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Li X, Zhang Q, Nasser MI, Xu L, Zhang X, Zhu P, He Q, Zhao M. Oxygen homeostasis and cardiovascular disease: A role for HIF? Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110338. [PMID: 32526454 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, the decline of tissue oxygen stress, plays a role in mediating cellular processes. Cardiovascular disease, relatively widespread with increased mortality, is closely correlated with oxygen homeostasis regulation. Besides, hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1) is reported to be a crucial component in regulating systemic hypoxia-induced physiological and pathological modifications like oxidative stress, damage, angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, inflammatory reaction, and metabolic remodeling. In addition, HIF1 controls the movement, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and activity of numerous core cells, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and macrophages. Here we review the molecular regulation of HIF-1 in cardiovascular diseases, intended to improve therapeutic approaches for clinical diagnoses. Better knowledge of the oxygen balance control and the signal mechanisms involved is important to advance the development of hypoxia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China
| | - Quyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China
| | - M I Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Linyong Xu
- Xiangya School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China.
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, China.
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Ruan XF, Ju CW, Shen Y, Liu YT, Kim IM, Yu H, Weintraub N, Wang XL, Tang Y. Suxiao Jiuxin pill promotes exosome secretion from mouse cardiac mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018. [PMID: 29542682 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac mesenchymal stem cells (C-MSCs) are endogenous cardiac stromal cells that play a role in heart repair after injury. C-MSC-derived exosomes (Exo) have shown protective effects against apoptosis induced by acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Suxiao Jiuxin pill (SJP) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula used in China for the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia, which contains tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and borneol (BOR) as major components. In this study, we investigated whether SJP treatment affected exosome release from C-MSCs in vitro. C-MSCs prepared from mice were treated with SJP (62.5 μg/mL), TMP (25 μg/mL) or BOR (15 μg/mL). Using an acetylcholinesterase activity assay, we found that both SJP and TMP treatment significantly increased exosome secretion compared to the control ethanol treatment. The neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) pathway was important in exosome formation and packaging. But neither the level of nSMase2 mRNA nor the level of protein changed following SJP, TMP or BOR treatment, suggesting that SJP stimulated exosome release via an nSMase2-independent pathway. The Rab27a and Rab27b GTPases controlled different steps of the exosome secretion pathway. We showed that SJP treatment significantly increased the protein levels of Rab27a, SYTL4 (Rab27a effector) and Rab27b compared with the control treatment. SJP treatment also significantly upregulated the mRNA level of Rab27b, rather than Rab27a. Moreover, SJP-induced increase of C-MSC-exosome release was inhibited by Rab27b knockdown, suggesting that SJP promotes exosome secretion from C-MSCs via a GTPase-dependent pathway. This study reveals a novel mechanism for SJP in modulating cardiac homeostasis.
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Ono A, Ito A, Sato T, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki T, Kawabe Y, Kamihira M. Hypoxia-responsive transgene expression system using RTP801 promoter and synthetic transactivator fused with oxygen-dependent degradation domain. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. While initially considered to be waste products, CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown over the last 20 years to modulate key cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant defense. This shift in paradigm has led to the importance of heme oxygenases and their products in cell physiology now being well accepted. The identification of the two human cases thus far of heme oxygenase deficiency and the generation of mice deficient in Hmox1 or Hmox2 have reiterated a role for these enzymes in both normal cell function and disease pathogenesis, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. This review covers the current knowledge on the function of both Hmox1 and Hmox2 at both a cellular and tissue level in the cardiovascular system. Initially, the roles of heme oxygenases in vascular health and the regulation of processes central to vascular diseases are outlined, followed by an evaluation of the role(s) of Hmox1 and Hmox2 in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of heme oxygenases and their products are examined in a cardiovascular disease context, with a focus on how the knowledge we have gained on these enzymes may be capitalized in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Hypoxia fate mapping identifies cycling cardiomyocytes in the adult heart. Nature 2015; 523:226-30. [PMID: 26098368 DOI: 10.1038/nature14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the adult mammalian heart is incapable of meaningful functional recovery following substantial cardiomyocyte loss, it is now clear that modest cardiomyocyte turnover occurs in adult mouse and human hearts, mediated primarily by proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes. However, fate mapping of these cycling cardiomyocytes has not been possible thus far owing to the lack of identifiable genetic markers. In several organs, stem or progenitor cells reside in relatively hypoxic microenvironments where the stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α) subunit is critical for their maintenance and function. Here we report fate mapping of hypoxic cells and their progenies by generating a transgenic mouse expressing a chimaeric protein in which the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain of Hif-1α is fused to the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 recombinase. In mice bearing the creERT2-ODD transgene driven by either the ubiquitous CAG promoter or the cardiomyocyte-specific α myosin heavy chain promoter, we identify a rare population of hypoxic cardiomyocytes that display characteristics of proliferative neonatal cardiomyocytes, such as smaller size, mononucleation and lower oxidative DNA damage. Notably, these hypoxic cardiomyocytes contributed widely to new cardiomyocyte formation in the adult heart. These results indicate that hypoxia signalling is an important hallmark of cycling cardiomyocytes, and suggest that hypoxia fate mapping can be a powerful tool for identifying cycling cells in adult mammals.
