1
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the change in availability of hyper-palatable foods (HPF) in the US foods system over 30 years (1988-2018). DESIGN Three datasets considered representative of the US food system were used in analyses to represent years 1988, 2001 and 2018. A standardised definition from Fazzino et al. (2019) that specifies combinations of nutrients was used to identify HPF. SETTING Analysis of food-item level data was conducted. Differences in the prevalence of HPF were characterised by Cochran's Q and McNemar's tests. Generalised linear mixed models with a fixed effect for time and random intercept for food item estimated change in the likelihood that a food was classified as hyper-palatable over time. PARTICIPANTS No participant data were used. RESULTS The prevalence of HPF increased 20 % from 1988 to 2018 (from 49 % to 69 %; P < 0·0001). The most prominent difference was in the availability of HPF high in fat and Na, which evidenced a 17 % higher prevalence in 2018 compared with 1988 (P < 0·0001). Compared with 1988, the same food items were >2 times more likely to be hyper-palatable in 2001, and the same food items were >4 times more likely to be classified as hyper-palatable in 2018 compared with 1988 (P values < 0·0001). CONCLUSIONS The availability of HPF in the US food system increased substantially over 30 years. Existing food products in the food system may have been reformulated over time to enhance their palatability.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bahrampour N, Mirzababaei A, Shiraseb F, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K. The mediatory role of inflammatory markers on the relationship between dietary energy density and body composition among obese and overweight adult women: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14579. [PMID: 34185366 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Energy density (ED) is known to influence body composition (BC). Indeed, consumption of high ED foods can increase body fat mass (BFM) and inflammatory markers. We sought to assess the mediatory role of high-sensitive-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-beta), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) on the relationship between ED and BC in women with overweight/obesity. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 391 women. Body composition (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the BC and food intake of individuals. Blood samples and serum level of hs-CRP, PAI-1, and TGF-β were collected. ED per one gram of foods was calculated and divided to quartiles. Linear logistic regression was used to investigate the association between BC across quartiles of ED intake. RESULTS Total body water (TBW), fat free mass (FFM), visceral fat area (VFA), and fat free mass index (FFMI) appeared to be mediated by hs-CRP across ED quartiles. TBW, FFM with PAI-1, bone mineral content (BMC) with PAI-1 and TGF-beta, and skeletal lean mass (SLM) were inversely associated with hs-CRP, respectively. Fat trunk, TBW, BFM, FFM, SLM, waist circumference (WC), FFMI, and FMI were positively mediated by TGF-beta with increasing ED food intakes. Fat trunk, BFM, SLM, WC, FFMI and FMI were positively mediated by PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Most BC subcategories were positively associated with higher ED intake, mediated by increasing serum levels of PAI-1 and TGF-beta. Moreover, higher serum hs-CRP levels may be related to body fat and water alteration concomitant to a higher ED intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niki Bahrampour
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Latter R, Brown LJ, Rae KM, Rollo ME, Schumacher TL. The role of socio-economic status and energy-density in Australian women of child-bearing age. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 33:718-728. [PMID: 32108966 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An optimal diet is imperative in preparing women for pregnancy and this may be influenced by socio-economic status (SES). This research aims to investigate the role of SES on the dietary energy density (ED) in Australian women of preconception age. METHODS A secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12 for females aged 18-39 years (n = 1617) was conducted. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hr recalls and dietary ED by dietary energy per weight (kJ.g-1 ). ED was further categorised as ED of foods and beverages separately. SES was assessed by three variables: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics; income decile; and level of education. Linear mixed model regressions were used to identify associations between ED and SES. RESULTS The median ED for food, beverages and combined food and beverages was 9.38 kJ g-1 , 1.02 kJ g-1 and 7.11 kJ g-1 , respectively. No significant variation was explained by SES variables when analysing combined ED in the adjusted model or ED from foods. Income decile reduced ED of beverages, although with little effect (coefficient: -0.04, P = 0.002). Significant confounders included inactivity, which increased ED in both combined ED and ED foods (coefficient: 0.51, P = 0.001 and coefficient: 0.78, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SES explained little variation in dietary ED in women of childbearing age. A large proportion of women had high energy-dense diets regardless of their SES. These findings suggest that a large proportion of women, who may become pregnant, have diets that exceed the international recommendations for dietary energy density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Latter
