Relationships in women between body mass index and the intravascular metabolism of chylomicron-like emulsions

Effects of combined physical exercise on plasma lipid variables, paraoxonase 1 activity, and inflammation parameters in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate whether combined physical exercise may affect plasma lipid variables, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, and inflammation parameters in adults with obesity.

METHODS

Thirty-six participants were recruited to complete the study protocol. The mean age was 37 ± 1 years, and the baseline body mass index was 33.0 ± 0.4 kg/m². Participants were allocated to the control group (CG) and the exercise group (EG). The EG performed three weekly sessions of combined physical exercise for 16 weeks. Plasma lipid variables, PON1 activity, and inflammatory profile were determined before and after intervention.

RESULTS

Total cholesterol levels decreased in both groups, without intergroup difference (time p = 0.001). Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels decreased in both groups (time p = 0.001); however, they were lower in the EG than in the CG (p = 0.038). The EG had increased HDL-C levels, but the CG had decreased HDL-C levels (time*group p = 0.011). PON1 activity was reduced in both groups (time, p = 0.001). The Castelli risk Index I and II reduced in the EG and increased in the CG (time*group, p = 0.008 and p = 0.011, respectively). The inflammatory markers were not modified.

CONCLUSION

Adults with obesity may benefit from regular practice of combined physical exercise training in many metabolic aspects that are related to protection against the development of cardiovascular disease.

Body mass interacts with fat quality to determine the postprandial lipoprotein response in healthy young adults

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Postprandial lipemia predicts the evolution of cardiovascular disease. Obesity is associated with an increase in the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the effects of acute ingestion of different types of fat on the postprandial lipemic response.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Twenty-one healthy men followed a 4-week baseline diet and then consumed three fat-loaded meals that included 1g fat/kg body wt (65%fat) according to a randomized crossover design. The compositions of the three meals were olive oil meal (22% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 38% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)); butter meal (35% SFA, 22% MUFA, 4% PUFA); walnuts meal (20% SFA, 24% MUFA, 16% PUFA, and 4% α-linolenic acid). Higher-weight (HW) subjects (BMI greater than the median 26.18 kg/m(2), n = 11) presented higher incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for triglycerides (TG), both in large- and small-TG rich lipoproteins (TRL) than lower-weight (LW) subjects (BMI<26.18 kg/m(2), n = 10) (p<0.05), and a similar trend for plasma TG (p = 0.084). Moreover, HW subjects presented higher concentrations for small TRL-cholesterol and small TRL-TG in different timepoints of the postprandial lipemia after the intake of enriched walnuts or butter meals compared with the olive oil-enriched meal (p < 0.05) No significant differences were observed between the three types of meals in the postprandial response of LW subjects.

CONCLUSION

HW subjects present a greater postprandial response than LW subjects, and they benefit from the consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids from olive oil, to lower their levels of TRL particles during the postprandial state.

Metabolism of a lipid nanoemulsion resembling low-density lipoprotein in patients with grade iii obesity

INTRODUCTION

Obesity increases triglyceride levels and decreases high-density lipoprotein concentrations in plasma. Artificial emulsions resembling lipidic plasma lipoprotein structures have been used to evaluate low-density lipoprotein metabolism. In grade III obesity, low density lipoprotein metabolism is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the kinetics with which a cholesterol-rich emulsion (called a low-density emulsion) binds to low-density lipoprotein receptors in a group of patients with grade III obesity by the fractional clearance rate.

METHODS

A low-density emulsion was labeled with [(14)C]-cholesterol ester and [(3)H]-triglycerides and injected intravenously into ten normolipidemic non-diabetic patients with grade III obesity [body mass index higher than 40 kg/m(2)] and into ten non-obese healthy controls. Blood samples were collected over 24 hours to determine the plasma decay curve and to calculate the fractional clearance rate.

RESULTS

There was no difference regarding plasma levels of total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the two groups. The fractional clearance rate of triglycerides was 0.086 +/- 0.044 in the obese group and 0.122 +/- 0.026 in the controls (p = 0.040), and the fractional clearance rate of cholesterol ester (h(-1)) was 0.052 +/- 0.021 in the obese subjects and 0.058 +/- 0.015 (p = 0.971) in the controls.

CONCLUSION

Grade III obese subjects exhibited normal low-density lipoprotein removal from plasma as tested by the nanoemulsion method, but triglyceride removal was slower.