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Biswal MR, Prentice HM, Dorey CK, Blanks JC. A hypoxia-responsive glial cell-specific gene therapy vector for targeting retinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:8044-53. [PMID: 25377223 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Müller cells, the major glial cell in the retina, play a significant role in retinal neovascularization in response to tissue hypoxia. We previously designed and tested a vector using a hypoxia-responsive domain and a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in Müller cells in the murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). This study compares the efficacy of regulated and unregulated Müller cell delivery of endostatin in preventing neovascularization in the OIR model. METHODS Endostatin cDNA was cloned into plasmids with hypoxia-regulated GFAP or unregulated GFAP promoters, and packaged into self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 2 vectors (scAAV2). Before placement in hyperoxia on postnatal day (P)7, mice were given intravitreal injections of regulated or unregulated scAAV2, capsid, or PBS. Five days after return to room air, on P17, neovascular and avascular areas, as well as expression of the transgene and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were compared in OIR animals treated with a vector, capsid, or PBS. RESULTS The hypoxia-regulated, glial-specific, vector-expressing endostatin reduced neovascularization by 93% and reduced the central vaso-obliteration area by 90%, matching the results with the unregulated GFAP-Endo vector. Retinas treated with the regulated endostatin vector expressed substantial amounts of endostatin protein, and significantly reduced VEGF protein. Endostatin production from the regulated vector was undetectable in retinas with undamaged vasculature. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the hypoxia-regulated, glial cell-specific vector expressing endostatin may be useful for treatment of neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Biswal
- Integrative Biology PhD Program, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
| | - Howard M Prentice
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
| | - C Kathleen Dorey
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, United States
| | - Janet C Blanks
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
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Czibik G, Derumeaux G, Sawaki D, Valen G, Motterlini R. Heme oxygenase-1: an emerging therapeutic target to curb cardiac pathology. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:450. [PMID: 25344086 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme-degrading enzyme responsive to a wide range of cellular stress, is traditionally considered to convey adaptive responses to oxidative stress, inflammation and vasoconstriction. These diversified effects are achieved through the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (which is rapidly converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase) and ferric iron. Recent findings have added antiproliferative and angiogenic effects to the list of HO-1/CO actions. HO-1 along with its reaction products bilirubin and CO are protective against ischemia-induced injury (myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-injury and post-infarct structural remodelling). Moreover, HO-1, and CO in particular, possess acute antihypertensive effects. As opposed to these curative potentials, the long-believed protective effect of HO-1 in cardiac remodelling in response to pressure overload and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been questioned by recent work. These challenges, coupled with emerging regulatory mechanisms, motivate further in-depth studies to help understand untapped layers of HO-1 regulation and action. The outcomes of these efforts may shed new light on critical mechanisms that could be used to harness the protective potential of this enzyme for the therapeutic benefit of patients suffering from such highly prevalent cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Czibik
- INSERM U955, Equipe 8, Faculty of Medicine, DHU A-TVB, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Creteil, University of Paris-Est, 3rd Floor, room 3006, Paris, France,
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Abstract
Congestive heart failure accounts for half a million deaths per year in the United States. Despite its place among the leading causes of morbidity, pharmacological and mechanic remedies have only been able to slow the progression of the disease. Today's science has yet to provide a cure, and there are few therapeutic modalities available for patients with advanced heart failure. There is a critical need to explore new therapeutic approaches in heart failure, and gene therapy has emerged as a viable alternative. Recent advances in understanding of the molecular basis of myocardial dysfunction, together with the evolution of increasingly efficient gene transfer technology, have placed heart failure within reach of gene-based therapy. The recent successful and safe completion of a phase 2 trial targeting the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump (SERCA2a), along with the start of more recent phase 1 trials, opens a new era for gene therapy for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tilemann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
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The importance of hypoxia-regulated, RPE-targeted gene therapy for choroidal neovascularization. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 723:269-77. [PMID: 22183342 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0631-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Phillips MI, Tang Y. Genetic Modification of Stem Cells for Cardiac, Diabetic, and Hemophilia Transplantation Therapies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:285-304. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Turner I, Belema-Bedada F, Martindale J, Townsend D, Wang W, Palpant N, Yasuda SC, Barnabei M, Fomicheva E, Metzger JM. Molecular cardiology in translation: gene, cell and chemical-based experimental therapeutics for the failing heart. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 1:317-27. [PMID: 19956787 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acquired and inherited diseases of the heart represent a major health care issue in this country and throughout the World. Clinical medicine has made important advancements in the past quarter century to enable several effective treatment regimes for cardiac patients. Nevertheless, it is apparent that even with the best care, current treatment strategies and therapeutics are inadequate for treating heart disease, leaving it arguably the most pressing health issue today. In this context it is important to seek new approaches to redress the functional deficits in failing myocardium. This review focuses on several recent gene, cell and chemical-based experimental therapeutics currently being developed in the laboratory for potential translation to patient care. For example, new advances in bio-sensing inducible gene expression systems offer the potential for designer cardio-protective proteins to be expressed only during hypoxia/ischemia in the heart. Stem cells continue to offer the promise of cardiac repair, and some recent advances are discussed here. In addition, discovery and applications of synthetic polymers are presented as a chemical-based strategy for acute and chronic treatment of diseased and failing cardiac tissue. Collectively, these approaches serve as the front lines in basic biomedical research, with an eye toward translation of these findings to clinically meaningful applications in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
Synthetic biology aims to engineer novel cellular functions by assembling well-characterized molecular parts (i.e., nucleic acids and proteins) into biological "devices" that exhibit predictable behavior. Recently, efforts in eukaryotic synthetic biology have sprung from foundational work in bacteria. Designing synthetic circuits to operate reliably in the context of differentiating and morphologically complex cells presents unique challenges and opportunities for progress in the field. This review surveys recent advances in eukaryotic synthetic biology and describes how synthetic systems can be linked to natural cellular processes in order to manipulate cell behavior and to foster new discoveries in cell biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmella A Haynes
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Fomicheva EV, Turner II, Edwards TG, Hoff J, Arden E, D'Alecy LG, Metzger JM. Double oxygen-sensing vector system for robust hypoxia/ischemia-regulated gene induction in cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1594-601. [PMID: 18578010 PMCID: PMC2716210 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fidelity genetically encoded bio-sensors that respond to changes in cellular environmental milieu in disease offer great potential in a range of patho-physiological settings. Here a unique hypoxia-regulated vector-based system with double oxygen-sensing transcriptional elements was developed for rapid and robust hypoxia-regulated gene expression in the heart. Hypoxia-responsive cis elements were used in tandem with a single proline-modified oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha to form a double oxygen-sensing vector system (DOSVS). In adult cardiac myocytes in vitro, the DOSVS demonstrated a low background expression not different from baseline control in normoxia, and with 100% efficiency, robust, 1,000-fold induction upon hypoxia. In the heart in vivo, hypoxic and ischemic challenges elicited rapid 700-fold induction in living animals, exceeding that obtained by a high-fidelity constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral promoter. DOSVS also showed high temporal resolution in the heart in response to cyclical bouts of hypoxia in vivo. We propose that DOSVS will be valuable for a range of applications, including bio-sensing and therapeutic gene expression in the heart and other organ systems that are confronted by chronic or episodic hypoxic/ischemic stresses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Fomicheva
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha induces the coronary collaterals for coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2008; 19:173-9. [PMID: 18418234 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e3282fa4b2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marked variability exists in coronary artery collaterals in patients with ischemic heart disease. Multiple factors are thought to play a role in collateral development; however, the contribution of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which is a transcriptional activator that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis, is not completely clear. It could play an important role in modulating collateral development. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the changes and significance of expression of HIF-1alpha in patients with coronary artery collaterals. METHODS Collateral vessels were determined in 98 patients with >or=70% narrowing of at least one coronary artery without earlier revascularization, 42 patients with coronary artery collaterals and 56 patients with no coronary artery collaterals. Extent of collaterals was expressed as scores according to the Rentrop scoring system. Another 50 cases with normal coronary arteries were selected as control. The levels of HIF-1alpha protein expression in monocyte and lymphocyte in the participants were tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot; mRNA levels were measured using reverse transcriptase PCR technique. RESULTS Compared with the control with normal coronary artery, the patients had higher expression of HIF-1alpha protein tested by IHC and western blot (52.6+/-10.2 vs. 13.7+/-6.2 by IHC, 50.8+/-4.5 vs. 6.5+/-1.8 by western blot); furthermore, significantly higher HIF-1alpha expression was observed in patients with collaterals compared with patients with no collaterals (81.5+/-11.8 vs. 20.7+/-9.4 by IHC; 87.2+/-6.5 vs. 9.5+/-1.4 by western blot). On the transcriptional levels of HIF-1alpha, the result was the same as the protein, there was significant difference of HIF-1alpha between the three groups. The patients with collaterals were the highest (127.3+/-23.9), followed by patients with no collaterals (35.7+/-12.3), and the control were the lowest (23.5+/-9.3). A highly positive correlation was observed between the expression/transcription of HIF-1alpha and collateral score (P<0.01, IHC: r1=0.78, reverse transcriptase PCR: r2=0.69, western blot: r3=0.84). CONCLUSION These data suggest that higher inductions of HIF-1alpha are associated with coronary collaterals, thus implying that HIF-1alpha may promote coronary collateral formation. Detection of HIF-1alpha expression might be helpful to predict prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease.