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Rural Health, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - L J Brown
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Rural Health, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - K M Rae
- Mater Research Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M E Rollo
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - T L Schumacher
- Department of Rural Health, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim J, Lim H. Nutritional Management in Childhood Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr 2019; 28:225-235. [PMID: 31909365 PMCID: PMC6939706 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents poses a major concern worldwide. Dietary practice in these critical periods affects physical and cognitive development and has consequences in later life. Therefore, acquiring healthy eating behaviors that will endure is important for children and adolescents. Nutrition management has been applied to numerous childhood obesity intervention studies. Diverse forms of nutrition education and counseling, key messages, a Mediterranean-style hypocaloric diet, and nutritional food selection have been implemented as dietary interventions. The modification of dietary risk in terms of nutrients, foods, dietary patterns, and dietary behaviors has been applied to changing problematic dietary factors. However, it is not easy to identify the effectiveness of nutritional management because of the complex and interacting components of any multicomponent approach to intervention in childhood obesity. In this review, we describe the modifiable dietary risk factors and nutritional components of previous nutrition intervention studies for nutritional management in childhood obesity. Furthermore, we suggest evidence-based practice in nutrition care for obese children and adolescents by considering obesity-related individual and environmental dietary risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Korea
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stinson EJ, Piaggi P, Ibrahim M, Venti C, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. High Fat and Sugar Consumption During Ad Libitum Intake Predicts Weight Gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:689-695. [PMID: 29504262 PMCID: PMC5866204 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how macronutrients accompanying foods with high energy density (EnDen) affect energy intake and weight gain. METHODS A total of 214 subjects (130 males, BMI: 32 ± 7 kg/m2 ) ate ad libitum for 3 days. Food intake was expressed as the mean daily intake (in kilocalories) and the percentage of weight-maintaining energy needs (%WMEN). EnDen was expressed as the ratio of intake (in kilocalories) to food weight (in grams). Food choices were expressed as absolute and percent intake (kilocalories), categorized as high in fat (HF; ≥ 45% kcal) or low in fat (LF; < 20% kcal), and further categorized as high in complex carbohydrates (≥ 30% kcal), high in simple sugars (HSS; ≥ 30% kcal), or high in protein (HP; ≥ 13% kcal). Follow-up weights were available from 99 subjects (65 males, range: 6 months to 11 years). RESULTS EnDen was associated with BMI (r = 0.28, P < 0.0001), percent body fat (r = 0.18, P = 0.007), and percent intake from HF/HP (r = 0.34, P < 0.0001), HF/HSS (r = 0.31, P < 0.0001), LF/HP (r = -0.37, P < 0.0001) and LF/HSS (r = -0.68, P < 0.0001). The %WMEN was associated with EnDen (r = 0.16, P = 0.01), HF/HSS (r = 0.33, P < 0.0001), and LF/HP intake (r = -0.25, P = 0.0002). In a multivariate model, only HF/HSS intake remained a significant predictor of %WMEN (β = 1.4% per 1% change, P < 0.0001). The percent intake from HF/HSS (r = 0.23, P = 0.02), not EnDen (P = 0.54), was associated with weight gain, even after adjusting for follow-up time (in years) and covariates. CONCLUSIONS Relatively greater consumption of HF/HSS foods independently predicted overeating and weight gain. Nutrient compositions of high-EnDen foods may be important for weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Stinson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mostafa Ibrahim
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Colleen Venti
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dietary Energy Density in the Australian Adult Population from National Nutrition Surveys 1995 to 2012. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:1887-1899.e2. [PMID: 29173347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that the observed proliferation of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods globally is an important contributing factor to the development of the obesity epidemic. However, evidence that the population's dietary energy density has increased is sparse. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends that dietary energy density be <1.25 kcal/g to prevent weight gain. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to determine whether the dietary energy density of the Australian population has changed between 1995 and 2012. DESIGN A secondary analysis of two cross-sectional Australian national nutrition surveys from 1995 and 2011/2012 was conducted. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants of the surveys included adults aged 18 years and older (1995 n=10,986 and 2011/2012 n=9,435) completing 24-hour dietary recalls, including a second recall for a subset of the population (10.4% in 1995 and 64.6% in 2011/2012). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included the change in dietary energy density (calculated as energy/weight of food [kcal/g] for food only) between surveys. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The National Cancer Institute method for "estimating ratios of two dietary components that are consumed nearly every day" was used to determine the usual distribution and the percentage of participants reporting energy density <1.25 kcal/g. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) dietary energy density was 1.59 (0.26) kcal/g and 1.64 (0.32) kcal/g (P<0.0001) in 1995 and 2011/2012, respectively, with 13% and 5% (P<0.0001) of the population meeting dietary energy-density recommendations. For those aged 70 years and older, the percentage with energy density <1.25 kcal/g decreased from 22% to 6% (P<0.0001) for men and from 33% to 11% (P<0.0001) for women in 1995 and 2011/2012, respectively. Among those aged 18 to 29 years, 1% of men in both surveys (P=0.8) and 4% of women in 1995 and 2% in 2011/2012 (P=0.01) reported energy density <1.25 kcal/g. CONCLUSIONS Dietary energy density has increased between the two surveys and few people consumed low energy-dense diets in line with recommendations. The change was largely due to increased energy density of older adult's diets, while young adults had high dietary energy density at both time points. These data suggest efforts now focus on the evaluation of the role of modifying energy density of the diet to reduce the risk of weight gain in adults.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jodhun BM, Pem D, Jeewon R. A systematic review of factors affecting energy intake of adolescent girls. Afr Health Sci 2016; 16:910-922. [PMID: 28479881 PMCID: PMC5398435 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is considered a critical period marked by an increase in energy intake to meet the body's physiological needs especially during puberty. This study reviews existing literature and critically analyses factors associated with eating habits and energy intake of adolescent girls. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted to identify at least 200 peer reviewed articles which dealt with the factors affecting energy intake (EI) and eating habits of adolescent girls. Studies were identified using a reference period between 1994 and 2016, based primarily on the PubMed/ CINL/ Science Direct/Google Scholar databases using keywords adolescent/ teenagers, factors/determinants and energy intake. RESULTS No studies investigated all factors affecting energy intake among adolescents. Some studies found mixed association among the determinants of EI in adolescent girls. However, a number of reviews confirm that many factors namely physical activity level, socio-economic status, diet, individual and social factors do contribute to either a higher or a lower EI of adolescents. CONCLUSION There is a dire need to consider factors associated with EI when designing nutritional intervention programs to prevent health problems in adulthood. The goal is not to change behavior of all but to increase the percentage of people adopting healthier lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Mushirah Jodhun
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Dhandevi Pem
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Crino M, Sacks G, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B, Neal B. The Influence on Population Weight Gain and Obesity of the Macronutrient Composition and Energy Density of the Food Supply. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:1-10. [PMID: 26627085 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-014-0134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rates of overweight and obesity have increased dramatically in all regions of the world over the last few decades. Almost all of the world's population now has ubiquitous access to low-cost, but highly-processed, energy-dense, nutrient-poor food products. These changes in the food supply, rather than decreases in physical activity, are most likely the primary driver of population weight gain and obesity. To-date, the majority of prevention efforts focus on personalised approaches targeting individuals. Population-wide food supply interventions addressing sodium and trans fat reduction have proven highly effective and comparable efforts are now required to target obesity. The evidence suggests that strategies focusing upon reducing the energy density and portion size of foods will be more effective than those targeting specific macronutrients. Government leadership, clearly specified targets, accountability and transparency will be the key to achieving the food supply changes required to address the global obesity epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Crino
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Level 10, King George V Building, 83-117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Gary Sacks
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Stefanie Vandevijvere
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Boyd Swinburn
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Level 10, King George V Building, 83-117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Sydney, Australia.
