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Englander H, Paiewonsky B, Castelo-Soccio L. Alopecia Areata: A Review of the Genetic Variants and Immunodeficiency Disorders Associated with Alopecia Areata. Skin Appendage Disord 2023; 9:325-332. [PMID: 37900769 PMCID: PMC10601931 DOI: 10.1159/000530432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune form of non-scarring hair loss that occurs on a spectrum from patchy loss of hair on the scalp, to complete hair loss. Histology features can vary, but increased abundance of telogen hair and miniaturized hair follicles are classic hallmarks [Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:397-403]. Additionally, lymphocytic infiltration of the hair bulb is a commonly observed histology feature of AA which underscores how the disease is an autoimmune-mediated one that results from immune-mediated attack of the hair follicle. In a healthy individual, the hair follicle is one of the body's immune-privileged sites, but the breakdown of this immune privilege is thought to be an important driver in AA disease development. Diagnosis of AA is usually based on phenotypic manifestations in conjunction with biopsies which can help conclude whether the hair loss is autoimmune based. However, varied manifestation of disease both clinically and histologically makes diagnosis criteria more ambiguous and early identification of disease harder to achieve. A better understanding of genes that are associated with increased AA risk may help elucidate potential gene targets for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Englander
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Briana Paiewonsky
- Charles E Schmidt College of Medicine at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Connell SJ, Jabbari A. The current state of knowledge of the immune ecosystem in alopecia areata. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103061. [PMID: 35151885 PMCID: PMC9018517 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that affects approximately 2% of the general population. Patients with AA most commonly present with one or more patches of hair loss on the scalp in defined circular areas. A fraction of patients progress to more severe forms of the disease, in some cases with involvement of all body surfaces. The healthy anagen stage hair follicle is considered an immune privileged site, described as an environment that suppresses inflammatory immune responses. However, in AA, this immune privileged state collapses and marks the hair follicle as a target for the immune system, resulting in peri- and intrafollicular infiltration by lymphocytes. The complexity of the inflammatory ecosystem of the immune response to the hair follicle, and the relationships between the cellular and soluble participants, in AA remains incompletely understood. Many studies have demonstrated the presence of various immune cells around diseased hair follicles; however, often little is known about their respective contributions to AA pathogenesis. Furthering our understanding of the mechanisms of disease in AA is essential for the novel identification of targeted therapeutics that are efficacious and have few unintended effects.
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Rajabi F, Abdollahimajd F, Jabalameli N, Nassiri Kashani M, Firooz A. The Immunogenetics of Alopecia areata. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:19-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tu TY, Chang R, Lai JN, Tseng CC, Chen ML, Yip HT, Hung YM, Cheng-Chung Wei J. Human papillomavirus symptomatic infection associated with increased risk of new-onset alopecia areata: A nationwide population-based cohort study. J Autoimmun 2021; 119:102618. [PMID: 33714796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the correlation between a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and alopecia areata risk. METHODS The study cohort comprised 30,001 patients with newly diagnosed HPV infection between 2000 and 2012; and with use of computer-generated randomly numbers, patients not had HPV infection were randomly selected as the comparison cohort. HPV infection cohort were matched to comparison individuals at a 1:1 ratio by age, gender and index year. All study individuals were followed up until they developed alopecia areata, withdraw from the insurance program, lost to follow-up, or until the end of 2013. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to analyze the risk of alopecia areata with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the HPV and control cohort. RESULTS The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of alopecia areata for HPV patients relative to controls was 2.55 (95% C.I. = 1.88-3.47) after adjusting sex, age and comorbidities. Subgroup analysis indicated that patients with HPV infections had a significantly greater risk of alopecia areata for both genders, all age subgroups, and those with mental disorder diseases. CONCLUSIONS A history of HPV infection is associated with the development of subsequent alopecia areata in Taiwanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Tu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Nien Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chiao Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yangming University, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan; College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan; Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Afford R, Leung AKC, Lam JM. Pediatric Alopecia Areata. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:45-54. [PMID: 32351186 DOI: 10.2174/1573396316666200430084825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring hair loss disorder of autoimmune etiology. OBJECTIVE To familiarize physicians with the clinical presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of pediatric alopecia areata. METHODS The search term "Alopecia areata" was entered into a Pubmed search. A narrow scope was applied to the categories of "epidemiology", "clinical diagnosis", "investigations", "comorbidities", and "treatment". Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews were included. Only papers published in the English language were included. A descriptive, narrative synthesis was provided of the retrieved articles. RESULTS AA is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. It is the third most common dermatologic presentation in children with a lifetime risk of 1-2%. Diagnosing AA can be made on the basis of the history and clinical findings. Patients will often present with patchy, non-scarring hair loss, generally affecting the scalp. History may reveal a personal or family medical history of autoimmune or atopic disease or a recent stressful event. Tricoscopic examination will classically show "exclamation point hairs" and "yellow dots". Nonspecific nail changes may be present. Other clinical variants include alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis, ophiasis, sisaipho, and Canitis subita. There are multiple treatment options for AA, including conservative treatment, and topical, oral, and injectable medications. CONCLUSION AA is an autoimmune disease with a heterogeneous presentation and unpredictable clinical course. Although there is no cure for AA, there are many current treatment options available to help manage this disfiguring disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Afford