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Levonen AL, Vähäkangas E, Koponen JK, Ylä-Herttuala S. Antioxidant gene therapy for cardiovascular disease: current status and future perspectives. Circulation 2008; 117:2142-50. [PMID: 18427144 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.718585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated to play an important role in a number of cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and restenosis after angioplasty or venous bypass grafting. The formation of reactive oxygen species is balanced out by antioxidant defenses, and augmenting this defense by antioxidant therapies could therefore provide a potential means to treat conditions in which the formation of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capability of natural protective mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the studies in which antioxidant gene therapy has been used successfully to treat cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the current limitations of antioxidant gene therapy and envision future therapeutic targets and methodological approaches for an improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Phillips MI, Tang YL, Pinkernell K. Stem cell therapy for heart failure: the science and current progress. Future Cardiol 2008; 4:285-98. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.4.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy, particularly with stem cells, has created great interest as a solution to the fact that there are limited treatments for postischemic heart disease and none that can regenerate damaged heart cells to strengthen cardiac performance. From the first efforts with myoblasts to recent clinical trials with bone marrow-derived stem cells, early reports of cell therapy suggest improvement in cardiac performance as well as other clinical end points. Based on these exciting but tentative results, other stem cell types are being explored for their particular advantages as a source of adult stem cells. Autologous adipose-derived stem cells are multilinear and can be obtained relatively easily in large quantities from patients; cardiac-derived stem cells are highly appropriate for engraftment in their natural niche, the heart. Human umbilical cord blood cells are potentially forever young and allogenic adult mesenchymal stem cells appear not to evoke the graft versus host reaction. Human embryonic stem cells are effective and can be scaled up for supply purposes. The recent discovery of induced pluripotentcy in human adult stem cells, with only three transcription factor genes, opens a whole new approach to making autologous human pluripotent stem cells from skin or other available tissues. Despite the excitement, stem cells may have to be genetically modified with heme oxygenase, Akt or other genes to survive transplantation in a hypoxic environment. Homing factors and hormones secreted from transplanted stem cells may be more important than cells if they provide the necessary stimulus to trigger cardiac regrowth to replace scar tissue. As we await results from larger and more prolonged clinical trials, the science of stem cell therapy in cardiac disease keeps progressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ian Phillips
- Keck Graduate Institute, Stem Cell Labs, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Yao Liang Tang
- Keck Graduate Institute, Stem Cell Labs, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Kai Pinkernell
- Cytori Therapeutics Inc., 3020 Callan Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Role of hypoxia-inducible factor in cell survival during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:686-90. [PMID: 18259200 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the principal transcription factor involved in the regulation of transcriptional responses to hypoxia. During hypoxia, HIF-alpha levels accumulate and trigger an increase in expression of genes involved in glycolysis, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, cell survival, apoptosis, and resistance to oxidative stress. In this regard, HIF activation plays an essential role in triggering cellular protection and metabolic alterations from the consequences of oxygen deprivation. This suggests that HIF activation should confer protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, although this protection might require HIF activation before the onset of lethal ischemia. Studies using enhanced expression of HIF-1alpha suggest that its upregulation may be a beneficial therapeutic modality in the treatment or prevention of ischemic injury. HIF-regulated gene expression may mediate the late phase of preconditioning, and constitutive HIF activity may influence the expression of genes that are required for the cell to be able to respond to acute preconditioning. This article reviews the current literature on the role of HIF in balancing protection and cell death in the face of ischemia and I/R injury.