- The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
- Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dietary energy density: estimates, trends and dietary determinants for a nationally representative sample of the Irish population (aged 5–90 years). Br J Nutr 2014; 113:172-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Higher dietary energy density (DED) has been reported to be associated with weight gain, obesity and poorer dietary quality, yet nationally representative estimates that would allow tracking of secular trends and inter-country comparisons are limited. The aims of the present study were to calculate DED estimates for the Irish population and to identify dietary determinants of DED. Weighed/semi-weighed food records from three cross-sectional surveys (the National Children's Food Survey, the National Teens’ Food Survey and the National Adult Nutrition Survey) were collated to estimate habitual dietary intakes for a nationally representative sample of the Irish population, aged 5–90 years (n2535). DED estimates, calculated using the total diet method, the food only method and a novel method, including foods and solids in beverages, were 3·70 (sd1·09), 7·58 (sd1·72) and 8·40 (sd1·88) kJ/g, respectively. Determinants of DED did not vary by the calculation method used. Variation in the intakes of fruit, vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) across consumer groups contributed to the largest variance in DED estimates, followed by variation in the intakes of potatoes, fresh meat, bread, chips, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, and confectionery. DED estimates were inversely associated with age group and consistently lower for females than for males. The inverse association of DED with age group was explained by higher intakes of vegetables, fruit, fish, potatoes, fresh meat and brown bread and lower intakes of SSB, chocolate confectionery, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and savoury snacks in older age groups. Females consumed, on average, 1·5 times more fruit and vegetables combined when compared with males, largely explaining the sex differences in DED estimates. Current DED estimates for adults were similar to those calculated in a previous survey, carried out 10 years earlier. These estimates and determinants serve as a baseline for comparison for other works and public health campaigns.
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Sullivan TA, Bremner AP, Bremer HK, Seares ME, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Lyons-Wall P, Devine A, Oddy WH. Dairy product consumption, dietary nutrient and energy density and associations with obesity in Australian adolescents. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28:452-64. [PMID: 25157608 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy intake is likely to influence dietary energy density (ED) and nutrient density (ND), which are factors representing aspects of dietary quality. Although evidence suggests dairy intake is unlikely to contribute to obesity, intake tends to decrease over adolescence, potentially as a result of concerns around weight gain. We examined associations between dairy intake, ED and ND, and investigated relationships with obesity in adolescents. METHODS The present study comprised a cross-sectional study of 1613 14-year-olds in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Adolescents completed a 212-item food frequency questionnaire. Nutrient Rich Food index 9.3 (NRF9.3) was used to estimate ND. Age-specific body mass index (BMI) and waist-height cut-offs were used to categorise obesity risk. RESULTS Mean (SD) dairy intake was: 2.62 (1.51) servings daily; ED was 4.53 (0.83) (food and beverage) and 6.28 (1.33) (food only); ND was 373 (109). Dairy intake was inversely associated with ED and positively associated with ND. The odds of being overweight (as assessed by BMI) increased by 1.24 (95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.42) with each 100-point increase in ND, after adjustment for potential confounders and energy intake. ED measures and dairy intake were inversely associated with obesity after adjustment for confounders; associations became nonsignificant after energy adjustment. CONCLUSIONS The NRF9.3 was originally designed to assess foods, not diets. Further research in other cohorts to determine whether similar findings exist, or investigations into alternate measures of dietary ND, may prove useful. Our findings may be the result of factors such as an excess consumption of refined but fortified foods. Although higher dairy intakes were associated with higher ND, intakes were not associated with higher obesity risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A O'Sullivan
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - A P Bremner
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - H K Bremer
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - M E Seares
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - L J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - T A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Lyons-Wall
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - A Devine
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - W H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gavrieli A, Naska A, Konstantinidi C, Berry R, Roe M, Harvey L, Finglas P, Glibetic M, Gurinovic M, Trichopoulou A. Dietary Monitoring Tools for Risk Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.en-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gavrieli
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - A Naska
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ch Konstantinidi
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - R Berry
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - M Roe
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - L Harvey
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - P Finglas
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - M Glibetic
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - M Gurinovic
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | - A Trichopoulou
- Project consortium: The Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bandoni DH, Canella DS, Levy RB, Jaime PC. Eating out or in from home: analyzing the quality of meal according eating locations. REV NUTR 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732013000600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of meals consumed by workers from São Paulo according to eating location. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the 24-hour recall to collect dietary data from 815 workers, including where the meal was consumed, and then grouped the meals by eating location: home, workplace cafeteria, and restaurant. Meal quality was assessed according to energy content and density, fiber density, and proportion of macronutrients, 10 food groups, and from sugar-sweetened beverages. These indicators and their respective eating locations were then included in linear regression models adjusted for gender, age, and education level. RESULTS: Meals consumed at workplace cafeterias had lower energy density, higher fiber density, and higher proportions of vegetables, fruits, and beans than those consumed at home. However, away-from-home meals contain more sugars, sweets, fats, and oils. CONCLUSION: Eating location influences diet quality, so dietary surveys should assess meals consumed away from home more thoroughly since meal quality varies greatly by food service.