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dai YX, Tai YH, Chen CC, Chang YT, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Bidirectional association between alopecia areata and major depressive disorder among probands and unaffected siblings: A nationwide population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:1131-1137. [PMID: 32007291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) has long been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, most evidence to date has derived from cross-sectional or case-control studies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the bidirectional association between AA and MDD among probands and unaffected siblings. METHODS Study participants were recruited from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We included 2123 probands with AA, 2298 unaffected siblings, and 9192 matched controls to assess the risk of MDD. We included 16,543 probands with MDD, 17,352 unaffected siblings, and 69,408 matched controls to assess the risk of AA. The Breslow-Cox model was used to calculate the adjusted relative risk. RESULTS Compared with controls, AA probands and unaffected siblings had adjusted relative risks of 8.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.41-10.54) and 2.55 (95% CI, 1.91-3.40), respectively, for MDD. MDD probands and unaffected siblings had adjusted relative risks for AA of 1.66 (95% CI, 1.24-2.22) and 1.64 (95% CI, 1.27-2.12), respectively. LIMITATION The National Health Insurance Research Database lacked information on disease severity, body mass index, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and stressful life events. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a bidirectional association between AA and MDD among probands and unaffected siblings, thus suggesting shared familial mechanisms underlying AA and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Tai
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Leng L, Siu E, Bucala R. Genotyping Two Promoter Polymorphisms in the MIF Gene: A -794 CATT 5-8 Microsatellite Repeat and a -173 G/C SNP. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2080:67-84. [PMID: 31745872 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9936-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream proinflammatory cytokine encoded by a functionally polymorphic locus. The promoter region of the human MIF gene contains two polymorphisms. A variable nucleotide tandem repeat at position -794 comprises five to eight CATT repeats (referred to henceforth by numbers from 5 to 8, rs5844572). Gene reporter assays show a proportional increase in transcription with CATT repeat number; the 5-repeat allele leads to low expression, and the 6-, 7-, and 8-repeat alleles lead to correspondingly higher expression of MIF. A second MIF promoter polymorphism comprises a G-to-C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -173 (rs755622), which is in strong linkage disequilibrium with -794 7-CATT and is associated with arthritis clinical severity and higher serum and synovial fluid MIF levels. This allele also has been reported to confer improved survival in patients with outpatient pneumonia. In this chapter, we will introduce the methods of genotyping CATT5-8 repeats and the MIF -173 G/C from human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edwin Siu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Al-Eitan LN, Al Momani RO, Al Momani KK, Al Warawrah AM, Aljamal HA, Alghamdi MA, Muhanna AM, Al-Qarqaz FA. Candidate Gene Analysis Of Alopecia Areata In Jordanian Population Of Arab Descent: A Case-Control Study. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2019; 12:221-228. [PMID: 31819588 PMCID: PMC6877398 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s226664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-cicatricial patchy hair loss on the scalp, face or other parts of the body. AA was found to be responsive to immunosuppressive therapies, a finding that supports an autoimmune basis for the disease. Several genetic studies have shown the significance of immunological factors as key genetic components in AA. Objective In this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic association of 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within five candidate genes including TAP1, CXCL1, CXCL2, HSPA1B, and TNFα with AA susceptibility in the Jordanian Arab population. Methods A case–control genetic association study conducted in 152 patients and 150 healthy individuals was performed using the sequenom MassARRAY system (iPLEX GOLD) to genotype the selected SNPs. Results rs1800629 SNP of the TNFα gene was significantly associated with AA in the heterozygous and rare homozygous genotypes (P=0.022 and P=0.0079, respectively) with no linkage of the TAP1, CXCL1, CXCL2 and HSPA1B variants. Conclusion This is the first study of its kind among the Jordanian population providing evidence of genetic association of the TNFα with AA susceptibility. Further genetic studies on Arab descent including other variants are required to clarify and strengthen the association of these genes with susceptibility to develop AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N Al-Eitan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rawan O Al Momani
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khalid K Al Momani
- Department of Dermatology, King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC), Jordan Royal Medical Services (RMS), Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad M Al Warawrah
- Department of Dermatology, King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC), Jordan Royal Medical Services (RMS), Amman, Jordan
