition of the concept of tolerance to the infectious insult. Indeed tolerance concurs, together the more classical resistance, in maintaining the host reproductive fitness or health state. Noticeably a similar reasoning may apply to tumor biology as well. Whereas the extent of cachexia increases with tumor burden, the relationship between these two correlates of tumor progression fluctuates in a broad range. We have selected from the literature studies in the rodent model where significant variation in the course of the wasting illness during cancer was observed and quantitatively assessed comparing experimental groups marked by different genotype, drug treatment, diet or gender. These studies may be further classified in two categories: the former where the experimental condition associated to milder cachexia is accompanied to a lesser tumor burden, the latter where the inhibition of cachexia results disentangled from the tumor burden, that is the whole number of cancer cells results unchanged or even, paradoxically, is increased. In addition we survey, even in the context of human malignancy, the significance and feasibility of plotting quantitative estimates of cachexia against the whole tumor burden. Ultimately, the principal endeavor of introducing the measurement of tumor burden, in both experimental and clinical oncology, may be to achieve a better assessment of the inter-individual variation in the host vulnerability to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Lerma Barbaro
- Biomedical Research Division, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
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Esposito G, Schiattarella GG, Perrino C, Cattaneo F, Pironti G, Franzone A, Gargiulo G, Magliulo F, Serino F, Carotenuto G, Sannino A, Ilardi F, Scudiero F, Brevetti L, Oliveti M, Giugliano G, Del Giudice C, Ciccarelli M, Renzone G, Scaloni A, Zambrano N, Trimarco B. Dermcidin: a skeletal muscle myokine modulating cardiomyocyte survival and infarct size after coronary artery ligation. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:431-41. [PMID: 26101262 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in western countries, and its association with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (LE-PAD) represents an independent predictor of worse outcome. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are currently unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate these processes, we used in vitro approaches and several mouse models: (i) unilateral limb ischaemia by left common femoral artery ligation [peripheral ischaemia (PI), n = 38]; (ii) myocardial infarction by permanent ligation of the left descending coronary artery (MI, n = 40); (iii) MI after 5 weeks of limb ischaemia (PI + MI, n = 44); (iv) sham operation (SHAM, n = 20). Compared with MI, PI + MI hearts were characterized by a significant increase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, larger infarct areas, and decreased cardiac function. By using a proteomic approach, we identified a ≅ 8 kDa circulating peptide, Dermcidin (DCD), secreted by ischaemic skeletal muscles, enhancing cardiomyocytes apoptosis under hypoxic conditions and infarct size after permanent coronary artery ligation. siRNA interference experiments to reduce DCD circulating levels significantly reduced infarct size and ameliorated cardiac function after MI. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that chronic limb ischaemia activates detrimental pathways in the ischaemic heart through humoral mechanisms of remote organ crosstalk. Thus, DCD may represent a novel important myokine modulating cardiomyocyte survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Esposito
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giacomo Schiattarella
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Pironti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Anna Franzone
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Fabio Magliulo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Federica Serino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carotenuto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Anna Sannino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Federica Ilardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Fernando Scudiero
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Linda Brevetti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Marco Oliveti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Del Giudice
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies/CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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Leucine modulates the effect of Walker factor, a proteolysis-inducing factor-like protein from Walker tumours, on gene expression and cellular activity in C2C12 myotubes. Cytokine 2013; 64:343-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Schittek B. The multiple facets of dermcidin in cell survival and host defense. