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Kim ID, Sawicki E, Lee HK, Lee EH, Park HJ, Han PL, Kim KK, Choi H, Lee JK. Robust neuroprotective effects of intranasally delivered iNOS siRNA encapsulated in gelatin nanoparticles in the postischemic brain. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1219-29. [PMID: 26945975 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of intranasal iNOS siRNA delivery was investigated in the postischemic rat brain after encapsulating on in gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs; diameter 188.0 ± 60.9 nm) cross-linked with 0.0667% glutaraldehyde (GA). Intranasally delivered GNPs were found in extracellular and intracellular compartments of many brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, and striatum at 1 hour after infusion and continued to be detected for days. Infarct volumes were markedly suppressed (maximal reduction to 42.1 ± 2.6%) at 2 days after 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) when iNOS siRNA/GNPs were delivered at 6 hours post-MCAO. In addition, this protective effect was manifested by reductions in neurological and behavioral deficits that were sustained for 2 weeks. Therapeutic potency of iNOS siRNA/GNPs was significantly greater and sustained longer than that of bare siRNA and prolonged and efficient iNOS by iNOS siRNA/GNP is responsible for the robust neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea; Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea
| | - Elizabeth Sawicki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea; Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea; Department of Microbiology, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyekyoon Kevin Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Hyungsoo Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea; Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea.
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Protective features of peripheral monocytes/macrophages in stroke. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:329-38. [PMID: 26584587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematogenous recruitment of monocytes and macrophages has traditionally been viewed as a harmful process causing exacerbation of brain injury after stroke. However, emerging findings suggest equally important protective features. Inflammatory monocytes are rapidly recruited to ischemic brain via a CCR2-dependent pathway and undergo secondary differentiation in the target tissue towards non-inflammatory macrophages, mediating neuroprotection and repair of the ischemic neurovascular unit. In contrast, independent recruitment of non-inflammatory monocytes via CX3CR1 does not occur. Thus, protective features of hematogenous macrophages mainly depend on initial CCR2-dependent cell recruitment. Under therapeutic considerations, specific modulation of monocyte-derived macrophages will therefore be more appropriate than non-selectively blocking their hematogenous recruitment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Chen S, Yin ZJ, Jiang C, Ma ZQ, Fu Q, Qu R, Ma SP. Asiaticoside attenuates memory impairment induced by transient cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in mice through anti-inflammatory mechanism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Expression analysis following argon treatment in an in vivo model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Med Gas Res 2014; 4:11. [PMID: 25671080 PMCID: PMC4322493 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Argon treatment following experimental neurotrauma has been found neuroprotective in an array of in vivo and in vitro models. The inherent cellular and molecular mechanisms are still unknown. We seeked to shed light on these processes by examinig the cellular distribution and the expression of inflammatory markers and growth factors in argon treated brain tissue. Methods Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the study groups: sham surgery + placebo, sham surgery + argon, tMCAO + placebo, and tMCAO + argon. Animals underwent 2 h-transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using the endoluminal thread model or sham surgery without tMCAO. After the first hour of tMCAO or sham surgery a 1 h inhalative argon (50% argon/50% O2) or placebo (50% N2/50% O2) treatment was performed. Brains were removed and evaluated after 24 h. RealTime-PCR was performed from biopsies of the penumbra and contralateral corresponding regions. Paraffin sections were immunostained with antibodies against GFAP, NeuN, and Iba1. Cell counts of astrocytes, neurons and microglia in different cortical regions were performed in a double-blinded manner. Results Fifteen animals per tMCAO group and twelve sham + placebo respectively eleven sham + argon animals completed the interventional procedure. We identified several genes (IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TGF-β, and NGF) whose transcription was elevated 24 h after the study intervention, and whose expression levels significantly differed between argon treatment and placebo following tMCAO. Except for the core region of ischemia, cell numbers were comparable between different treatment groups. Conclusion In our study, we found an elevated expression of several inflammatory markers and growth factors following tMCAO + argon compared to tMCAO + placebo. Although conflicting the previously described neuroprotective effects of argon following experimental ischemia, these findings might still be associated with each other. Further studies will have to evaluate their relevance and potential relationship.