| | - Hanan A Aljamal
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Alsharif M Muhanna
- Department of Dermatology, King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC), Jordan Royal Medical Services (RMS), Amman, Jordan
| | - Firas A Al-Qarqaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor polymorphism (rs755622) in alopecia areata: a possible role in disease prevention. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:589-594. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Rajabi F, Drake LA, Senna MM, Rezaei N. Alopecia areata: a review of disease pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1033-1048. [PMID: 29791718 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is a disorder that results in nonscarring hair loss. The psychological impact can be significant, leading to feelings of depression and social isolation. Objectives In this article, we seek to review the pathophysiological mechanisms proposed in recent years in a narrative fashion. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Scopus for articles related to alopecia areata, with a particular emphasis on its pathogenesis. RESULTS The main theory of alopecia areata pathogenesis is that it is an autoimmune phenomenon resulting from a disruption in hair follicle immune privilege. What causes this breakdown is an issue of debate. Some believe that a stressed hair follicle environment triggers antigen presentation, while others blame a dysregulation in the central immune system entangling the follicles. Evidence for the latter theory is provided by animal studies, as well investigations around the AIRE gene. Different immune-cell lines including plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer cells and T cells, along with key molecules such as interferon-γ, interleukin-15, MICA and NKG2D, have been identified as contributing to the autoimmune process. CONCLUSIONS Alopecia areata remains incurable, although it has been studied for years. Available treatment options at best are beneficial for milder cases, and the rate of relapse is high. Understanding the exact mechanisms of hair loss in alopecia areata is therefore of utmost importance to help identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rajabi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - L A Drake
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, U.S.A
| | - M M Senna
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, U.S.A
| | - N Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, U.K
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Assis DN, Takahashi H, Leng L, Zeniya M, Boyer JL, Bucala R. A Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Polymorphism Is Associated with Autoimmune Hepatitis Severity in US and Japanese Patients. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:3506-3512. [PMID: 27696094 PMCID: PMC5106299 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is incompletely understood. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple autoimmune diseases. We recently reported that MIF expression was increased in a US AIH cohort. MIF expression in non-Western AIH patients is unknown. A MIF-173 GC single nucleotide polymorphism in the MIF promoter (rs755622) is clinically associated with steroid resistance in several inflammatory disorders but has not been evaluated in AIH. AIM To compare MIF polymorphisms and their relationship to clinical parameters in AIH patients from the USA and Japan. METHODS DNA and matched sera from AIH patients and healthy controls from Japan (N = 52) were compared to the US group. Serum concentrations of MIF and its circulating receptor CD74 were measured by ELISA. MIF-173 GC (rs755622) and MIF-794 CATT5-8 (rs5844572) polymorphisms were analyzed by standard methods. MIF genotypes were correlated with serum ALT and steroid requirements. RESULTS Serum MIF was increased in Japanese AIH patients versus local controls, in agreement with the US AIH patients. Within both AIH groups, ALT was higher in CC/GC versus GG patients. Further, the steroid requirement was higher in AIH patients with GC/CC genotypes from both groups. In the Japanese patient group, the GC/CC genotype also was associated with acute symptomatic presentation. CONCLUSIONS The MIF-173 CC/GC genotypes may be associated with both higher ALT and maintenance steroid requirements in AIH patients from the USA and Japan. This polymorphism could be a marker of disease severity in AIH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Assis
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | | | - Lin Leng
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mikio Zeniya
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James L Boyer
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Association of macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter polymorphism -173G/C with susceptibility to childhood asthma. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:268-272. [PMID: 27833444 PMCID: PMC5099383 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.63126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Polymorphisms associated with inflammatory diseases exist in the promoter region of MIF, which alter its expression. We aimed to study the association of MIF promoter polymorphism –173G/C with childhood asthma. Material and methods In this case-control study, we recruited 60 pediatric patients with bronchial asthma and 90 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. MIF-173G/C was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results Genotype distribution between cases and healthy controls was statistically evaluated. Our results revealed that the frequency of the MIF-173C allele was significantly higher in children with asthma than in the control group (p = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] = 3.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63-7.97). The frequency of the MIF-173CC genotype was higher in the asthmatic children than in the controls (p = 0.028, OR = 6.24, 95% CI = 1.24-31.29). Comparing carriage of the MIF-173C allele in pediatric patients with asthma with that observed in healthy controls (GC + CC vs. GG) revealed a positive association with the disease (p = 0.019, OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.22-7.99). Conclusions These results suggest that MIF-173G/C polymorphism confers an increased risk of susceptibility to the development of childhood asthma in an Egyptian population.