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:349-60. [PMID: 22455996 PMCID: PMC6741627 DOI: 10.1159/000336844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands, which are distributed over the whole bodies of primates and humans, have long been regarded mainly to have a function in thermoregulation. However, the discovery of dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in eccrine sweat demonstrated that sweat actively participates in the constitutive innate immune defense of human skin against infection. In the meantime, a number of studies proved the importance of dermcidin in skin host defense. Several reports also state that peptides processed from the dermcidin precursor protein exhibit a range of other biological functions in neuronal and cancer cells. This review summarizes the evidence gathered until now concerning the expression of dermcidin and the functional relevance of dermcidin-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a progressive atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, called cachexia, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened survival time. Anorexia often accompanies cachexia, but appears not to be responsible for the tissue loss, particularly lean body mass. An increased resting energy expenditure is seen, possibly arising from an increased thermogenesis in skeletal muscle due to an increased expression of uncoupling protein, and increased operation of the Cori cycle. Loss of adipose tissue is due to an increased lipolysis by tumor or host products. Loss of skeletal muscle in cachexia results from a depression in protein synthesis combined with an increase in protein degradation. The increase in protein degradation may include both increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and lysosomes. The decrease in protein synthesis is due to a reduced level of the initiation factor 4F, decreased elongation, and decreased binding of methionyl-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit through increased phosphorylation of eIF2 on the alpha-subunit by activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, which also increases expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway through activation of NFkappaB. Tumor factors such as proteolysis-inducing factor and host factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, angiotensin II, and glucocorticoids can all induce muscle atrophy. Knowledge of the mechanisms of tissue destruction in cachexia should improve methods of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tisdale
- Nutritional Biomedicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Variation in dermcidin expression in a range of primary human tumours and in hypoxic/oxidatively stressed human cell lines. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:126-32. [PMID: 18594538 PMCID: PMC2453008 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermcidin acts as a survival factor in a variety of cancer cell lines under hypoxia or oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate dermcidin expression in cell lines following simulation of tumour microenvironmental conditions and in a range of primary tumours. Tumour tissues were collected from patients with oesophageal (28 samples), gastric (20), pancreatic (five), bile duct (one) and prostatic (52) carcinomas as well as 30 benign tissue samples, for assessment of dermcidin mRNA levels using real-time PCR. Dermcidin expression was assessed in prostatic and pancreatic cancer cell lines, with and without induction of hypoxia or oxidative stress. Dermcidin mRNA expression was very low or absent in both unstressed and stressed prostate cell lines. None of the primary prostate tissue, benign or malignant, expressed dermcidin mRNA. Only two (4%) of the gastro-oesophageal cancer samples expressed moderate quantities of dermcidin mRNA. However, three (60%) of the pancreatic cancer samples and the single cholangiocarcinoma specimen had moderate/high levels of dermcidin expression. Of the two pancreatic cancer cell lines, one expressed dermcidin moderately but neither showed a response to hypoxia or oxidative stress. Expression of dermcidin in human primary tumours appears highly variable and is not induced substantially by hypoxia/oxidative stress in cell line model systems. The relationship of these findings to dermcidin protein levels and cell survival remains to be determined.
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Landgraf P, Wahle P, Pape HC, Gundelfinger ED, Kreutz MR. The survival-promoting peptide Y-P30 enhances binding of pleiotrophin to syndecan-2 and -3 and supports its neuritogenic activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25036-45. [PMID: 18599487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-P30 is a polypeptide produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the maternal immune system during pregnancy. The peptide passes the blood-placenta barrier and accumulates in neurons of the developing infant brain, where it enhances survival of thalamic neurons and displays neuritogenic activities. In this study, we identify pleiotrophin (PTN) and syndecan-2 and -3 as direct binding partners of Y-P30. PTN is known to promote neurite outgrowth of thalamic neurons due to its association with the proteoglycan syndecan-3. Via spontaneous oligomerization Y-P30 can capture large macromolecular complexes containing PTN and potentially syndecans. Accordingly, the neuritogenic activity of Y-P30 in thalamic primary cultures requires the presence of PTN in the media and binding to syndecans. Thus, we propose that the neurite outgrowth promoting actions of Y-P30 during brain development are essentially based on its association with the PTN/syndecan signaling complex. This identifies a new mechanism of communication between the nervous and the immune system that might directly affect the wiring of the brain during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Landgraf
- Project Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