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Schellong K, Neumann U, Rancourt RC, Plagemann A. Increase of long-term 'diabesity' risk, hyperphagia, and altered hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in neonatally overnourished 'small-for-gestational-age' (SGA) rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78799. [PMID: 24265718 PMCID: PMC3827123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data have shown long-term health adversity in low birth weight subjects, especially concerning the metabolic syndrome and 'diabesity' risk. Alterations in adult food intake have been suggested to be causally involved. Responsible mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS By rearing in normal (NL) vs. small litters (SL), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) rats were neonatally exposed to either normal (SGA-in-NL) or over-feeding (SGA-in-SL), and followed up into late adult age as compared to normally reared appropriate-for-gestational-age control rats (AGA-in-NL). SGA-in-SL rats displayed rapid neonatal weight gain within one week after birth, while SGA-in-NL growth caught up only at juvenile age (day 60), as compared to AGA-in-NL controls. In adulthood, an increase in lipids, leptin, insulin, insulin/glucose-ratio (all p<0.05), and hyperphagia under normal chow as well as high-energy/high-fat diet, modelling modern 'westernized' lifestyle, were observed only in SGA-in-SL as compared to both SGA-in-NL and AGA-in-NL rats (p<0.05). Lasercapture microdissection (LMD)-based neuropeptide expression analyses in single neuron pools of the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (ARC) revealed a significant shift towards down-regulation of the anorexigenic melanocortinergic system (proopiomelanocortin, Pomc) in SGA-in-SL rats (p<0.05). Neuropeptide expression within the orexigenic system (neuropeptide Y (Npy), agouti-related-peptide (Agrp) and galanin (Gal)) was not significantly altered. In essence, the 'orexigenic index', proposed here as a neuroendocrine 'net-indicator', was increased in SGA-in-SL regarding Npy/Pomc expression (p<0.01), correlated to food intake (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Adult SGA rats developed increased 'diabesity' risk only if exposed to neonatal overfeeding. Hypothalamic malprogramming towards decreased anorexigenic activity was involved into the pathophysiology of this neonatally acquired adverse phenotype. Neonatal overfeeding appears to be a critical long-term risk factor in 'small-for-gestational-age babies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schellong
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Neumann
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Center for Women’s and Children’s Health, Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rebecca C. Rancourt
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen X, Zhang X, Li C, Guan T, Shang H, Cui L, Li XM, Kong J. S-nitrosylated protein disulfide isomerase contributes to mutant SOD1 aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2012; 124:45-58. [PMID: 23043510 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A major hallmark of mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD1)-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is SOD1-immunopositive inclusions found within motor neurons. The mechanism by which SOD1 becomes aggregated, however, remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of nitrosative stress and S-nitrosylation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in the formation of SOD1 aggregates. Our data show that with disease progression inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was up-regulated, which generated high levels of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequently induced S-nitrosylation of PDI in the spinal cord of mutant SOD1 transgenic mice. This was further confirmed by in vitro observation that treating SH-SY5Y cells with NO donor S-nitrosocysteine triggered a dose-dependent formation of S-nitrosylated PDI. When mutant SOD1 was over-expressed in SH-SY5Y cells, the iNOS expression was up-regulated, and NO generation was consequently increased. Furthermore, both S-nitrosylation of PDI and the formation of mutant SOD1 aggregates were detected in the cells expressing mutant SOD1(G93A). Blocking NO generation with the NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine attenuated the S-nitrosylation of PDI and inhibited the formation of mutant SOD1 aggregates. We conclude that NO-mediated S-nitrosylation of PDI is a contributing factor to the accumulation of mutant SOD1 aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Landmann EM, Schellong K, Melchior K, Rodekamp E, Ziska T, Harder T, Plagemann A. Short-term regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortinergic system under fasting and defined glucose-refeeding conditions in rats: a laser capture microdissection (LMD)-based study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:87-91. [PMID: 22450045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that under fasting conditions the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related peptide (AGRP) is up-regulated in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), while inconsistent data exist regarding fasting regulation of the anorexigenic neurohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Inconsistencies might have methodological reasons, especially concerning neuromorphological and/or experimental (nutritional) specificity. We analyzed the expression of both neuropeptides in ARC neurons, using lasercapture microdissection (LMD) and real-time PCR in 12h fasted vs. fed Wistar rats as well as after a standardized glucose load, i.e., under clinically relevant conditions in terms of diagnosing glucose intolerance in the human. Under fasting conditions, clear up-regulation of AGRP was observed, with increasing magnitude in ARC single neurons (SNP) as compared to ARC cell layers (+125% vs. +23%, resp.), closely correlated to hypoinsulinemia and hypoleptinemia. Surprisingly, in the fasting state POMC was not found to be down-regulated, neither in ARC cell layers nor in ARC single neurons (+9% vs. +6%). However, glucose-refeeding under diagnostically relevant conditions led to strong neuronal up-regulation of POMC expression in ARC SNP (+128%), and AGRP down-regulation (-50%). In conclusion, experimentally, topographically, and analytically specific and standardized conditions confirmed AGRP in ARC neurons as being neuronally up- and down-regulated, resp., depending on the general nutritional state, while POMC was found to be (up-) regulated only after peripheral glucose load. Findings suggest that POMC in ARC neurons acts glucose-mediated as an "anti-orexigenic" neurohormone, specifically responding to hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie M Landmann
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Research Group Experimental Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Doherty GH. Nitric oxide in neurodegeneration: potential benefits of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Neurosci Bull 2012; 27:366-82. [PMID: 22108814 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-011-1530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular messenger nitric oxide (NO) has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders due to the increased expression of the enzymes that catalyze its synthesis in postmortem tissues derived from sufferers of these diseases. Nitrated proteins have also been detected in these samples, revealing that NO is biologically active in regions damaged during neurodegeneration. Modulation of NO levels has been reported not only in the neurons of the central nervous system, but also in the glial cells (microglia and astroglia) activated during the neuroinflammatory response. Neuroinflammation has been found in some neurodegenerative conditions, and inhibition of these neuroinflammatory signals has been shown to delay the progress of such disorders. Thus NO and the pathways triggering its release are emerging as an important research focus in the search for strategies to prevent, halt or cure neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Helane Doherty
- School of Biology, St Andrews University, St Andrews, Fife KY169TS, United Kingdom.
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Peng B, Guo QL, He ZJ, Ye Z, Yuan YJ, Wang N, Zhou J. Remote ischemic postconditioning protects the brain from global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by up-regulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Brain Res 2012; 1445:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kunz A, Dirnagl U, Mergenthaler P. Acute pathophysiological processes after ischaemic and traumatic brain injury. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2010; 24:495-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nitric oxide and neuronal death. Nitric Oxide 2010; 23:153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Lukin SV, Freyer D, Mergenthaler P, Zorov DB. Acidosis-induced zinc-dependent death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:877-83. [PMID: 20373017 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acidosis caused death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Acidosis was accompanied by a progressive increase of the intracellular zinc ions ([Zn(2+)](i)) and decrease of [Ca(2+)](i). Zn(2+) chelator, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), prevented the increase of [Zn(2+)](i) and acidosis-induced neuronal death. However, neuronal death was insensitive to blockade of ASIC1 channels with amiloride, as CGNs display considerably lower expression of ASIC1a than other neurons. The antioxidant trolox and menadione significantly protected neurons from acidotic death. Earlier, we demonstrated that menadione rescues neurons from the deleterious effect of inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (Isaev et al. Neuroreport 15:2227-2231, 2004). We speculate that excessive Zn(2+)-dependent production of reactive oxygen species by mitochondrial complex I may be a general motive for the induction of cell death in CGNs under acidotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay K Isaev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119992.