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Association of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Polymorphisms with Total Plasma IgE Levels in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis in Korea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162477. [PMID: 27598332 PMCID: PMC5012693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene is located on human chromosome 22q11.2 and is linked to atopic phenotypes. Plasma MIF and log [total IgE] levels are significantly elevated in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between two MIF polymorphisms, −173 G to C and −794 CATT5–8, and total plasma IgE levels in AD patients in Korea. We performed PCR-RFLP analysis in 178 AD patients and 80 control subjects to determine whether MIF SNPs are associated with susceptibility to AD. Plasma total IgE and MIF levels were determined, and then logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between a SNP or haplotype and plasma total IgE or MIF levels. The −173 G/C polymorphism, located in the MIF promoter, was significantly associated with AD; the odds ratios (ORs) for the CC homozygotes and GC heterozygotes were 9.3 and 2.5, respectively. The MIF C/5-CATT and the MIF C/7-CATT haplotypes were significantly associated with AD; the ORs for the MIF C/5-CATT and MIF C/7-CATT haplotypes were 9.7 and 4.5, respectively. Log [total IgE] levels were highly associated with the MIF −794 7-CATT polymorphism. Notably, the MIF C/7-CATT haplotype was associated with a decrease in plasma log [total IgE] levels in a gene dose-dependent manner. Although log [MIF] levels were not associated with the MIF polymorphisms, the frequencies of the MIF C/5-CATT haplotype-containing genotypes decreased in order of MIF levels. Our results demonstrate that MIF promoter polymorphisms in the −173 C allele and the MIF C/5-CATT and C/7-CATT haplotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk for AD. In particular, the −794 7-CATT locus and the MIF C/7-CATT haplotype were significantly associated with decreased total IgE levels in the plasma, suggesting that these polymorphisms might be a marker for intrinsic AD rather than extrinsic AD that shows high total IgE levels and presence of allergen-specific IgE.
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Salem SA, Asaad MK, Elsayed SB, Sehsah HM. Evaluation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels in serum and lesional skin of patients with alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:1357-1361. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar A. Salem
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology; Faculty of Medicine; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Marwa K. Asaad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology; Faculty of Medicine; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Sherin B. Elsayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Hend M. Sehsah
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology; Faculty of Medicine; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
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Younan DNA, Agamia N, Elshafei A, Ebeid N. Serum level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in Egyptians with alopecia areata and its relation to the clinical severity of the disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:74-9. [PMID: 24687398 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a common dermatological problem that manifests as sudden loss of hair without any inflammation or scarring. Various cytokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is located at an upstream position in the events leading to the possible dysregulated immuno-inflammatory responses, and the high level of this cytokine in AA may suggest a role of MIF in the pathogenesis of AA. METHODS This case-control study was carried out on 31 AA patients with different grades of severity and 15 apparently healthy subjects. Serum MIF level was measured by ELISA, and was correlated with the clinical severity of the disease using SALT (severity of alopecia tool) scoring system. RESULTS In this study, there was a significant elevation in serum MIF levels in AA patients in comparison with controls. There was also a positive correlation between MIF levels and clinical severity and disease duration. CONCLUSION MIF seems to have an essential role in the etiopathogenesis of AA. So, it is considered to be a promising target in the therapy of autoimmune diseases and as a future predictor of alopecia activity. Anti-MIF therapy might be added as one of the new biological treatments for AA.