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Stewart GD, Skipworth RJ, Ross JA, Fearon KC, Baracos VE. The dermcidin gene in cancer: role in cachexia, carcinogenesis and tumour cell survival. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11:208-13. [PMID: 18403914 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3282fb7b8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The diverse protein products of the dermcidin gene are relevant to immunity, cancer cell progression and cancer cachexia. This article evaluates recent developments/controversies around dermcidin. RECENT FINDINGS Dermcidin has recently been shown to act as a survival/proliferation factor in hepatoma and prostate cancer cell lines. Recent studies suggest that the Y-P30 subunit of the dermcidin polypeptide offers a survival advantage in such cancer cells. Nevertheless, the relevance of Y-P30 to cancer growth in vivo, and mechanisms of action remain unknown. In mice, tumour cells appear to glycosylate the Y-P30 subunit, transforming it into a potent skeletal muscle proteolysis-inducing factor. Recent work has described a receptor and signal transduction pathways for murine glycosylated proteolysis-inducing factor. The absence of classical N-glycosylation sites in the human proteolysis-inducing factor peptide and the lack of specific tools for the detection of the key carbohydrate moieties conferring the proteolysis-inducing activity, however, remain barriers to confirming glycosylated proteolysis-inducing factor as a pro-cachectic factor in humans. SUMMARY There is a growing body of evidence illustrating dermcidin as an oncogene and Y-P30 as a survival factor. The biology of murine proteolysis-inducing factor as a pro-cachectic factor continues to evolve; however, its role in human biology remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Stewart
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie E. Baracos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Canada
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Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:5-15. [PMID: 18061312 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 857] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Richey LM, George JR, Couch ME, Kanapkey BK, Yin X, Cannon T, Stewart PW, Weissler MC, Shores CG. Defining cancer cachexia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6561-7. [PMID: 18006755 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer cachexia is a devastating and understudied illness in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The primary objective was to identify clinical characteristics and serum levels of cytokines and cachexia-related factors in patients with HNSCC. The secondary objective was to detect the occurrence of cytokine and cachexia-related factor gene expression in HNSCC tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For the primary objective, cross-sectional data were obtained from prospectively recruited patients identified as cachexia cases and matching cachexia-free controls. For the secondary objective, a retrospective cohort design with matched controls was used. RESULTS Clinical characteristics associated with cancer cachexia in HNSCC were T(4) status (P = 0.01), increased C-reactive protein (P = 0.01), and decreased hemoglobin (P < 0.01). Exploratory multiplex analysis of serum cytokine levels found increased interleukin (IL)-6 (P = 0.04). A highly sensitive ELISA confirmed the multiplex result for increased IL-6 in cachectic patients (P = 0.02). Quality of life was substantially reduced in patients with cachexia compared with noncachectic patients (P < 0.01). All tumors of HNSCC patients both with and without cachexia expressed RNA for each cytokine tested and the cachexia factor lipid-mobilizing factor. There were no statistically significant differences between the cytokine and cachexia factor RNA expression of cachectic and noncachectic patients (each P > 0.05). No tumors expressed the cachexia factor proteolysis-inducing factor. CONCLUSION We have identified clinical characteristics and pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with cancer cachexia in a carefully defined population of patients with HNSCC. The data suggest that the acute-phase response and elevated IL-6 are associated with this complex disease state. We therefore hypothesize that IL-6 may represent an important therapeutic target for HNSCC patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Richey
- Doris Duke Clinical Research Fellowship, Verne S. Caviness General Clinical Research Center, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Yano CL, Ventrucci G, Field WN, Tisdale MJ, Gomes-Marcondes MCC. Metabolic and morphological alterations induced by proteolysis-inducing factor from Walker tumour-bearing rats in C2C12 myotubes. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:24. [PMID: 18226207 PMCID: PMC2266935 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced cancer suffer from cachexia, which is characterised by a marked weight loss, and is invariably associated with the presence of tumoral and humoral factors which are mainly responsible for the depletion of fat stores and muscular tissue. METHODS In this work, we used cytotoxicity and enzymatic assays and morphological analysis to examine the effects of a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF)-like molecule purified from ascitic fluid of Walker tumour-bearing rats (WF), which has been suggested to be responsible for muscle atrophy, on cultured C2C12 muscle cells. RESULTS WF decreased the viability of C2C12 myotubes, especially at concentrations of 20-25 mug.mL-1. There was an increase in the content of the pro-oxidant malondialdehyde, and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Myotubes protein synthesis decreased and protein degradation increased together with an enhanced in the chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity, a measure of functional proteasome activity, after treatment with WF. Morphological alterations such as cell retraction and the presence of numerous cells in suspension were observed, particularly at high WF concentrations. CONCLUSION These results indicate that WF has similar effects to those of proteolysis-inducing factor, but is less potent than the latter. Further studies are required to determine the precise role of WF in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Yano