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Phillips MI, Tang YL. Genetic modification of stem cells for transplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:160-72. [PMID: 18031863 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene modification of cells prior to their transplantation, especially stem cells, enhances their survival and increases their function in cell therapy. Like the Trojan horse, the gene-modified cell has to gain entrance inside the host's walls and survive and deliver its transgene products. Using cellular, molecular and gene manipulation techniques the transplanted cell can be protected in a hostile environment from immune rejection, inflammation, hypoxia and apoptosis. Genetic engineering to modify cells involves constructing modules of functional gene sequences. They can be simple reporter genes or complex cassettes with gene switches, cell specific promoters and multiple transgenes. We discuss methods to deliver and construct gene cassettes with viral and non-viral delivery, siRNA, and conditional Cre/Lox P. We review the current uses of gene-modified stem cells in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological diseases, (including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and spinal cord injury repair), bone defects, hemophilia, and cancer.
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Abstract
Controlling gene activity in space and time represents a cornerstone technology in gene and cell therapeutic applications, bioengineering, drug discovery as well as fundamental and applied research. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the different approaches for regulating gene activity and product protein formation at different biosynthetic levels, from genomic rearrangements over transcription and translation control to strategies for engineering inducible secretion and protein activity with a focus on the development during the past 2 years. Recent advances in designing second-generation gene switches, based on novel inducer administration routes (gas phase) as well as on the combination of heterologous switches with endogenous signals, will be complemented by an overview of the emerging field of mammalian synthetic biology, which enables the design of complex synthetic and semisynthetic gene networks. This article will conclude with an overview of how the different gene switches have been applied in gene therapy studies, bioengineering and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Weber
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, ETH Hoenggerberg HCI F 115, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Pharmacologic transgene-expression dosing is considered essential for future gene therapy scenarios. Genetic interventions require precise transcription or translation fine-tuning of therapeutic transgenes to enable their titration into the therapeutic window, to adapt them to daily changing dosing regimes of the patient, to integrate them seamlessly into the patient's transcriptome orchestra, and to terminate their expression after successful therapy. In recent years, decisive progress has been achieved in designing high-precision trigger-inducible mammalian transgene control modalities responsive to clinically licensed and inert heterologous molecules or to endogenous physiologic signals. Availability of a portfolio of compatible transcription control systems has enabled assembly of higher-order control circuitries providing simultaneous or independent control of several transgenes and the design of (semi-)synthetic gene networks, which emulate digital expression switches, regulatory transcription cascades, epigenetic expression imprinting, and cellular transcription memories. This review provides an overview of cutting-edge developments in transgene control systems, of the design of synthetic gene networks, and of the delivery of such systems for the prototype treatment of prominent human disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Weber
- Institute for Chemical and Bio-Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich-ETH Zurich, ETH Hoenggerberg HCI F 115, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Tang YL, Tang Y, Zhang YC, Qian K, Shen L, Phillips MI. Improved graft mesenchymal stem cell survival in ischemic heart with a hypoxia-regulated heme oxygenase-1 vector. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:1339-50. [PMID: 16198853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to modify mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cells with a hypoxia-regulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plasmid to enhance the survival of MSCs in acute myocardial infarction (MI) heart. BACKGROUND Although stem cells are being tested clinically for cardiac repair, graft cells die in the ischemic heart because of the effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation, inflammatory cytokines, and proapoptotic factors. Heme oxygenase-1 is a key component in inhibiting most of these factors. METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow were transfected with either HO-1 or LacZ plasmids. Cell apoptosis was assayed in vitro after hypoxia-reoxygen treatment. In vivo, 1 x 10(6) of male MSC(HO-1), MSC(LacZ), MSCs, or medium was injected into mouse hearts 1 h after MI (n = 16/group). Cell survival was assessed in a gender-mismatched transplantation model. Apoptosis, left ventricular remodeling, and cardiac function were tested in a gender-matched model. RESULTS In the ischemic myocardium, the MSC(HO-1) group had greater expression of HO-1 and a 2-fold reduction in the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick end labeling-positive cells compared with the MSC(LacZ) group. At seven days after implantation, the survival MSC(HO-1) was five-fold greater than the MSC(LacZ) group; MSC(HO-1) also attenuated left ventricular remodeling and enhanced the functional recovery of infarcted hearts two weeks after MI. CONCLUSIONS A hypoxia-regulated HO-1 vector modification of MSCs enhances the tolerance of engrafted MSCs to hypoxia-reoxygen injury in vitro and improves their viability in ischemic hearts. This demonstration is the first showing that a physiologically inducible vector expressing of HO-1 genes improves the survival of stem cells in myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liang Tang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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