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16
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Lew BL, Chung JH, Sim WY. Association betweenIL16gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to alopecia areata in the Korean population. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:319-22. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bark-Lynn Lew
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Chung
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Woo-Young Sim
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul South Korea
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17
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McElwee KJ, Gilhar A, Tobin DJ, Ramot Y, Sundberg JP, Nakamura M, Bertolini M, Inui S, Tokura Y, Jr LEK, Duque-Estrada B, Tosti A, Keren A, Itami S, Shoenfeld Y, Zlotogorski A, Paus R. What causes alopecia areata? Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:609-26. [PMID: 23947678 PMCID: PMC4094373 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of alopecia areata (AA), one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases and a major unsolved clinical problem, has intrigued dermatologists, hair biologists and immunologists for decades. Simultaneously, both affected patients and the physicians who take care of them are increasingly frustrated that there is still no fully satisfactory treatment. Much of this frustration results from the fact that the pathobiology of AA remains unclear, and no single AA pathogenesis concept can claim to be universally accepted. In fact, some investigators still harbour doubts whether this even is an autoimmune disease, and the relative importance of CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells and NKGD2(+) NK or NKT cells and the exact role of genetic factors in AA pathogenesis remain bones of contention. Also, is AA one disease, a spectrum of distinct disease entities or only a response pattern of normal hair follicles to immunologically mediated damage? During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in basic AA-related research, in the development of new models for translationally relevant AA research and in the identification of new therapeutic agents and targets for future AA management. This calls for a re-evaluation and public debate of currently prevalent AA pathobiology concepts. The present Controversies feature takes on this challenge, hoping to attract more skin biologists, immunologists and professional autoimmunity experts to this biologically fascinating and clinically important model disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin, Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marta Bertolini
| | - D. J. Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Y. Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - J. P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Division of Dermatology, Skin Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan Yoshiki Tokura
| | - M. Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany Yehuda Shoenfeld
| | - S. Inui
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - L. E. King Jr
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Division of Dermatology, Skin Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - B. Duque-Estrada
- Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Antonella Tosti
| | - A Tosti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A. Keren
- Laboratory for Skin, Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marta Bertolini
| | - S. Itami
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Shoenfeld
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - A. Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - R. Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,
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18
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Erb U, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Zöller M. Tolerance induction by hair-specific keratins in murine alopecia areata. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:845-57. [PMID: 23817565 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0413196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AA is a presumptive autoimmune disease, severely damaging the hair follicle. Hair- and nail-specific keratins are discussed as potential candidates, which we controlled in C3H/HeJ mice that develop AA spontaneously or after skin transplantation. From nine keratins, K71 and K31 peptides supported T cell activation when presented by DCs to syngeneic naive T cells, and young C3H/HeJ mice receiving s.c. injections of peptide-loaded DC developed AA. The frequency of K71- and K31-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells increased four- to fivefold by vaccination, which corresponds with the frequency seen in skin transplantation-induced AA mice. Also, accessory molecule expression, the cytokine profile with a dominance of IFN-γ-expressing T cells, the proliferative response against AA lysate or peptide-loaded DCs, as well as peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells were similar in keratin peptide- and skin transplantation-induced AA. Instead, vaccination with soluble K71 or K31 peptides significantly retarded AA induction and prevented progression. Soluble peptide vaccination did not provoke immunosuppression but induced long-lasting T cell anergy with unresponsiveness to DC-presented K71 and K31 peptides. Thus, keratins K71 and K31 contribute to AA induction, and peptide application in a nonimmunogenic form serves as an efficient therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Erb
- 1.University Hospital of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 365, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Pazyar N, Feily A, Yaghoobi R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor as an incriminating agent in dermatological disorders. Indian J Dermatol 2013; 58:157. [PMID: 23716815 PMCID: PMC3657225 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical immunoregulatory pluripotent cytokine. It has been re-evaluated as a proinflammatory cytokine, pituitary hormone and glucocorticoid-induced immunoregulatory protein. MIF exists in human epidermis, especially in the basal layer and also is expressed constitutively by monocytes/macrophages, T cells, B cells, endocrine, and epithelial cells. In the field of dermatology, MIF is believed to be a detrimental factor in inflammatory dermatological diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, vitiligo, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid (BP), alopecia areata (AA) as well as other conditions such as photoaging, and photocarcinigenesis. The objective of this review is to gather and summarize MIF related disorders in dermatology and present valuable information for readers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Pazyar