Collapse
|
13
|
Marchioni D, Gorgulho B, Lipi M, Previdelli A. Energy density and diet quality among Brazilian workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-04-2012-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Sabinsky MS, Toft U, Andersen KK, Tetens I. Development and validation of a Meal Index of dietary Quality (Meal IQ) to assess the dietary quality of school lunches. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15:2091-9. [PMID: 22717318 PMCID: PMC10271702 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE School lunch programmes are one strategy to promote healthier dietary habits in children, but better evaluation tools for assessing the dietary quality of such programmes are needed. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a simple index to assess the dietary quality of school lunches for children aged 7-13 years. DESIGN A Meal Index of dietary Quality (Meal IQ) was developed to consist of seven components (nutrients and food groups) based on dietary issues for children aged 7-13 years, which were identified in a national dietary survey. The Meal IQ was validated against calculated nutrient contents of school lunches both provided by the school and brought from home. SETTING At eight public schools from all over Denmark, data were collected on 191 individual lunches brought from home (which is most common in Denmark) and thirty-one lunches provided as part of a school food programme. In addition thirty-two lunches provided at eighteen other public schools were included. SUBJECTS A total of 254 school lunches. RESULTS A higher Meal IQ score was associated with a higher overall dietary quality, including lower contents of fat, saturated fat and added sugars, higher contents of fibre, various vitamins and minerals, and more fruits, vegetables and fish. CONCLUSIONS The Meal IQ is a valid and useful evaluation tool for assessing the dietary quality of lunches provided by schools or brought to school from home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S Sabinsky
- Department of Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Straker LM, Smith KL, Fenner AA, Kerr DA, McManus A, Davis MC, Fielding AM, Olds TS, Hagger MS, Smith AJ, Abbott RA. Rationale, design and methods for a staggered-entry, waitlist controlled clinical trial of the impact of a community-based, family-centred, multidisciplinary program focussed on activity, food and attitude habits (Curtin University's Activity, Food and Attitudes Program--CAFAP) among overweight adolescents. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:471. [PMID: 22721261 PMCID: PMC3439288 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current estimates place just under one quarter of adolescents in Australia as overweight or obese. Adolescence has been identified as a critical period for the development of obesity, yet despite this recognition, there is limited systematic research into or evaluation of interventions for overweight adolescents. Reviews have concluded that there is a substantive evidence gap for effective intervention, but physical activity, lifestyle change and family involvement have been identified as promising foci for treatment. Methods This paper reports on the development of a staggered-entry, waitlist controlled clinical trial to assess the impact of a multidisciplinary intervention aiming to change the poor health trajectory of overweight adolescents and help them avoid morbid obesity in adulthood—Curtin University’s Activity, Food and Attitudes Program (CAFAP). 96 adolescents, aged 11–16 years, and parents, will attend twice weekly during an 8 week intensive multidisciplinary program with maintenance follow-up focussed on improving activity, food and attitude habits. Follow-up assessments will be conducted immediately after completing the intensive program, and at 3, 6 and 12 months post intensive program. Main outcomes will be objectively-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and activity behaviours; food intake (measured by 3 day diary) and food behaviours; body composition, fitness and physical function; mental and social well-being (quality of life, mood and attitudes), and family functioning. Discussion This trial will provide important information to understand whether a community based multidisciplinary intervention can have short and medium term effects on activity and food habits, attitudes, and physical and mental health status of overweight adolescents. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12611001187932.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peres SV, Latorre MDRDO, Slater B, Tanaka LF, Silva MVD. Prevalência de excesso de peso e seus fatores associados em adolescentes da rede de ensino público de Piracicaba, São Paulo. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822012000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso e os fatores associados à sua ocorrência em adolescentes da rede de ensino público da cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 269 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre dez a 14 anos. Foram aplicados questionários para obtenção do consumo alimentar, maturação sexual, nível de atividade física e características demográficas. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se a regressão logística univariada e múltipla. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 35,7% entre os meninos e 26,2%, entre as meninas. Os fatores associados foram observados somente entre as meninas, mostrando-se protetor ao excesso de peso o 2º tercil de consumo de carboidrato (OR ajustada 0,28) e a fase de aceleração/pico do crescimento (OR ajustada 0,37). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de excesso de peso nos adolescentes é preocupante. A fase de aceleração/pico do crescimento e o alto consumo de carboidrato foram relacionados como fatores protetores para o excesso de peso entre as meninas. Sugere-se ainda que este último fator seja analisado com cautela, dado que tal associação não foi observada em outros estudos.