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Ventrucci
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William N Field
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Michael J Tisdale
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Maria Cristina C Gomes-Marcondes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rapoport EA. On the possible role of PIF in myofibrillar proteins mobilisation from skeletal muscles in the presence of non-malignant foci of growth in organism. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:242; author reply 243. [PMID: 18026185 PMCID: PMC2359719 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Deans DAC, Wigmore SJ, Gilmour H, Tisdale MJ, Fearon KCH, Ross JA. Reply: Expression of the proteolysis-inducing factor core-peptide mRNA is upregulated in both tumour and adjacent normal tissue in gastrooesophageal malignancy. Br J Cancer 2007; 98:243. [PMID: 18087288 PMCID: PMC2359703 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D A C Deans
- 1Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Todorov PT, Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ. Identification and Characterization of a Membrane Receptor for Proteolysis-Inducing Factor on Skeletal Muscle. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11419-27. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wieland BM, Stewart GD, Skipworth RJE, Sangster K, Fearon KCH, Ross JA, Reiman TJ, Easaw J, Mourtzakis M, Kumar V, Pak BJ, Calder K, Filippatos G, Kremastinos DT, Palcic M, Baracos VE. Is There a Human Homologue to the Murine Proteolysis-Inducing Factor? Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4984-92. [PMID: 17785548 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A tumor-derived proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is suggested to be a potent catabolic factor in skeletal muscle of mice and humans. We aimed to establish the clinical significance of PIF in cancer patients and to elucidate its structural features. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PIF was detected in human urine using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and related to clinical outcomes. PIF immunoaffinity-purified using the mAb was purified/separated using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Ten human cancer cell lines were tested for expression of mRNA encoding PIF core peptide. RESULTS PIF immunoreactivity was present in 160 of 262 patients with advanced cancers of the lung, esophagus/stomach, and other organs. In a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of 181 lung cancer patients, PIF was unrelated to survival; PIF status was also unrelated to skeletal muscle loss confirmed by computed tomography imaging. PIF was seen in 16 of 24 patients with chronic heart failure and thus is not exclusive to malignant disease. In-gel digestion and mass spectrometric analysis of immunoaffinity purified PIF from cancer patients consistently identified human albumin and immunoglobulins. We showed nonspecific binding of purified albumin and immunoglobulins to the anti-PIF mAb, which is thus not a useful tool for PIF detection or purification in humans. Finally, the human PIF core peptide was detected in human cancer cell lines using reverse transcription-PCR and nucleotide sequencing; however, none of the amplified products had a site for the glycosylation critical to the proteolysis-inducing activity of murine PIF. CONCLUSIONS A putative human homologue of murine PIF and its role in human cancer cachexia cannot be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Wieland
- Departments of Oncology and Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Camps C, Iranzo V, Bremnes RM, Sirera R. Anorexia–Cachexia syndrome in cancer: implications of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Support Care Cancer 2006; 14:1173-83. [PMID: 16819628 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-006-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is a common problem in cancer patients. Its incidence varies according to disease stage (between 15 and 90%) and is considered a possible prognostic factor for therapeutic response and survival. It is also one of the causes contributing to the increase in morbidity and mortality in patients. Tumor cachexia is defined as a nutritional defect caused by tumor growth in the patient and presents as a significant weight loss. This weight loss is mainly caused by a degradation of skeletal muscle proteins. CONCLUSION The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the most important pathway of protein degradation. As a regulatory system governing protein half-life, it is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, signal transmission, immune system response, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. Knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in the induction of cancer-associated cachexia will favor a more rational approach to its treatment as well as possible quality of life and survival benefit for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Camps
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Av. Tres Cruces s/n, 46014, Valencia, Spain.
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