- Department of Dermatology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Redler S, Albert F, Brockschmidt F, Herold C, Hanneken S, Eigelshoven S, Giehl K, Kruse R, Lutz G, Wolff H, Blaumeiser B, Böhm M, Becker T, Nöthen M, Betz R. Investigation of selected cytokine genes suggests that
IL2RA
and the
TNF
/
LTA
locus are risk factors for severe alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:1360-5. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Redler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud‐Str. 25, D‐53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - F. Albert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud‐Str. 25, D‐53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - F.F. Brockschmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud‐Str. 25, D‐53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C. Herold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - S. Hanneken
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S. Eigelshoven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K.A. Giehl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R. Kruse
- Dermatological Practice, Paderborn, Germany
| | - G. Lutz
- Dermatological Practice, Hair & Nail, Wesseling, Germany
| | - H. Wolff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B. Blaumeiser
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M. Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - T. Becker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M.M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud‐Str. 25, D‐53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R.C. Betz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud‐Str. 25, D‐53127 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Karadag AS, Ertugrul DT, Bilgili SG, Takci Z, Tutal E, Yilmaz H. Insulin resistance is increased in alopecia areata patients. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 32:102-6. [PMID: 22916967 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.713418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased insulin resistance (IR) has been found in androgenetic alopecia in several studies. However, IR has not been investigated in alopecia areata (AA). We aimed to investigate IR in AA patients and the controls. Anthropometric and demographic data were obtained from 51 AA patients and 36 controls. We measured insulin, c-peptide and blood glucose and HOMA-IR. Demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar. AA group had higher insulin [12.5 ± 7.01 vs. 8.3 ± 3.9 µIU/mL, p = 0.001], c-peptide [2.7 ± 1.07 vs. 2. ± 0.6 ng/mL, p = 0.007] and HOMA-IR levels [2.8 ± 1.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.9, p = .004] than the controls. Patient and control groups were also similar regarding lipid profiles. In this study, we found increased IR in AA patients for the first time in literature. Increased inflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation may be responsible for this finding. Further studies with larger sample sizes may give additional information for IR in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Serap Karadag
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
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22
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Lew BL, Cho HR, Haw S, Kim HJ, Chung JH, Sim WY. Association between IL17A/IL17RA Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Alopecia Areata in the Korean Population. Ann Dermatol 2012; 24:61-5. [PMID: 22363157 PMCID: PMC3283852 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata is marked by autoimmune assault on the hair follicle resulting in hair loss. T helper 17 cell subset has important roles in protecting the host against extracellular pathogens, however, also promotes inflammatory pathology in autoimmune disease, and it expresses both interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F, which can signal via the IL-17 receptor A. Objective To investigate the significance of IL17A and IL17RA gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to alopecia areata. Methods We conducted case-control association study of 238 alopecia areata patients and 270 matched healthy controls. Allele frequency of total 2 single nucleotide polymorphims in the IL17A gene and 4 single nucleotide polymorphims in the IL17RA gene were studied. The statistical analyses were performed according to onset age, the presence of familyhistory, clinical subtypes, and presence of nail involvement or body hair involvement. Results One single nucleotide polymorphim (rs879577) of IL17RA gene showed significant difference between alopecia areata patients group and controls group (p= 0.0288). One single nucleotide polymorphim (rs4819554) of IL17RA gene showed significant difference between the early onset and late onset alopecia areata (p=0.0421). Conclusion IL17RA gene polymorphism might contribute to the increased susceptibility to alopecia areata in Korean population, and IL17RA gene polymorphism may be associated with onset age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bark-Lynn Lew
- Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Effects of the Lexington LaserComb on hair regrowth in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 27:431-6. [PMID: 21739260 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease that presents with non-scarring alopecia. It is characterized by intra- or peri-follicular lymphocytic infiltrates composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells on histology. To this day, few treatments are effective for AA. Here we present findings of using a low-level laser comb to alleviate the symptoms of AA in a C3H/HeJ mouse model for AA. Fourteen C3H/HeJ mice with induced AA were used in this study. Two were killed to confirm AA through histology. The remaining 12 mice were randomized into two groups; group I received HairMax LaserComb (wavelength: 655 nm, beam diameter <5 mm; divergence 57 mrad; nine lasers) for 20 s daily, three times per week for a total of 6 weeks; group II was treated similarly, except that the laser was turned off (sham-treated). After 6 weeks of LaserComb treatment, hair regrowth was observed in all the mice in group I (laser-treated) but none in group II (sham-treated). On histology, increased number of anagen hair follicles was observed in laser-treated mice. On the other hand, sham-treated mice demonstrated hair follicles in the telogen phase with no hair shaft. LaserComb seems to be an effective and convenient device for the treatment of AA in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. Human studies are required to determine the efficacy and safety of this device for AA therapy.