Collapse
|
17
|
Canella DS, Bandoni DH, Jaime PC. Densidade energética de refeições oferecidas em empresas inscritas no programa de alimentação do Trabalhador no município de São Paulo. REV NUTR 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732011000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Estimar a densidade energética de refeições ofertadas em amostra de empresas inscritas no Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador e os fatores a ela associados e avaliar a relação entre densidade energética e oferta de nutrientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 21 empresas na cidade de São Paulo. A densidade energética das refeições foi calculada por dois métodos: inclusão dos alimentos sólidos e bebidas (densidade energética 1); e inclusão dos alimentos sólidos e exclusão das bebidas (densidade energética 2). Os valores médios para energia (kcal) e para o peso dos alimentos e bebidas (g) foram obtidos pela avaliação do cardápio do almoço em três dias consecutivos. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio de testes não paramétricos. RESULTADOS: A mediana para densidade energética 1 foi 1,10kcal/g e para densidade energética 2 foi 1,43kcal/g. Das empresas estudadas, 76,2% eram do setor industrial; em 57,9%, a maioria dos funcionários recebia até cinco salários-mínimos; 85,7% das unidades de alimentação e nutrição das empresas eram terceirizadas; 71,4% contavam com nutricionista e 61,9% realizam planejamento de cardápio, sendo essa a única diferença signi-ficante observada entre a densidade energética 2 e os setores de atividade econômica (p=0,039). Em relação ao aporte de nutrientes das refeições, observou-se correlação positiva entre densidade energéticas 1 e oferta de proteína, gordura total e fibra, e entre densidade energetica 2 e oferta de gordura total e gordura satu-rada. CONCLUSÃO: É necessário que as empresas cadastradas no Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador melhorem a qualidade das refeições oferecidas aos trabalhadores, atentando para a redução da oferta de gordura total, nutriente bastante correlacionado à alta densidade energética.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutrition evaluation tools should be developed both for scientific purposes and to encourage and facilitate healthy nutritional practices. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a simple food-based Healthy Meal Index (HMI) reflecting the nutritional profile of individual canteen meals. DESIGN The development process included overall model selection, setting nutritional goals and defining scoring systems and thresholds. Three index components were included: (i) contents of fruit and vegetables, (ii) fat content and quality and (iii) contents of wholegrain products and potatoes. The development was built on the principles embodied by the Plate Model, but providing more specificity in some areas. The simple HMI was validated against weighed and chemically analysed food and nutrient content of a representative sample of canteen meals. The sample was split into four categories according to the total index score and compared across categories. SETTING A total of 180 meals from fifteen worksite canteens. RESULTS Average energy density decreased significantly across categories (from 876 kJ/100 g to 537 kJ/100 g, P < 0.001). Also, the content of total and saturated fat, carbohydrate and fruit and vegetables varied across categories with higher score values being closer to dietary guidelines (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The simple HMI was successful in ranking canteen meals according to their nutritional quality. The index provides a valuable tool to both researchers and food and nutrition professionals, e.g. caterers and dietitians, who wish to evaluate nutritional quality of meals in line with the recommendations for healthier eating without the use of nutrition calculation programs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Johnson L, Wilks DC, Lindroos AK, Jebb SA. Reflections from a systematic review of dietary energy density and weight gain: is the inclusion of drinks valid? Obes Rev 2009; 10:681-92. [PMID: 19413706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The association between dietary energy density, increased energy intake and weight gain is supported by experimental evidence, but confirmation of an effect in free-living humans is limited. Experimental evidence supports a role of energy density in obesity through changes in food composition, not drinks consumption. The inclusion of drinks in the calculation creates a variable of questionable validity and has a substantive impact on the estimated energy density of the diet. We posit, based on the experimental evidence, that calculating the energy density of diets by excluding drinks and including calories from drinks as a covariate in the analysis is the most valid and reliable method of testing the relationship between energy density and weight gain in free-living humans. We demonstrate, by systematically reviewing existing observational studies of dietary energy density and weight gain in free-living humans, how current variation in the method for calculating energy density hampers the interpretation of these data. Reaching an a priori decision on the appropriate methodology will reduce the error caused by multiple comparisons and facilitate meaningful interpretation of epidemiological evidence to inform the development of effective obesity prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barquera S, Hernandez-Barrera L, Tolentino ML, Espinosa J, Ng SW, Rivera JA, Popkin BM. Energy