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Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation by Nitric Oxide: Recent Advances. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:62-97. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Royl G, Balkaya M, Lehmann S, Lehnardt S, Stohlmann K, Lindauer U, Endres M, Dirnagl U, Meisel A. Effects of the PDE5-inhibitor vardenafil in a mouse stroke model. Brain Res 2009; 1265:148-57. [PMID: 19368809 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies in rodents suggest that treatment with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) (tadalafil, sildenafil, zaprinast) not only increases cerebral blood flow but also improves functional recovery after stroke. Here, we investigated in a mouse model of stroke the effects of vardenafil on survival, functional outcome and lesion size after experimental stroke. Mice were subjected to experimental stroke by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 45 min. A group of mice received vardenafil (twice 10 mg/kg body weight per day orally over 14 days) starting 3 h after MCAO. Control animals received the vehicle only. Survival, body weight, and behavior were monitored over 4 weeks and brain lesions were measured by T2-weighted MRI, hematoxylin/eosin -- as well as GFAP-staining of cryostat sections, subsequently. The mortality in MCAO-operated animals amounted to 45% until day 10 after stroke and no significant difference in survival between the vardenafil- and vehicle-treatment groups was observed. Compared to sham-operated animals, MCAO-operated mice from both treatment groups demonstrated a significant weight loss until day 5 and regained their body weight by day 14 after ischemia. There was no significant difference between the vardenafil and vehicle-treated MCAO groups. In behavioral studies (sucrose consumption and pole test), analyzing sensorimotor functions as well as a parameter of depression-like symptoms, we observed no significant effect of vardenafil treatment on functional recovery in our model of stroke. Although we observed a trend towards less hemispherical atrophy in the vardenafil compared to the vehicle-treated group four weeks after MCAO our data do not suggest a functionally relevant CNS-tissue protective or regenerative effect in murine stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Royl
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Amantea D, Nappi G, Bernardi G, Bagetta G, Corasaniti MT. Post-ischemic brain damage: pathophysiology and role of inflammatory mediators. FEBS J 2009; 276:13-26. [PMID: 19087196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory mediators play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia, exerting either deleterious effects on the progression of tissue damage or beneficial roles during recovery and repair. Within hours after the ischemic insult, increased levels of cytokines and chemokines enhance the expression of adhesion molecules on cerebral endothelial cells, facilitating the adhesion and transendothelial migration of circulating neutrophils and monocytes. These cells may accumulate in the capillaries, further impairing cerebral blood flow, or extravasate into the brain parenchyma. Infiltrating leukocytes, as well as resident brain cells, including neurons and glia, may release pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and oxygen/nitrogen free radicals that contribute to the evolution of tissue damage. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the propagation and regulation of neuroinflammatory responses to ischemic brain injury. These enzymes cleave protein components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen, proteoglycan and laminin, but also process a number of cell-surface and soluble proteins, including receptors and cytokines such as interleukin-1beta. The present work reviewed the role of neuroinflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and their potential exploitation as drug targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.
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Austinat M, Braeuninger S, Pesquero JB, Brede M, Bader M, Stoll G, Renné T, Kleinschnitz C. Blockade of Bradykinin Receptor B1 but Not Bradykinin Receptor B2 Provides Protection From Cerebral Infarction and Brain Edema. Stroke 2009; 40:285-93. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.526673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Austinat
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Stefan Braeuninger
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - João B. Pesquero
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marc Brede
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From Department of Neurology (M.A., S.B., G.S., C.K.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.Brede), and Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry (T.R.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Departamento de Biofisica (J.B.P.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Bader), Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Kleinschnitz C, Austinat M, Bader M, Renné T, Stoll G. Deficiency of Bradykinin Receptor B2 Is not Detrimental in Experimental Stroke. Hypertension 2008; 51:e41; author reply e42-3. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.109090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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