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24
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Gregoriou S, Papafragkaki D, Kontochristopoulos G, Rallis E, Kalogeromitros D, Rigopoulos D. Cytokines and other mediators in alopecia areata. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:928030. [PMID: 20300578 PMCID: PMC2837895 DOI: 10.1155/2010/928030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata, a disease of the hair follicles with multifactorial etiology and a strong component of autoimmune origin, has been extensively studied as far as the role of several cytokines is concerned. So far, IFN-gamma, interleukins, TNF-alpha, are cytokines that are well known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, while several studies have shown that many more pathways exist. Among them, MIG, IP-10, BAFF, HLA antigens, MIG, as well as stress hormones are implicated in disease onset and activity. Within the scope of this paper, the authors attempt to shed light upon the complexity of alopecia areata underlying mechanisms and indicate pathways that may suggest future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis Gregoriou
- Andreas Sygros Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 5 Ionos Dragoumi Street, 16121 Athens, Greece.
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25
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Phelan JD, Thompson SD, Glass DN. Susceptibility to JRA/JIA: complementing general autoimmune and arthritis traits. Genes Immun 2009; 7:1-10. [PMID: 16435022 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), includes the most common chronic autoimmune arthropathies of childhood. These two nomenclatures for classification include components representing the major subclasses of disease. The chromosomal regions and the genes involved in these complex genetic traits are being elucidated, with findings often specific for a particular disease subtype. With the advent of new SNP technologies, progress is being made at an ever-increasing pace. This review discusses the difficulties of deciphering the genetic components in complex disorders, while demonstrating the similarities that JRA shares with other autoimmune disorders. Particular emphasis has been placed on positive findings either for candidate genes that have been replicated independently in JRA/JIA, or findings in JRA for which consistent results have been reported in other forms of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Phelan
- William S Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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26
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Gilhar A, Paus R, Kalish RS. Lymphocytes, neuropeptides, and genes involved in alopecia areata. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2019-27. [PMID: 17671634 PMCID: PMC1934574 DOI: 10.1172/jci31942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lessons in autoimmunity - particularly relating to the role of immune privilege and the interplay between genetics and neuroimmunology - can be learned from the study of alopecia areata, the most common cause of inflammation-induced hair loss. Alopecia areata is now understood to represent an organ-restricted, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of hair follicles. Disease induction is associated with collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in both humans and in animal models. Here, the role of HLA associations, other immunogenetic factors, and neuroendocrine parameters in alopecia areata pathogenesis are reviewed. This instructive and clinically significant model disease deserves more widespread interest in the immunology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology and Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Skin Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology and Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Richard S. Kalish
- Skin Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology and Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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27
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Sakaue S, Ishimaru S, Hizawa N, Ohtsuka Y, Tsujino I, Honda T, Suzuki J, Kawakami Y, Nishihira J, Nishimura M. Promoter polymorphism in the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene is associated with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:238-42. [PMID: 16247506 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association of promoter polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene with obesity. SUBJECTS In total, 213 nondiabetic Japanese subjects. They were divided into three groups according to World Health Organization definitions: lean (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2), overweight (25 < or = BMI < 30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI> or = 30 kg/m2). METHODS We examined two polymorphic loci in the MIF gene in the subjects: a single-nucleotide polymorphism at position -173 (G/C) and a CATT-tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism at position -794, which both can affect promoter activity in different cells. RESULTS We detected four alleles: 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-CATT at position -794. Genotypes without the 5-CATT allele (X/X, X refers to 6-, 7- or 8-CATT alleles) were more common in obese subjects than in lean or overweight groups (P = 0.013). The X-CATT allele was more frequent in obese subjects than in lean or overweight subjects (P = 0.030). In contrast, -173G/C was not associated with obesity. Among the haplotypes of the two promoter polymorphisms, G/5-CATT ((-173G/C)/(-794[CATT](5-8))) was associated with a decreased risk of obesity (P = 0.025) and G/6-CATT with an increased risk of overweight (P=0.028). CONCLUSION Promoter polymorphism in the MIF gene is linked with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakaue
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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