intake from beverages is increasing among Mexican adolescents and adults. J Nutr 2008; 138:2454-61. [PMID: 19022972 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is understood about the patterns and trends in adolescent and adult beverage intake in Mexico or most other countries. Here, we used nationally representative dietary intake, income, and food expenditure surveys, which included 416 adolescents (aged 12-18 y) and 2180 adults (aged >or=19 y) from the 1999 Mexican Nutrition Survey and 7464 adolescents and 21,113 adults from the 2006 Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey. We measured the volume and energy per day contributed by all beverages consumed by the sample subjects. In 2006, Mexican adolescents and adults obtained 20.1 and 22.3%, respectively, of their energy intake from energy-containing beverages. Whole milk, carbonated and noncarbonated sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice with various sugar and water combinations added, and alcohol represented the 4 major categories of beverage intake. The trends from the dietary intake surveys showed very large increases in the intake of energy-containing beverages among adolescents and adults between 1999 and 2006. Income elasticities showed a high likelihood that intakes will increase as Mexican incomes continue to rise. Whereas the own-price elasticities for whole milk and sodas were both modest, intakes of these were increasing and higher than those for all other food groups. Energy intake trends and current levels of beverage intakes in Mexico are the highest recorded in a nationally representative survey and present major challenges for public health authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Barquera
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heading G. Rural obesity, healthy weight and perceptions of risk: Struggles, strategies and motivation for change. Aust J Rural Health 2008; 16:86-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
22
|
Egger G, Pearson S, Pal S, Swinburn B. Dissecting obesogenic behaviours: the development and application of a test battery for targeting prescription for weight loss. Obes Rev 2007; 8:481-6. [PMID: 17949353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are limited practical tools to help clinicians or public health workers manage obesity in their patients. We have previously developed a scanning technique for diagnosing environments leading to obesity (Analysis Grid for Environments/Elements Leading to Obesity). Here we describe the development of a tool for identifying behaviours in an individual most likely to lead to obesity. A questionnaire battery of five tests called the DAB-Q (Diet, Activity and Behaviour Questionnaire) was developed, piloted and internally validated with overweight women from a commercial weight loss programme. Outcome from the tests, which are available free on the Internet, provides clinicians with a simple, effective and time-saving tool for ranking foods, drinks and activities likely to be most effectively targeted for weight loss in an individual. This is based on total scores derived from measures of frequency, potential for change and potency of each item as a potential contributor to overweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Egger
- Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW, Australia and Centre for Health Promotion and Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schröder H, Covas M, Elosua R, Mora J, Marrugat J. Diet quality and lifestyle associated with free selected low-energy density diets in a representative Spanish population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:1194-200. [PMID: 17622256 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary intake is strongly influenced by the energy density of the diet. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of energy density with diet quality, dietary reference intake (DRI) for energy and lifestyle characteristics in free-living people. SUBJECTS The subjects were Spanish men (n=1491) and women (n=1563) selected in between 1999 and 2000 among the general population according to the 1996 census. RESULTS A low-energy density diet was significantly associated (P<0.001) with a higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, fish and white meat as compared to high-energy density diets. More subjects (P<0.001) with a high adherence to low-energy density diets meet DRI for energy intake and tended to be closer (P<0.05) to the recommendations of dietary intakes, established by the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition than those following a high-energy density diet. Alcohol consumption, the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and smoking significantly increased (P<0.01) across quartile distribution of energy density. CONCLUSION Low-energy density diets of the present population were associated with a healthier lifestyle. Furthermore, our data suggest that adherence to low-energy density diets, with similar characteristics to those found in the present population, promote adequate energy intakes and increase overall diet quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Schröder
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lassen A, Hansen K, Trolle E. Comparison of buffet and à la carte serving at worksite canteens on nutrient intake and fruit and vegetable consumption. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10:292-7. [PMID: 17288627 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007246610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the nutritional composition of worksite canteen lunches and to examine the impact of two meal serving systems on employee intake, i.e. buffet style with a fixed price for a varied number of dishes and à la carte style with a separate price for each item on the menu. DESIGN Laboratory technicians observed employees' food selection and collected identical dishes. Food items were weighed separately to calculate the content of fruit and vegetables. The content of protein, fat and ash of each dish was chemically analysed and the carbohydrate and energy content calculated. SETTING Fifteen randomly chosen worksite canteens in Denmark: eight canteens serving buffet style and seven canteens with an à la carte line. SUBJECTS one hundred and eighty randomly chosen employees having lunch at the worksite canteens. RESULTS The average percentage energy from fat was 37 +/- 12 among men and 33 +/- 12 among women. No association was found between the meal serving system and energy intake or macronutrient composition. Eating at canteens serving buffet style, on the other hand, was associated with an increased intake of fruit and vegetables, on average 76 g, and a lower energy density of the food for both genders. CONCLUSION The results highlight the possibilities of promoting healthy food choices in the catering sector and the need to identify models of healthy catering practice. Serving buffet style appears to be a promising strategy in order to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in food served away from home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lassen
- Department of Nutrition, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A world epidemic of diet-related chronic disease is currently being faced. In the UK incidence of obesity alone has tripled in the last 20 years and this trend is predicted to continue. Consensus exists for the urgent need for a change in diet and other lifestyle factors and for the direction and targets for this change. The evidence for how this change can be achieved is less certain. It has been established that disease processes begin in childhood. Recent evidence indicates that dietary habits too are established in childhood but that these habits are amenable to change. While establishing a healthy lifestyle in childhood is paramount, interventions have the potential to promote positive change throughout the life course. Success in reversing current trends in diet-related disease will depend on commitment from legislators, health professionals, industry and individuals, and this collaboration must seek to address not only the food choices of the individual but also the environment that influences such choices. Recent public health policy development in England, if fully supported and implemented, is a positive move towards this goal. Evidence for effective strategies to promote dietary change at the individual level is emerging and three reviews of this evidence are discussed. In addition, three recent dietary intervention studies, in three different settings and with different methods and aims, are presented to illustrate methods of effecting dietary change. Further work is required on what factors influence the eating behaviour and physical activity of individuals. There is a need for further theory-based research on which to develop more effective strategies to enable individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Adamson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Whybrow S, Mayer C, Kirk TR, Mazlan N, Stubbs RJ. Effects of two weeks' mandatory snack consumption on energy intake and energy balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:673-85. [PMID: 17372318 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to compare the effects of mandatory consumption of commercial snack products (CSPs) on energy intakes and energy balance in free-living adults and to assess the interaction between habitual level of CSP consumption and the interventions. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Four groups of 18 subjects (lean and overweight, males and females) were studied using a crossover design. Subjects consumed one type of CSP (high-carbohydrate, high-fat, or mixed composition) at three manipulations of energy 0 MJ (control), 1.5 MJ (low-energy), and 3.0 MJ (high-energy) each day during three 14-day interventions. The study design was parallel for type of CSP (macronutrient composition) and within-subjects for energy level. Subjects self-recorded food intakes between Days 8 and 14, and body weights were investigator-recorded on Days 1, 8, and 15 of each intervention period. Daily energy expenditure was estimated by heart rate monitoring. RESULTS Daily energy intakes increased from 10.4 MJ (control) to 11.1 MJ (low-energy) and 11.5 MJ (high-energy) (p < 0.001), resulting in a trend (not significant) for body weight gain. Energy balance was more positive when subjects were not recording their food intakes than when they were (p < 0.001). There was a trend (not significant) for greater increases in energy intake with increasing fat content, and energy density, of the interventions. Frequent CSP consumers compensated more for the interventions than did infrequent CSP consumers (R2 = 0.125, p = 0.003). DISCUSSION Subjects partially compensated for energy when supplemented with CSPs over 14-day periods, although this was insufficient to prevent some increase in energy balance. The level of compensation correlated with habitual energy intake from CSPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Whybrow
- Department of Obesity and Metabolic Health, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|